二氢吡啶类钙通道拮抗剂的剂型研究进展

二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂是目前临床应用最广泛的抗高血压药物之一,但该类药物大多存在水溶性差和半衰期短等缺点。为此,研究人员尝试通过制剂学手段对该类药物的水溶性及半衰期等参数进行改进,并获得了一定成果。介绍了国内外有关二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂的药物剂型研究进展,旨在为该类溶解性不佳或半衰期较短的药物的制剂开发提供一定参考。     

全国9家肿瘤专科医院2010年抗肿瘤药利用分析

目的:评价全国9家肿瘤专科医院抗肿瘤药的应用情况。方法:采用回顾性方法,对全国9家肿瘤专科医院2010年抗肿瘤药的应用数据进行统计、分析。结果:所涉及的抗肿瘤药中,注射剂有68种,口服制剂有38种。口服制剂中,有27种出现用药频次错误。从处方单次用药剂量看,有40种药超出说明书用药剂量范围。结论:抗肿瘤激素药、铂类、紫杉烷类药应用最为广泛,分子靶向治疗药也应用较多。药品说明书应及时给予补充、修订、完善。     

儿童腹部常见实体瘤增强CT扫描优化方案——去除平扫序列的可行性分析

目的：探讨在儿童腹部常见实体瘤增强CT（CECT）检查中去除平扫序列后的诊断效果和初步可行性分析。方法：回顾性对照分析168例腹部常见实体瘤患儿的CECT检查,分别由2位放射诊断医师用2种方法独立阅片。方法1：不参考平扫序列,只阅读增强序列（动脉期、静脉期）;方法2：同时阅读平扫序列及增强序列。用卡方检验评价两种方法诊断有无差异。同时评价瘤体内有无钙化及动脉期和静脉期的强化程度。结果：2种方法阅片的诊断结果无显著差异（χ2=0.50和2.25,P〉0.05）;方法1对瘤体内的钙化检出率很高（90%和92%）;动脉期与静脉期强化程度差距明显。结论：儿童腹部实体瘤CECT中去除平扫序列的优化方案具有可行性,但临床实践应用仍需进一步完善。     

