Toxic trace elements at gastrointestinal level

Many trace elements are considered essential [iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu)], whereas others may be harmful [lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As)], depending on their concentration and chemical form. In most cases, the diet is the main pathway by which they enter our organism. The presence of toxic trace elements in food has been known for a long time, and many of the food matrices that carry them have been identified. This has led to the appearance of legislation and recommendations concerning consumption. Given that the main route of exposure is oral, passage through the gastrointestinal tract plays a fundamental role in their entry into the organism, where they exert their toxic effect. Although the digestive system can be considered to be of crucial importance in their toxicity, in most cases we do not know the events that occur during the passage of these elements through the gastrointestinal tract and of ascertaining whether they may have some kind of toxic effect on it. The aim of this review is to summarize available information on this subject, concentrating on the toxic trace elements that are of greatest interest for organizations concerned with food safety and health: Pb, Cd, Hg and As.     

Risk analysis of main mycotoxins occurring in food for children: An overview

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi contaminating the food chain that are toxic to animals and humans. Children up to 12 years old are recognized as a potentially vulnerable subgroup with respect to consumption of these contaminants. Apart from having a higher exposure per kg body weight, they have a different physiology from that of adults. Therefore they may be more sensitive to neurotoxic, endocrine and immunological effects. For these reasons, a specific and up-to-date risk analysis for this category is of great interest.In this review, an accurate analysis of the main mycotoxins occurring in food intended for children (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin and fumonisins) is presented. In particular, known mechanisms of toxicity and levels of exposure and bioaccessibility in children are shown. In addition, recent discoveries about the strategies of mycotoxins managing are discussed.     

棘球蚴病临床领域相关中文专业术语专家共识

棘球蚴病(亦称包虫病)研究领域几乎包括了所有不同学科,在研究过程中规范使用相关领域专业术语至关重要。为了规范相关术语,世界棘球蚴病学会秉承语言精炼、科学严谨的原则启动了专业术语共识编撰工作,并于2020年在Parasite杂志刊登成果,引起学术界共鸣。撰写这版棘球蚴病领域术语英文版的专家来自不同国家和地区、不同研究领域。作为世界卫生组织棘球蚴病预防与管理合作中心和中国医师协会外科分会包虫病外科委员会主持机构,笔者参与撰写英文版专家共识,现将棘球蚴病临床领域相关术语共识中文版与国内专家研究者分享。此项工作包含了棘球蚴病临床诊治的各个领域,是寄生虫病尤其是棘球蚴病相关领域的科学和医学术语规范化的初次尝试。     

阻断血吸虫病传播策略与措施专家共识

2015年全国达到血吸虫病传播控制标准后,进入以全面阻断血吸虫病传播为新目标、开展监测预警为主要干预措施的新时期。“十三五”时期,四川、江苏、云南、湖北等4个血吸虫病防治重点省份先后达到血吸虫病传播阻断标准或通过国家血吸虫病传播阻断技术评估,我国血吸虫病疫情处于历史最低水平,流行程度进一步降低,《“十三五”全国血吸虫病防治规划》既定目标基本实现。但日本血吸虫唯一中间宿主钉螺依然广泛存在且孳生环境复杂、血吸虫病传染源种类多且牛羊等主要传染源管控困难、现有防治技术与当前防治需求不相适应、防治成果基础不牢等是我国血吸虫病消除进程中面临的主要困难和挑战。“十四五”时期是巩固我国血吸虫病防治成果、逐步解决上述困难的重要时期,也是为实现消除血吸虫病最终目标奠定基础的关键阶段。我们在认真总结前期血吸虫病防治经验和当前面临挑战基础上,遵循依法防治、科学防治和精准防治原则,就《“十四五”全国血吸虫病防治规划》中防治目标、防治策略、防治措施等方面达成专家共识,旨在为制定《“十四五”全国血吸虫病防治规划》提供参考,更好地发挥该规划对现场防治工作的政策指导和引领作用。     

新生儿脑电生理监测分级管理专家共识北大核心CSCD

美国临床神经生理学协会已经发表了新生儿脑电图监测指南,中国也发表了新生儿振幅整合脑电图(amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram,aEEG)专家共识。由于缺乏脑电监测设备和专业解读人员,不同级别的新生儿病房很难严格按照指南或共识进行脑电监测。中华医学会儿科学分会新生儿学组成立了由新生儿、儿童神经和神经电生理专业人员组成的专家组对已经发表的指南和专家共识及相关领域的文献进行审查,建立了适用于不同级别新生儿病房脑电监测的分层管理建议。基于视频脑电图和aEEG特点,根据当地医疗资源和患儿疾病特征,专家组认为视频脑电图和aEEG可以互相补充应用,适用于不同级别的新生儿病房。该共识对促进新生儿、儿童神经和神经电生理专业人员之间的合作和远程脑电监测实施提出了建议。     

儿童小肠镜临床应用管理专家共识

小肠疾病是消化系统疾病诊治难点之一,检查技术有限,严重制约了儿童消化道疾病的诊疗水平。随着小肠镜在儿科临床应用的推广与小肠镜设备和附件的优化,小肠镜技术为儿科消化道诊疗提供了新的手段,但临床操作规范化和镜下治疗面临诸多问题和挑战。为规范儿童小肠镜诊疗技术及提高小肠疾病的诊疗水平,中华医学会儿科学分会消化学组牵头,组织专家充分讨论,并参考儿童小肠镜临床应用的最新进展,制定了儿童小肠镜临床应用管理专家共识。     

颏下岛状瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损专家共识

颏下岛状瓣（submental island flap, SMIF）是面动脉分支颏下动脉恒定供血的轴型皮瓣,与口腔颌面部缺损区相邻,其质地、色泽与头面部相似,血运充分。该组织瓣制备较简单,且成活率高,适用于修复口腔颌面部中型缺损。然而,国内外对于SMIF的应用仍然存在争议,主要集中在颈淋巴转移患者使用该皮瓣的肿瘤安全性、皮瓣的制备方法等方面。为统一和规范SMIF在口腔颌面-头颈部缺损修复中的应用,本文集中国内多家医学院校口腔颌面外科专家的智慧,达成专家共识,供同道参考。