免费师范生自伤行为与焦虑抑郁情绪的相关分析

目的探讨免费师范生自我伤害行为的一般现状及其与抑郁、焦虑情绪的关系。方法于2012年12月,随机抽取湖南第一师范学院470名免费师范生,采用青少年自伤行为量表、流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)让其进行自陈式评估。结果①免费师范生自我伤害行为总检出率75.17%,自伤行为总分在是否独生子女和性别上差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。②免费师范生焦虑、抑郁情绪检出率分别为66.59%、40.89%。焦虑标准分(51.42±4.79)和抑郁总分(35.62±9.98)高于中国常模(P均0.001)。③自伤行为分与抑郁和焦虑分呈高正相关(r=0.418、0.422,P0.001)。结论免费师范生自我伤害行为发生率中,独生子女高于非独生子女;女生高于男生。对自我伤害行为的干预应同时处理焦虑、抑郁等负性情绪。     

性别、负性情绪对医学生自杀态度的影响

目的 探讨性别、负性情绪对医学生自杀态度的影响。方法 使用自杀态度调查表、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)对291名大学一年级医学生进行评定。结果 不同性别医学生对自杀4个维度的态度无显著性差异(P>0.05),具有负性情绪的医学生在对自杀行为性质的态度和对安乐死的态度2个维度与无负性情绪的医学生存在显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.05)。结论 医学生对自杀的态度明显受负性情绪影响,而与性别无关。     

重性抑郁障碍伴酒精使用障碍患者临床特征及应对方式研究

目的调查重性抑郁障碍伴酒精使用障碍患者的临床特征及应对方式。方法以诊断为重性抑郁障碍的住院患者为研究对象,根据是否伴酒精使用障碍分为共病组与非共病组。采用一般情况调查表调查患者的临床特征及冲动、外走、自杀、自伤行为,应对方式问卷调查患者的应对方式。结果纳入重性抑郁障碍患者162例,其中共病酒精使用障碍44例(27.2%)。共病组较非共病组的患者,男性居多,有嗜酒家族史者多,家庭关系不和睦,起病形式以亚急性为主,自伤及自杀行为更多,多采用自责的应对方式而较少采用求助的应对方式(均P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示男性(OR=8.636,P0.001)、家庭关系不和睦(以"一般"为参照,OR=6.043,P=0.007)、有自杀行为(OR=3.292,P=0.037)与共病酒精使用障碍相关联。结论重性抑郁障碍伴酒精使用障碍患者发生自杀行为风险更高,更多采用自责的应对方式,应引起临床医生重视。     

重性抑郁障碍患者自杀意念及其影响因素分析

目的探讨重性抑郁障碍患者中自杀意念的发生率及其影响因素。方法使用贝克自杀意念量表(Beck scale for suicidal ideation,SSI)对155例重性抑郁障碍患者评估有无自杀意念,并使用自制的一般资料调查问卷收集人口学资料,使用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD-17)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)对患者进行自杀意念影响因素的评估。结果 重性抑郁障碍患者自杀意念的发生率为49.7%(77/155),有自杀未遂史的患者为17.4%(27/155)。相对于非汉族患者,汉族患者自杀意念更强(P0.05);相对于无自杀未遂史患者,有自杀未遂史患者自杀意念更强(P0.05);与无自杀意念组比较,有自杀意念患者的HAMD总分、焦虑/躯体化因子分、认知障碍因子分、阻滞因子分更高(P0.05)。路径分析结果表明,抑郁(β=0.22,P0.01)、自杀未遂史(β=0.41,P0.01)和疑病(β=-0.21,P0.01)对自杀意念具有直接预测作用,焦虑(β=0.08,P0.01)和疑病(β=0.07,P0.01)皆通过抑郁对自杀意念起间接作用。Bootstrap BC中介效应检验显示,抑郁在焦虑对自杀意念的影响中起完全中介作用,在疑病对自杀意念的影响中起部分中介作用。结论 重性抑郁障碍患者自杀意念的发生率较高,有自杀未遂史和抑郁情绪严重程度是自杀意念主要的危险因素,在自杀预防工作中要多关注有自杀未遂史和严重抑郁情绪的患者。     