64层螺旋CT胸部低剂量扫描方案优选的多中心研究

目的 比较自动曝光控制技术(AEC)与管电流恒定技术(CCC)2种不同低剂量MSCT扫描方案对胸部CT图像质量的影响,探讨更加合理的肺低剂量扫描参数方案.方法 采用前瞻性多中心研究方法,研究对象为7所医院就诊的280例行胸部低剂量MSCT检查的受检者,设定管电流(mA)为研究变量,方法一为AEC技术,下设噪声标准差值(SD)为25(A1)及30(A2)各1组,并设定管电流上限为80 mA,下限为10 mA;方法二为CCC技术,下设40 mA(C1)及50 mA(C2)各1组;共4组,采用同一机型64层MSCT行胸部低剂量扪描.2名放射科医师应用双肓法阅片,比较2种不同扫描技术的曝光剂量、SD值,横断面、MPR的图像质量以及体质量指数(BMI)对图像质量的影响.曝光剂量及SD比较行方差分析及t检验;图像质量比较行Mann-Whitney检验;医师对图像诊断一致性检验行Kappa分析.结果 剂量长度乘积(DLP)AEC组较CCC组明显降低[(82.62±40.31)和(110.81±18.21)mGy·cm,F=56.88,P＜0.01].AEC技术中A2组DLP较A1组低[(72.77±36.68)和(92.46±41.61)mGy·cm],差异无统计学意义(t=0.82,P＞0.05).前者SD值在肺窗[(41.50±9.58)和(40.86±7.03)HU]及纵隔窗[(41.19±7.83)和(40.92±9.89)HU]均略高于后者,差异无统计学意义(F肺窗=0.835、1.910,P值均＞0.05).横断面图像质量AEC组肺窗得分除右下肺静脉水平[(4.92±0.25)和(4.93±0.17)分]、[左膈顶上缘水平(4.91±0.27)和(4.93±0.22)分]较CCC组略低外,AEC组得分均较CCC组略高[头臂静脉上缘(4.49±0.56)和(4.38±0.64)分;主动脉弓上缘(4.86±0.23)和(4.81±0.32)分;右肺上叶支气管开口(4.87±0.27)和(4.84±0.22)分;右肺中叶支气管开口(4.90±0.25)和(4.88±0.21)分],差异无统计学意义(F=0.076～1.748,P值均＞0.05);纵隔窗得分除头臂静脉上缘水平AEC组较CCC组高[(2.57±0.77)和(2.46±0.59)分],且差异有统计学意义(F=8.459,P=0.047)外,余各层面AEC组得分均较CCC组略低[(主动脉弓上缘(3.36±0.63)和(3.45±0.60)分;右肺上叶支气管开口(3.94±0.56)和(3.95±0.51)分;右肺中叶支气管开口(3.80±0.58)和(3.87±0.50)分;右下肺静脉(3.72±0.56)和(3.78±0.53)分;左膈顶上方(3.58±0.63)和(3.68 ±0.56)分],但差异均无统计学意义(F=0.083～3.380,P值均＞0.05).MPR图像质量肺窗及纵隔窗观察均略好于CCC组(Z肺窗=-2.358,Z纵隔窗=-1.330,P值均＞0.05).偏瘦、正常或偏重人群组,A1组肺窗及纵隔窗图像质量均优于A2组,差异无统计学意义(偏瘦:Z肺窗=0.000、Z纵隔窗=0.000;正常:Z肺窗=-0.062、Z纵隔窗=-0.746;偏重:Z肺窗=-1.177、Z纵隔窗=-1.715;P值均＞0.05),但在偏重人群纵隔窗图像质量A1组更好于A2组(Z=-1.715,P=0.144).结论 AEC组总曝光剂量明显低于CCC组,而AEC组的图像质量及SD值无论在肺窗或纵隔窗均与CCC组无明显差异,故建议在胸部低剂量筛查方案选择中应用AEC技术,对偏胖者宜采用SD=25方案,对正常及偏瘦者宜采用SD=30方案.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the image quality of chest low dose CT (LDCT) using automatic exposure control (AEC) and constant current control (CCC) and explore a more reasonable scanning protocol. Methods Two hundred and eighty participants were examined with 64 CT scanner at 7 centers in China. All were divided into 4 groups. Two groups underwent LDCT using AEC with standard deviation set at 25 (A1) and 30 (A2) respectively and the tube current ranged from 10 mA to 80 mA. The other two groups underwent LDCT using CCC with tube current set at 40 mA (C1) and 50 mA (C2) respectively. The axial and MPR images were evaluated by two radiologists who were blinded to the scanning protocols.The radiation dose, noise and the image quality of the 4 groups were compared and analyzed statistically.Differences of radiation dose and noise among groups were determined with variance analysis and t test,image quality with Mann-Whitney test and the consistency of diagnosis with Kappa test. Results There was a significant lower DLP in AEC group than in CCC group [(82.62±40.31)vs ( 110.81±18.21) mGy·cm (F =56. 88 ,P ＜ 0. 01 )], whereas no significant difference was observed between group A2 and group A1 0. 05]. The noisy of AEC group was higher than that of CCC group both on lung window(41.50±9.58 vs 40.86±7.03) and mediastinum window (41.19±7.83 vs 40.92±9.89), but there was no significant difference( Flung =0.835, P=0.476, Fmediastinum =1.910, P=0.128).The quality score of axial image in AEC group was higher than that in CCC group (superior margin of the brachiocephalic vein level: 4.49±0.56 vs4.38±0.64,superior margin of the aortic arch: 4.86±0.23 vs 4.81±0.32,the right superior lobar bronchus Level:4.87±0.27 vs 4. 84 ± 0. 22, the right middle lobar bronchus Level: 4.90±0.25 vs 4.88±0.21) except on the right inferior pulmonary vein level(4. 92 ±0. 25 vs 4. 93 ±0. 17) and superior margin of the left diaphragmatic dome level (4. 91±0.27 vs 4.93±0.22) on lung window, but no significant differences (F=0.076-1.748, P＞0.05) were observed. A significant higher score in AEC group was observed on mediastinum window compared with CCC group on superior margin of brachiocephalic vein level (2.57±0.77 vs 2. 46 ± 0. 59, F = 8. 459, P ＜ 0. 05 ), however, the score of AEC group was lower than that of CCC group on other levels without significant differences (superior margin of the aortic arch:3.36 ±0. 63 vs 3.45 ±0. 60,the right superior lobar bronchus level: 3.94 ±0. 56 vs 3. 95 ±0. 51 ,the right middle lobar bronchus Level: 3.80 ±0. 58 vs 3. 87 ±0. 50,the right inferior pulmonary vein level: 3.72 ±0. 56 vs 3.78 ±0. 53, superior margin of the left diaphragmatic dome level: 3.58 ± 0.63 vs 3.68±0.56,F=0.083-3.380,P ＞ 0.05 ). The MPR image quality of AEC group was better than that of CCC group both on lung window and mediastinum window (Zlung =-2.258, Zmedlastinum=-1.330, P＞0.05). For all participants including the underweighted group, the normal group and the overweighted group, the image quality of A1 group was better than that of A2 group without significant differences (the underweighted group: Zlung=0.000, P=1.000, Zmedastinum= 0.000, P=1.000;the normal group: Zlung =-0.062, P=0.950, Zmediastinum =-0.746, P = 0.456; the overweighted group: Zlung = - 1.177, P = 0.239,Zmediastinum =-1.715, P=0.144) both on lung and mediastinum windows, and for the higher BMI participants, a better image quality was obtained in A1 group than in A2 group on the mediastinum window (Z = -1. 715, P = 0. 144). Conclusions The total radiation exposure dose of AEC group is significantly lower than that of CCC group, but no statistical significant differences are observed between both groups in image quality and noise level. The AEC technique is highly recommended in thoracic LDCT scan for screening program, and the SD25 ( SD value = 25) scan protocol is suggested for higher BMI population while the SD30 (SD value = 30) scan protocol for lower BMI population.     

