Structural properties and immune-enhancing activities of galactan isolated from red seaweed Grateloupia filicina

A water-soluble polysaccharide (GFP) was isolated from Grateloupia filicina and fractionated using a DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column to evaluate immunostimulatory activity. Carbohydrates (62.0%–68.4%) and sulfates (29.3%–34.3%) were the major components of GFP and its fractions (GFP-1 and GFP-2), with relatively lower levels of proteins (4.5%–15.4%) and uronic acid (1.4%–3.9%). The average molecular weight (M_w) for GFP and its fractions was calculated between 98.2%–243.7 kDa. The polysaccharides were composed of galactose (62.1%–87.2%), glucose (4.5%–33.2%), xylose (3.1%–5.3%), mannose (1.4%–2.2%), rhamnose (1.2%–2.0%), and arabinose (0.9%–1.7%) units connected through →3)-Galp-(1→, →4)-Galp-(1→, →2)-Galp-(1→, →6)-Galp-(1→, →3,4)-Galp -(1→, →3,6)-Galp-(1→, →4,6)-Galp-(1→, →3,4,6)-Galp-(1→, →2,3)-Galp-(1→, →2,4)-Galp-(1→, →4)-Glcp-(1→, →6)-Glcp-(1→ and →4,6)-Glcp-(1→residues. The isolated polysaccharides effectively induced RAW264.7 murine macrophages by releasing nitric oxide (NO) and various cytokines via nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Further, the expression of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) and TLR-4 in RAW264.7 cells indicated their activation through TLR-2 and TLR-4 binding receptors. Among the polysaccharides, GFP-1 highly stimulated the activation of RAW264.7 cells, which was mainly constituted of (→1) terminal-D-galactopyranosyl, (1→3)-linked-ᴅ-galactopyranosyl, (1→4)-linked-ᴅ-galactopyranosyl and (1→3,4) -linked-ᴅ-galactopyranosyl residues. These findings demonstrate that GFP-1 from G. filicina are effective at stimulating the immune system and this warrants further investigation to determine potential biomedical applications.     

Purification and structural analysis of a novel polysaccharide from Rehmannia Radix Praeparata

In this paper, the purification, structure, and antioxidant activity of Rehmannia Radix Praeparata polysaccharide (RRPP) were studied. The RRPP was separated using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100. The RRPP consisted of xylose, glucose, rhamnose, galactose, and mannose in ratios of 10.64:5.58:3.52:1.39:1.0. No protein was detected in the RRPP fraction, and the molecular weight of RRPP was about 1.75 × 10⁶ Da. The basic skeleton information was obtained using periodic acid oxidation—Smith degradation, and RRPP contained 1→, 1 → 2, 1 → 3, 1 → 4, 1 → 2,6, 1 → 4,6 or 1 → 6, 1 → 2,3, 1 → 2,3,4, and other glycosidic bonds. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy also showed that RRPP has both α- and β-glycosidic bonds. The in vitro antioxidant activity test showed that RRPP could potentialize scavenging effect on ABTS^+· and its scavenging rate was 91.3%.     

Structural features of a pectic polysaccharide from mulberry leaves

A pectic polysaccharide SDA was obtained from the boiling water extract of mulberry leaves. It consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, galactose, and galacturonic acid units in the molar ratio of 5:4:1:2:6:38. Its molecular weight was determined to be 1.5 × 10⁴ by high-performance gel filtration chromatography. A combination of linkage analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, ESIMS, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR spectral analyses revealed its structural features. It was found that SDA possessed an α-(1 → 4)-galacturonan backbone with some insertions of (1 → 2) Rha residues, with the side chains attached to the O-3 or O-2 position of GalA residues, or the O-4 position of 1,2-linked Rha residues. The side chains contained branched (1 → 5) linked arabinan, branched (1 → 3) linked rhamman, linear (1 → 4) linked xylan, linear (1 → 4) linked glucan, and linear (1 → 2) linked galactan. SDA was a new acidic polysaccharide isolated from mulberry leaves for the first time.     