深圳某企业外来劳务工抑郁焦虑情绪及自杀风险调查

目的 了解深圳某企业外来劳务工的抑郁、焦虑情绪和自杀风险的现状及与自杀相关的危险因素.方法 本研究采用横断面调查研究方法,以自编的社会人口学基本信息资料表、患者健康问卷抑郁量表、患者健康问卷焦虑量表和简明国际神经精神访谈自杀筛选问卷等量表为工具,对深圳某企业1845名外来劳务工的抑郁和焦虑情绪及自杀风险进行现况调查和多因素logistic回归分析.结果 (1) 1845名外来劳务工中,689例存在轻度及以上抑郁症状,占37.3％,其中中度以上抑郁146例,占7.9％;392例存在轻度及以上焦虑症状,占21.2％,其中中度以上焦虑67例,占3.6％.(2)男性和女性员工的抑郁评分在不同年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况的差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);男性和女性员工焦虑评分在未婚组(P=0.02)和高中及以上组(P=0.02)的差异有统计学意义.(3)多因素logistic回归分析显示,中度以上抑郁(OR=6.886,P＜0.01)和中度以上焦虑(OR=2.984,P ＜0.05)是自杀的重要危险因素.结论 深圳某企业部分外来劳务工存在轻度及以上抑郁或焦虑症状,中度以上抑郁和焦虑是自杀的重要危险因素.     

精神分裂症患者住院期间自杀自伤行为研究

目的了解精神分裂症患者住院期间自杀自伤行为的检出率和特征,比较住院期间有自杀自伤行为和无自杀自伤行为的精神分裂症患者的临床特征,探讨预测和防范精神分裂症患者住院期间发生自杀自伤行为的策略。方法采用自行设计的一般情况调查表、简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)、临床疗效总评量表(CGIS)对197例连续住院的精神分裂症患者的自杀自伤行为进行研究,将在住院期间有自杀自伤行为的39例患者(自杀自伤行为组)与158例无自杀自伤行为的患者(无自杀自伤行为组)进行比较。结果 1精神分裂症患者住院期间的自杀自伤行为检出率为19.80%;2自杀自伤行为组在无职业、经济状况差、社会支持差、入院前2周内有明显应激事件、有物质滥用或依赖、有精神病家族史、既往有自杀未遂史、自杀自伤行为时有幻觉或妄想、分裂症偏执型等与无自杀自伤行为组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01),Logistic回归分析显示,经济状况差、入院前2周内有明显应激事件、既往有自杀未遂史是住院期间发生自杀行为的危险因素;3入院时、住院第2、4周末两组BPRS总评分、HAMD-17总评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01),住院第2周末,两组CGI评分差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论精神分裂症患者住院期间的自杀自伤行为检出率较高,应高度重视,并重点关注经济状况较差、入院前2周内有明显应激事件、既往有自杀未遂史和HAMD-17高分的患者。     

成都市综合医院门诊抑郁和焦虑障碍调查

目的:调查成都市综合医院门诊患者抑郁和焦虑障碍的患病率.方法:对成都市3所综合医院神经内科、消化科、心内科及妇科门诊的1 780例就诊者使用医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)进行筛查.HADS评分≥8分者使用国际神经精神科简式访谈问卷(MINI5.0.0)进行诊断评定,最后根据美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第四版(DSM-IV)...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下非一线医务人员的焦虑抑郁情绪