中国人仿真胸部体模检测多层螺旋CT扫描组织器官剂量的研究

目的 利用中国人仿真胸部模型来测量不同噪声指数下胸部各组织器官的吸收剂量,计算有效剂量(ED)并对MSCT胸部扫描进行剂量评估.方法 对CDP-1C型中国人仿真胸部体模在CT体层解剖和X线衰减两方面进行等效性论证;通过在体模内布放热释光剂量计(TLD)来测量不同噪声水平下各组织器官的吸收剂量,并记录相应的剂量长度乘积(DLP);将两者分别换算为ED后选择单因素t检验方法进行对比研究,分析自动管电流调制(ATCM)技术时不同噪声指数胸部CT扫描的剂量水平.结果 中国人仿真胸部体模与成人CT胸部图像的结构相似.体模主要器官平均CT值为肺-788.04 HU、心脏45.64 HU、肝脏65.84 HU、脊柱254.32 HU,与成人偏差程度分别为肺0.10%、心脏3.04%、肝脏4.49%、脊柱4.36%.肝脏的平均CT值差异有统计学意义(t=-8.705,P＜0.05);肺、心脏和脊柱平均CT值与人体差异无统计学意义(t值分别为-0.752、-1.219、-1.138,P＞0.05).当噪声指数从8.5逐渐增至22.5时,DLP从393.57 mGy·cm递减至78.75 mGy·cm,各器官吸收剂量呈下降趋势(以肺为例,平均吸收剂量从22.38 mGy递减至3.66 mGy).应用DLP所计算的ED较器官吸收剂量计算的ED偏低(以噪声指数为8.5为例,两种方法的ED分别为6.69和8.77 mSv).结论 应用中国人仿真体模来进行CT剂量评估更为准确;基于ATCM技术的胸部CT扫描噪声指数设定至少应大于8.5.