人工培养蛹虫草多糖的分离纯化及其结构的初步研究

目的人工培养蛹虫草多糖类成分的提取与纯化。方法采用SephadexG 10 0柱色谱法进行了分离纯化 ;通过理化常数测定、化学和光谱分析等方法研究了其化学结构特征。结果分离得到CPS 1、CPS 2和CPS 33种多糖 ,其单糖组成分别为 :CPS 1:鼠李糖 木糖 甘露糖 葡萄糖 半乳糖 (1∶6 .4 3∶2 5 .6∶16 .0∶13.8) ;CPS 2 :鼠李糖 葡萄糖 半乳糖 (1∶4 .4 6∶2 .4 3) ;CPS 3为只含葡萄糖的均一多糖。 3种多糖的分子量分别为 2 30 0 0、12 90 0和 5 0 0 0。CPS 1主要含有β糖苷键 ,CPS 2和CPS 3主要含有α糖苷键。 结论CPS 1为一种含有 5种单糖 ,糖苷键为 β构型的多糖 ;CPS 2是一种含有 3种单糖 ,糖苷键为α构型的多糖 ;CPS 3是一种仅含葡萄糖、糖苷键为α构型的多糖     

山药多糖RDPS-I的结构分析及抗肿瘤活性

目的研究山药多糖的化学结构和抗肿瘤活性。方法用水提取山药块茎粗多糖,经Sevag反复脱蛋白8次,透析后经DEAE-cellulose及Sephadex G-100柱色谱纯化得山药多糖RDPS-I。经完全酸水解、部分酸水解,用PC,GC,IR,高碘酸氧化,Smith降解,甲基化分析,¹HNMR及¹³CNMR等研究山药多糖的化学结构。并用小鼠移植性实体瘤研究了RDPS-I的体内抗肿瘤作用。结果RDPS-I的分子量为41 000,比旋光度为［α］²⁰_D=+188.4°(c 0.80,H₂O),特性粘度为［η］=16.48×10^-3(g·mL^-1)。RDPS-I是由葡萄糖、甘露糖和半乳糖以1∶0.4∶0.1的摩尔比组成,以α-D-(1→3)-Glcp为主链,在6-O位有α-D-(1→2)-Manp-β-D-1)-Galp支链的杂多糖。RDPS-I对移植性黑色素B16和Lewis肺癌有很强的抑制作用。结论RDPS-I是由葡萄糖、甘露糖和半乳糖构成的杂多糖,有很强的体内抗肿瘤活性。     

蒺藜中水溶性多糖的研究——杂多糖H的纯化与结构初步确定

从蒺藜(Tribulus terristris L)茎和叶中提出醇溶皂甙后,再提取水溶性粗多糖,其单糖组成及其摩尔比为Ara.,Rha.,Xyl.,GalA.,Gal.,Glc.,Man.,6.0:2.1:1:3.6:3.4:7.7:2.9.粗多糖经分级与纯化得一均一级分H,其单糖组成及其摩尔比为Ara.,Rha,Xyl,GalA,Gal,Glc,1.6:2.4:0.1:3.5:1.3:1。H为酸性杂多糖,分子量约为10万。经果胶酶酶解、β-D-半乳糖苷酶酶解,高碘酸氧化、Smith降解、部分酸水解、甲基化、与GC及GC-MS分析等,表明H为α-D-GalA(1→4)与L-Rha(1→2)可能交替连接构成的主链,一些Rha.上带有分枝。     

人参果胶的纯化与鉴定

人参果胶经分离、纯化获两种(SA、SB)酸性杂多糖。经醋酸纤维薄膜电泳、玻璃纤维纸电泳分别呈章一色斑。SA的组成以中性糖为主,其中半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖间摩尔比为4.7:2.6:1,半乳糖醛酸含量为26%。将SA先经部分酸水解,再经Smtch降解得到β-(1→3)-D-聚半乳糖。SB的组成以酸性糖为主,半乳糖醛酸含量为76%,半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖间的摩尔比为3.3:1.8:1。用部分酸水解方法,可从SB获得分子量小于2万的α-(1→4)-D-聚半乳糖醛酸。     

天门冬多糖的化学结构及体外抗氧化活性

目的　研究天门冬多糖ACP1的化学结构及体外抗氧化活性。方法　用沸水提取天门冬块根粉粗多糖,经DEAE-cellulose及Sephadex G-150柱色谱纯化得纯多糖ACP₁。经酸全水解,PC,GC,IR,高碘酸氧化、Smith降解、CrO3氧化、全甲基化,1H及¹³CNMR等研究化学结构。并利用NADH-PMS-NBT系统产生,Fe2+-Vit C系统产生*OH,H₂O₂诱导红细胞氧化溶血来研究ACP₁清除自由基、抗氧化活性。 结果　ACP₁的分子量为1.04×10⁵, 比旋光度为［α］¹⁵_D=+64°（c 0.64,H₂O）。ACP₁是由Gal及Glc组成,摩尔比为1.00∶0.87。ACP₁是由8个β-（1→4）Gal及6个α-（1→6）Glc连接构成主链,并在其中1个Gal残基的3-O位上接有1个α-Glc残基的支链。ACP₁体外可清除NADH-PMS-NBT系统产生的超氧阴离子自由基,降低Fe²⁺-Vit C引起的小鼠肝微粒体脂质过氧化产物丙二醛的含量,抑制H₂O₂诱导的大鼠红细胞氧化溶血。结论　ACP₁为一半乳萄聚糖,有清除自由基及抗脂质过氧化活性。     