目的调查新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下非一线医务人员的焦虑、抑郁情绪,并探讨其可能原因及对策。方法采用随机抽样方法选取四川省某三甲医院432名医务人员作为研究对象,采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)对其焦虑、抑郁症状进行评定,并通过单因素分析寻找高危人群。结果非一线医务人员SAS评分为(39. 04±8. 47)分,焦虑症状检出率为12. 3%;SDS评分为(42. 57±11. 29)分,抑郁症状检出率为22. 2%。单因素分析显示,女性SAS、SDS评分均高于男性(t=3. 119,P=0. 002;t=3. 233,P=0. 001),女性焦虑症状检出率高于男性(χ2=6. 391,P=0. 012),护士SAS、SDS评分高于医生(t=3. 477,P=0. 001;t=2. 733,P=0. 007)。结论在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下,非一线医务人员的焦虑、抑郁症状检出率较高,女性和护士是出现焦虑、抑郁情绪的高危人群。     

重庆市儿童青少年焦虑抑郁发生情况调查

目的 调查重庆市儿童青少年焦虑抑郁发生情况,为儿童青少年学生心理疏导提供参考.方法 通过整群抽样选取儿童青少年学生425名,年龄范围为7～16岁,采用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查量表及儿童抑郁障碍自评量表对被试进行评估.结果 ①34.6％(147/425)的青少年存在焦虑情绪,9.9％(42/425)的青少年存在抑郁情绪;5.6％(24/425)同时存在焦虑抑郁情绪,33.2％(141/425)仅有焦虑或抑郁情绪,61.2％(260/425)无情绪问题.②男性、女性间焦虑抑郁情绪分布差异具有统计学意义(x 2=12.592,P＜0.05),男性中66.1％的无任何情绪问题,25.3％仅存在焦虑情绪,5.6％仅存在抑郁情绪,3.0％存在焦虑抑郁情绪;女性中55.2％的无任何情绪问题,33.3％仅存在焦虑情绪,2.6％仅存在抑郁情绪,8.9％存在焦虑抑郁情绪.不同性别间焦虑得分差异具有统计学意义(t=4.638,P＜0.05),抑郁情绪得分差异无统计学意义(t=0.672,P＞0.05).③年龄与焦虑(r=-0.42,P＞0.05)、抑郁情绪(r=0.071,P＞0.05)间相关关系无统计学意义,焦虑情绪与抑郁情绪评分之间存在相关关系(r=0.420,P＜0.001).结论 儿童青少年焦虑抑郁发生率较高,需要给予积极心理关注.     

恶性肿瘤患者围手术期情绪分析

目的：探讨恶性肿瘤患者围手术期情绪障碍动态变化特征。方法：用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)，观察55例恶性肿瘤患者住院不同时段情绪障碍的检出率及临床特征。结果：70％左右患者存在抑郁情绪。不同时段的焦虑、抑郁症状不同。结论：恶性肿瘤患者围手术期情绪障碍明显，需要予以干预。     

Risk factors of near-fatal deliberate self-harm behavior in self-cutting patients: a three-year follow-up study at a psychiatric clinic

Non-fatal self-injurious behavior such as cutting oneself is often performed without suicidal intent to cope with emotional distress, although it is well-known to have a close association with future suicidal behavior. However, it is unclear what kinds of clinical features are presented by such self-injuring patients with a higher suicidal tendency. In the present study, we conducted a three-year follow-up study of female self-injuring patients to examine the risk factors of "near-fatal" deliberate self-harm behavior (DSH). The subjects were 81 female outpatients who had cut themselves at least once, and who had consulted a psychiatric clinic from June 2004 to July 2004. Initial assessments included traumatic life events, clinical features of self-cutting, histories of self-poisoning, alcohol abuse (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: AUDIT), impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, 11th version: BIS-11), symptoms of bulimia nervosa (Bulimia Investigatory Test, Edinburgh: BITE), dissociation (Adolescent Dissociative Experience Scale: ADES), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score, and axis I diagnosis of DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th version). After three years, we investigated whether the subjects had committed fatal DSH during the follow-up term. We obtained information on fatal DSH from 67 subjects during the follow-up term. Fifteen of the 67 (22.4%) had committed near-fatal DSH at least once, and one subject committed suicide by fatal DSH. Monovariate analysis revealed that in the initial assessment, the subjects with near-fatal DSH episodes more frequently reported a history of victimization by rape in adulthood and a history of OTC (over-the-counter) drug self-poisoning, and had higher scores on the BITE and AUDIT than those without near-fatal DSH episodes. Further, multivariate analysis demonstrated that only the BITE score was a significant factor in predicting future near-fatal DSH. In conclusion, symptoms of bulimia nervosa may have important clinical implications. The BITE may be a useful tool to assess future suicidal behavior in female self-cutting patients.     