Abstract：

Objective Using the Chinese anthropomorphic chest phantom to measure the absorbed dose of various tissues and organs under different noise index, and to assess the radiation dose of MSCT chest scanning with the effective dose(ED). Methods The equivalence of the Chinese anthropomorphic chest phantom(CDP-1C) and the adult chest on CT sectional anatomy and X-ray attenuation was demonstrated. The absorbed doses of various tissues and organs under different noise index were measured by laying thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLD) inside the phantom, and the corresponding dose-length products(DLP) were recorded. Both of them were later converted into ED and comparison was conducted to analyze the dose levels of chest CT scanning with automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) under different noise index. Student t-test was applied using SPSS 12.0 statistical software. Results The Phantom was similar to the human body on CT sectional anatomy. The average CT value of phantom are -788.04 HU in lung,45.64 HU in heart,65.84 HU in liver,254.32 HU in spine and the deviations are 0.10%,3.04%, 4.49% and 4.36% respectively compared to humans. The difference of average CT value of liver was statistically significant(t=-8.705,P＜0.05),while the differences of average CT values of lung, heart and spine were not significant(t value were -0.752,-1.219,-1.138,respectively and P＞0.05).As the noise index increased from 8.5 to 22.5, the DLP decreased from 393.57 mGy·cm to 78.75 mGy·cm and the organs dose declined. For example, the average absorbed dose decreased from 22.38 mGy to 3.66 mGy in lung. Compared to ED calculating by absorbed dose, the ED calculating by DLP was lower. The ED values of the two methods were 6.69 mSv and 8.77 mSv when the noise index was set at 8.5. Conclusions Application of the Chinese anthropomorphic chest phantom to carry out CT dose assessment is more accurate. The noise index should be set more than 8.5 during the chest CT scanning based on ATCM technique.     

补阳还五汤中不同黄芪剂量对促进大鼠难愈性创面愈合作用的观察

目的：观察不同黄芪剂量补阳还五汤治疗大鼠难愈性创面的疗效,探讨作用机制。方法：108只雄性SD大鼠背部制造全层皮肤缺损开放性创面,肌肉注射醋酸氢化可的松建立难愈性创面模型,随机分为模型组,含黄芪15g、30g、60g、120g的补阳还五汤组,观察各组大鼠创面愈合情况,通过免疫组化和图像分析等技术,观察各组大鼠创面肉芽组织中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达情况和微血管计数（MVC）。结果：模型组与开放性创面模型（对照）组比较,创面愈合率低,愈合时间延长（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）;不同黄芪剂量补阳还五汤各组与模型组比较,创面愈合率显著提高,愈合时间明显缩短（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）;黄芪剂量在方剂中增至30g时,疗效好。模型组VEGF表达和MVC明显低于对照组（P〈0.01）;不同黄芪剂量补阳还五汤各组与模型组比较,VEGF表达、MVC均较显著升高（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）,且与黄芪剂量呈正相关。结论：不同黄芪剂量补阳还五汤均可明显促进难愈性创面愈合,其作用机制可能与上调VEGF表达、诱导新生血管有关,方中黄芪宜增至30g为宜。     

优化前后置全模型迭代重建技术低剂量腹部CT扫描

目的 观察全模型实时迭代重建技术（ASiR-V）对腹部CT图像质量和辐射剂量的影响,优化ASiR-V前置联合后置百分比方案。方法 将160例接受上腹部CT扫描的患者随机分为试验组或对照组,各80例。试验组在平扫、动脉期、门静脉期和延迟期分别采用前置20% ASiR-V扫描联合后置20%、40%、60%、80% ASiR-V重建,前置40%联合后置40%、60%、80%,前置60%联合后置60%、80%及前置80%联合后置80%扫描及重建方法;对照组采用前置0% ASiR-V扫描,并分别采用FBP和后置20%、40%、60%和80% ASiR-V两种方式进行重建。对所有图像进行客观评价和主观评分,并进行比较。结果 试验组各期相CT剂量指数、剂量长度乘积及有效剂量均低于对照组（P均< 0.001）。相同期相内,随后置迭代比例增加,SD值逐渐减小（P<0.01）,而CNR值无变化或增加;试验组图像随后置ASiR-V（20%~60%）增高,图像主观评分增加,ASiR-V为80%时图像质量较差。试验组平扫前置20%联合后置40%、60%图像与对照组平扫ASiR-V重建图像、试验组动脉期前置40%联合后置60%图像与对照组动脉期ASiR-V重建图像质量评分差异无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）,其余试验组图像质量评分均小于对照组ASiR-V图像。结论 一定比例ASiR-V重建可提高腹部CT图像质量,推荐使用ASiR-V前置40%联合后置60%扫描方案。     