黄芪多糖的研究

从中药黄芪Aslragalus mongholicus Bunge.的水提液中分离得到两种葡聚糖AG-1、AG-2和两种杂多糖AH-1、AH-2。该四种多糖经电泳、凝胶柱层析等证实均为单一组分。AG-1为水溶性,经水解、过碘酸氧化、甲酸生成、Smith降解、乙酰解、红外、C-13核磁共振等确定为α(1→4)(1→6)葡聚糖、α(1→4)与口(1→6)甙键糖基的组成比例约为5:2。AG-2不溶于水,为α(1→4)葡聚糖。AH-1为水溶性酸性多糖,水解后纸层析检出含己糖醛酸(半乳糖醛酸和葡萄糖醛酸)、葡萄糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖,其分子比值为1:0.04:0.02:0.01。AH-2为水溶性、水解后用纸层析和气相层析检出葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖,其分子比值为1:0.15。AG-1、AH-1具有某些免疫促进作用。     

赤芝多糖肽GL-PP-3A的分离纯化和结构研究

分离纯化赤芝多糖肽，得到具有活性部位GL-PP-3A，对其进行结构分析。水提醇沉透析得赤芝多糖肽，经分级沉淀，Bio-Gel P-10柱色谱纯化得GL-PP-3A。经HPGPC、糖基组成、甲基化分析、 ¹H NMR和 ¹³C NMR等方法研究分析GL-PP-3A的结构。GL-PP-3A是以葡萄糖为主的杂多糖，含Rha、Xyl、Man、Gal、Glc糖残基和17种氨基酸。其M_w为1.7×10⁴；M_n为1.1×10⁴；M_w/M_n为1.49。M_p为1.3×10⁴。该多糖主链由1,6-或1,3-连接的β-D-Glcp构成，二者的比例约为2∶1，在部分1,6-连接的主链葡萄糖的2或3位有分支，分支的非还原末端均主要为β-D-Glcp,少量为鼠李糖，分支内部含有1～3个1,6-连接的β-D-Galp或1,3-连接的α-D-Manp。     

Purification and characterization of antithrombotics from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) MErr. & PERRY

Two antithrombotic polysaccharides with relatively high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) were isolated from the flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) MERR. & PERRY (clove) by anion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction column chromatography and size exclusion chromatography (LMW: EC-2B-IIIa-2, M.W. ca. 34000; HMW: EC-2C-Ia-2, M.W. ca. 103000). The LMW polysaccharide was mainly composed of Rha, Gal, GalA and Ara (molar %: 24.1, 18.9, 18.0 and 17.9, respectively) with 10.8% of sulfate and 18.2% of protein. The HMW fraction consisted of Ara, Gal, Glc and Rha (molar %: 26.0, 23.7, 17.5 and 12.4, respectively) with 15.4% of sulfate and 8.0% of protein. Both polysaccharides had the backbone of type I rhamnogalacturonan and the side chain of arabinan. Also, most of the sulfates were attached at the position 6 of 3-linked galactosyl residues. Compared to the antithrombotic activity of the HMW fraction (plasma clotting time of 145 s in APTT assay), the LMW fraction displayed a slightly low activity (90 s). However, animal studies indicated that crude LMW polysaccharide did not show acute toxicity, while the acute LD50 of the HMW fraction was approximately 2-fold lower than that of heparin.     

半枝莲多糖B3-PS2分离纯化及抗补体活性研究

本文提取半枝莲多糖,分别经DEAE-cellulose、Sephacryl S-300柱层析分离纯化后得到均一的B3-PS2组分,并对该组分进行了抗补体活性研究。研究结果表明B3-PS2组分分子质量为1 100 kD,主要由Glc、Gal和Ara三种单糖组成,糖残基摩尔比为2.7∶2.7∶1.0,还含有少量的Man、Rha、Fuc和Xyl。B3-PS2抑制补体活性的经典途径CH₅₀为(0.23 ± 0.03) mg·mL⁻¹,抗补体作用靶点为补体C1r、C1s、C3、C4组分。半枝莲多糖B3-PS2组分体外抗补体活性接近于阳性对照肝素,表明活性较好,这显示了半枝莲多糖治疗补体过度激活相关疾病的潜在价值。     