The Additive Effect on Suicidality of Family History of Suicidal Behavior and Early Traumatic Experiences

Family history of suicidal behavior and personal history of childhood abuse are reported risk factors for suicide attempts and suicide completion. We aim to quantify the additive effect of family history of suicidal behavior and different subtypes of childhood abuse on suicidal behavior. We examined a sample of 496 suicide attempters, comparing individuals with family history of suicidal behavior and personal history of childhood (physical or sexual) abuse, individuals with family history of suicidal behavior only, individuals with history of early traumatic experiences only, and individuals with none of these two risk factors with regards to suicidal features. An additive effect was found for the age at the first attempt in suicide attempters with both family history of suicidal behavior and either physical or sexual abuse. No significant interactions were found between family history of suicidal behavior and childhood trauma in relation to any characteristics of suicidal behavior. Subjects presenting family history of suicidal behavior and childhood abuse attempt suicide earlier in life than subjects with just one or none of them, particularly if they were sexually abused. Other suicidality indexes were only partially or not associated with this combination of risk factors. A careful assessment of patients with both family history of suicidal behavior and childhood abuse could help to prevent future suicide attempts, particularly in young people.     

Psychosocial Factors Contributing to Suicidal Ideation in Hospitalized Schizophrenia Patients in Korea

Objective

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate psychosocial risk factors associated with suicidality in patients with schizophrenia in Korea.

Methods

The study sample consisted of 84 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. Suicidal thoughts and a clear desire to be dead within 2 weeks were defined as a current suicidal ideation. Socio-demographic and clinical variables, including family history of completed suicides and psychiatric illnesses, were collected, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS), Scale to assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD), and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were administered to identify factors associated with a current suicidal ideation.

Results

Forty-three subjects (51.2%) reported clear suicidal ideation. Multivariate analysis revealed that later age of illness onset, previous suicide attempt, family history of completed suicide, depression, or substance abuse, fewer than one family visitation to the hospital per month, and score on the CDSS were independently related to current suicidal ideation in these subjects. Age, education level, and scores on the SUMD were not significantly associated with current suicidal ideation in the multivariate analysis, but were associated with suicidal ideation in a univariate analysis on the level of p<0.1.

Conclusion

The above clinical factors should be evaluated to predict and prevent suicidal risk in patients with schizophrenia. In particular, modifiable factors such as depression should be managed to reduce suicidality of hospitalized patients with schizophrenia.     

Trauma exposure,depression, suicidal ideation,and alcohol use in people with severe mental disorder in Ethiopia

Purpose

To investigate exposure to traumatic and stressful events and their association with depression, suicidal ideation, and alcohol abuse in people with severe mental disorder (SMD) in Ethiopia.

Methods

As part of the Programme for Improving Mental health carE, 300 people with SMD (84% primary psychosis, 11% bipolar disorder, and 16% depression with psychotic features) in a rural district were identified by psychiatric nurses. A cross-sectional assessment included clinical characteristics, experience of being restrained, exposure to stressful events as measured by an adapted version of the List of Threatening Experiences scale, traumatic events as measured by endorsement of 13 locally relevant potentially traumatic events that occurred since the onset of the participant’s mental illness, depression symptoms measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Suicidal Behavior Module of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and hazardous drinking which was calculated as a sum score of eight or higher on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.