前置自适应统计迭代重建技术对体模肺纯磨玻璃结节图像质量及辐射剂量的影响

目的 分析高分辨率Revolution CT不同权重前置自适应统计迭代重建技术（Pre-ASiR-V）对仿真胸部体模中肺纯磨玻璃结节（pGGN）图像质量及辐射剂量的影响,以寻找最佳Pre-ASiR-V权重。方法 采用Revolution CT对含有4个pGGN的仿真胸部体模进行扫描,Pre-ASiR-V权重分别设置为0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%,记录并比较不同Pre-ASiR-V权重图像的平均噪声、有效辐射剂量（ED）和pGGN图像质量的主观评分。结果 Pre-ASiR-V权重为0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的图像平均噪声分别为（17.93±2.20） HU、（17.30±3.68） HU、（18.20±3.44） HU、（18.80±0.20） HU、（19.87±2.56） HU和（15.90±4.56） HU,差异无统计学意义（F=0.568,P=0.723）;ED分别为7.40 mSv、5.16 mSv、3.36 mSv、1.97 mSv、0.97 mSv和0.33 mSv,与Pre-ASiR-V为0的图像比较,随着Pre-ASiR-V升高,ED分别降低30.27%、54.59%、73.38%、86.89%、95.54%。2名医师对pGGN图像的主观评分一致性较好（Kappa=0.778,P=0.003）,评分均 ≥ 3分。Pre-ASiR-V权重为80%及100%时,图像的主观评分略低。结论 Pre-ASiR-V权重对仿真胸部体模高分辨率图像的噪声影响较小,但可显著降低辐射剂量;Pre-ASiR-V权重60%为最佳选择。     

多模型迭代重建算法对腹部体模CT扫描图像质量和辐射剂量的影响

目的 分析前置全模型迭代重建算法（ASIR-V）在腹部体模CT扫描中图像质量的变化规律及辐射剂量的降低程度,探讨优化图像质量和辐射剂量的最佳前置ASIR-V。方法 采用腹部仿真体模和Revolution CT机。根据噪声指数（NI）设置（6、8、10、12、14）分为5组。每组设置0~100%（间隔10%）前置ASIR-V扫描和常规扫描（即不联合迭代）,共获得55组图像。分析各NI组图像CT值、噪声、主观评分及辐射剂量随ASIR-V比例的变化规律。各NI组图像的主观评分比较采用秩和检验,CT值、噪声和辐射剂量比较采用单因素方差分析和配对t检验。结果 在0~40%前置ASIR-V水平,NI为6、8、10组图像主观评分基本稳定,NI为12、14组图像主观评分呈略升高趋势;50%~100%前置ASIR-V,各组主观评分均呈逐渐降低趋势;NI为6、8、10组,超过70%前置ASIR-V图像主观评分降至3分以下,NI为12、14组,超过60%前置ASIR-V主观评分降至3分以下;NI为6、8、10组,常规扫描图像主观评分与40%前置ASIR-V图像差异无统计学意义（P=0.626、0.915、0.514）,NI为12、14组,常规扫描图像主观评分略低于40%前置ASIR-V图像（P=0.041、0.036）;各NI组常规扫描图像主观评分均优于60%前置ASIR-V图像（（P=0.021、0.012、0.015、0.014、0.007））。各NI组中不同部位CT值、噪声随前置ASIR-V比例的增高呈基本稳定状态（P均>0.05）。各NI组CTDIvol随前置ASIR-V比例的增高,呈逐渐下降趋势。40%、50%和60%前置ASIR-V比例条件下,CTDIvol较常规扫描组下降比率分别为49.82%、62.51%、71.63%。结论 前置ASIR-V可在保证图像质量的条件下明显降低辐射剂量;腹部前置ASIR-V比例推荐40%~60%。     

规范化应用“双低”扫描CT血管成像

随着对CT辐射剂量及对比剂肾病认识的不断重视,近年来"双低"CTA扫描技术被逐步应用并成为研究热点。"双低"CTA技术旨在保证影像质量满足诊断需求的前提下,降低受检者X线辐射剂量和碘摄入量。本文针对"双低"概念的提出、基本原理、扫描技术规范和临床应用现状进行综述。