Results

Almost half of participants reported being restrained since becoming ill, which was associated with more suicidal ideation and less hazardous drinking. More than one-third experienced traumatic events since becoming ill, including being assaulted, beaten, or raped. Exposure to traumatic events was associated with hazardous drinking.

Conclusions

In this rural Ethiopian setting, people with SMD experienced high levels of traumatic and stressful events which were associated with co-morbid conditions. Greater attention needs to be given to trauma prevention and integration of treatment for trauma sequelae in efforts to expand integrated mental health care.

     

History of suicide attempts in pediatric bipolar disorder: factors associated with increased risk

BACKGROUND: Despite evidence indicating high morbidity associated with pediatric bipolar disorder (BP), little is known about the prevalence and clinical correlates of suicidal behavior among this population. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of suicidal behavior among children and adolescents with BP, and to compare subjects with a history of suicide attempt to those without on demographic, clinical, and familial risk factors. METHODS: Subjects were 405 children and adolescents aged 7-17 years, who fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for BPI (n = 236) or BPII (n = 29), or operationalized criteria for BP not otherwise specified (BP NOS; n = 140) via the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children. As part of a multi-site longitudinal study of pediatric BP (Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth), demographic, clinical, and family history variables were measured at intake via clinical interview with the subject and a parent/guardian. RESULTS: Nearly one-third of BP patients had a lifetime history of suicide attempt. Attempters, compared with non-attempters, were older, and more likely to have a lifetime history of mixed episodes, psychotic features, and BPI. Attempters were more likely to have a lifetime history of comorbid substance use disorder, panic disorder, non-suicidal self-injurious behavior, family history of suicide attempt, history of hospitalization, and history of physical and/or sexual abuse. Multivariate analysis found that the following were the most robust set of predictors for suicide attempt: mixed episodes, psychosis, hospitalization, self-injurious behavior, panic disorder, and substance use disorder. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that children and adolescents with BP exhibit high rates of suicidal behavior, with more severe features of BP illness and comorbidity increasing the risk for suicide attempt. Multiple clinical factors emerged distinguishing suicide attempters from non-attempters. These clinical factors should be considered in both assessment and treatment of pediatric BP.     

Depressed Suicide Attempters with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder are well-established risk factors for suicidal behavior. This study compared depressed suicide attempters with and without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder with respect to additional diagnoses, global functioning, depressive symptoms, substance abuse, history of traumatic exposure, and suicidal behavior. Adult patients consecutively admitted to a general hospital after a suicide attempt were interviewed and assessed for DSM-IV diagnosis and clinical correlates. Sixty-four patients (71%) were diagnosed with depression; of them, 21 patients (32%) had posttraumatic stress disorder. There were no group differences in social adjustment, depressive symptoms, or suicidal intent. However, the group with comorbid depression and posttraumatic stress disorder had more additional Axis I diagnoses, a higher degree of childhood trauma exposure, and more often reported previous suicide attempts, non-suicidal self-harm, and vengeful suicidal motives. These findings underline the clinical importance of diagnosis and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in suicide attempters.     

Suicidality in the prospective Zurich study: prevalence,risk factors and gender

Our prospective Zurich study (1978–2008) found that suicidal ideation had occurred in 40.5 % and suicide attempts in 6.6 % of the population by age 50. Important gender differences were found in both suicidality and its risk factors. Suicide attempts were earlier and more frequent among women than among men: 70 versus 44 % reported their first suicide attempt before 20. For women, the relative risk of suicide attempts was 1.6, but the relative risk of suicidal ideation was about equal (1.1 for women). The main risk factors for suicidal ideation in women were low social support (OR 4.0) and frequent punishment in childhood (OR 3.7), and in men, a depressive (OR 6.5) and an anxious personality (OR 4.6). The main risk factors for suicide attempts in women were a broken home (OR 10.2) and sexual abuse/violence (OR 7.9) in childhood; in men, no multivariate analyses of suicide attempt were conducted because of insufficient statistical power.     

Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among the inpatients in a tertiary clinic and relationship with suicidal attempts

ObjectiveTo determine traumatic experiences, prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among psychiatric inpatients in a tertiary clinic and the relationship between suicidal attempts.Material and methodsWhile a total of consecutive 175 patients (97 females, 78 males) who were hospitalized in the clinic for a period of six months were being assessed with usual diagnostic processes, they also filled out Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and socio-demographic assessment form.ResultsWhile diagnosis of PTSD was made in 0.017% of the patients when they were evaluated with usual diagnostic methods of the clinic, 63.8% of females and 64.1% of males reported traumatic experiences when they were evaluated through scales. 30.3% of patients met criteria for PTSD according to PDS, and 8% of patients reported subthreshold PTSD symptoms. There was the history of suicidal attempts in 40.2% of females and in 30.8% of males. When evaluated with regression analysis, presence of PTSD according to PDS, physical violence, emotional abuse, exposure to economic abuse and high scores of PDS were found to be predictive factors for suicidal attempt. Three subjects who did not report traumatic experiences at the time of hospitalization reported sexual trauma during outpatient follow up.ConclusionPTSD is common among hospitalized psychiatric patients; diagnosis of PTSD is usually related with suicidal attempt. Diagnosis of PTSD is not recognized in many cases unless investigated especially.     

Manic symptoms and impulsivity during bipolar depressive episodes

OBJECTIVES: In contrast to the extensive literature on the frequent occurrence of depressive symptoms in manic patients, there is little information about manic symptoms in bipolar depressions. Impulsivity is a prominent component of the manic syndrome, so manic features during depressive syndromes may be associated with impulsivity and its consequences, including increased risk of substance abuse and suicidal behavior. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of manic symptoms and their relationships to impulsivity and clinical characteristics in patients with bipolar depressive episodes. METHODS: In 56 bipolar I or II depressed subjects, we investigated the presence of manic symptoms, using Mania Rating Scale (MRS) scores from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), and examined its association with other psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, and psychosis), age of onset, history of alcohol and/or other substance abuse and of suicidal behavior, and measures of impulsivity. RESULTS: MRS ranged from 0 to 29 (25th-75th percentile, range 4-13), and correlated significantly with anxiety and psychosis, but not with depression, suggesting the superimposition of a separate psychopathological mechanism. Impulsivity and history of substance abuse, head trauma, or suicide attempt increased with increasing MRS. Receiver-operating curve analysis showed that MRS could divide patients into two groups based on history of alcohol abuse and suicide attempt, with an inflection point corresponding to an MRS score of 6. DISCUSSION: Even modest manic symptoms during bipolar depressive episodes were associated with greater impulsivity, and with histories of alcohol abuse and suicide attempts. Manic symptoms during depressive episodes suggest the presence of a potentially dangerous combination of depression and impulsivity.     

Can Better Emotion Regulation Protect against Suicidality in Traumatized Homeless Youth?

A substantial majority of homeless youth and young adults (HYA) experience abuse prior to and during homelessness. HYA also have high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidal behavior. This study investigated relationships between traumatic experiences, PTSD symptoms, substance use, and the protective effects of emotion regulation on outcome variables suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Data were drawn from a sample of 398 HYA interviewed at 3 drop-in centers in Los Angeles County. A bivariate logistic regression modeling strategy was employed to examine relationships among demographic characteristics and dependent and independent variables. Trauma prior to homelessness and trauma prior to and after homelessness were positively associated with suicidal ideation, whereas emotional awareness and control demonstrated negative associations. PTSD symptoms were positively associated with suicide attempts, whereas emotional awareness and control demonstrated negative associations. Better emotion regulation is associated with reduced odds of suicidal ideation and attempts in HYA and may protect against effects of traumatic experiences. Interventions targeting emotion regulation skills in HYA to reduce suicidality associated with traumatic experiences merit additional investigation.