人参果中水溶性多糖的研究:杂多糖F的分离提纯与结构分析

人参根、茎、叶多糖的研究已有报道,人参果胶是人参根多糖中的有效成分,人参果多糖的研究尚未见报道。采用吉林省集安制药厂提取人参果皂甙后的残渣为原料,提取水溶性人参果多糖。人参果渣用热水提取,醇析后获褐色粗多糖。经纸层析、气相色谱分析,该多糖含阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、木糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖及半乳糖醛酸六种单糖残基,含蛋白质6.25%。将粗多     

Structural features of a pectic polysaccharide from mulberry leaves

A pectic polysaccharide SDA was obtained from the boiling water extract of mulberry leaves. It consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, galactose, and galacturonic acid units in the molar ratio of 5:4:1:2:6:38. Its molecular weight was determined to be 1.5 x 10(4) by high-performance gel filtration chromatography. A combination of linkage analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, ESIMS, (1)H-NMR, and (13)C-NMR spectral analyses revealed its structural features. It was found that SDA possessed an alpha-(1 --> 4)-galacturonan backbone with some insertions of (1 --> 2) Rha residues, with the side chains attached to the O-3 or O-2 position of GalA residues, or the O-4 position of 1,2-linked Rha residues. The side chains contained branched (1 --> 5) linked arabinan, branched (1 --> 3) linked rhamman, linear (1 --> 4) linked xylan, linear (1 --> 4) linked glucan, and linear (1 --> 2) linked galactan. SDA was a new acidic polysaccharide isolated from mulberry leaves for the first time.     

Isolation,purification, and structural elucidation of polysaccharides from Alhagi-honey

The polysaccharide extract (PE) of Uyghur medicinal preparation Alhagi-honey was prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method. The purified polysaccharide AP1-1 was obtained from PE by macroporous adsorption resin chromatography, DEAE cellulose chromatography, and Sephadex gel chromatography; the homogeneity and the molecular weight of AP1-1 were determined by gel filtration; and the acid hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and NMR analysis were used to analyze the chemical structure of AP1-1. The result showed that AP1-1 was a homogeneous polysaccharide, whose relative molecular weight was 9.97 × 10⁴. Through high-performance capillary electrophoresis analysis, we found that its molecular structure was composed of mannose, glucose, galactose, and galacturonic acid with a molar ratio of about 1.1:1.9:3.9:2.1. The main chain of AP1-1 was mainly made up of → 4)β-d-GalpA-(1 → 4)β-d-GalpA-(1 → 4)-β-d-Galp-(1 → 4)-β-d-Galp-(1 → 6)α-d-Glcp-(1 → 4)α-d-Glcp(1 → , while the side chain is composed of → 6)-α-d-Glcp and 2-CH₃-α-d-Man.     

枸杞子中免疫活性成分的分离、纯化及物理化学性质的研究

从宁夏枸杞子提取得到的糖缀合物LBP经DEAE-celulose柱色谱得到5个组分,其中Lbp3,Lbp4和Lbp5分别经CM-SephadexC-50,SephadexG-100,SephadexG-50柱色谱得到均一组分LbGp3,LbGp4和LbGp5。N含量:LbGp30.83%,LbGp41.72%,LbGp59.58%。总糖含量:LbGp393.6%,LbGp485.6%,LbGp58.6%。分子量:LbGp39.25×10⁴,LbGp4 21.48×10⁴,LbGp52.37×10⁴。糖组成为:LbGp3:Ara∶Glc=1∶1,LbGp4:Ara∶Gal∶Rha∶Glc=1.5∶2.5∶0.43∶0.23,LbGp5:Rha∶Ara∶Xyl∶Gal∶Man∶Glc=0.33∶0.52∶0.42∶0.94∶0.85∶1。初步分析表明LbGp4是O-连接的糖蛋白。     

白木通多糖的研究

用碱液从白木通(Akebia trifoliate)茎中提取所得的粗多糖ATB经DEAE-Celulose及SephadexG-200柱层析后得到一多糖纯品ATBB 2,其分子量为2.3×10⁵。糖组分分析ATBB-2中各糖残基的摩尔比为Rha∶Ara∶Xyl∶Gal∶Glc∶GalA=1.22∶1.00∶1.10∶0.85∶0.24∶0.82。经甲基化,高碘酸氧化,Smith降解,部分酸水解,¹H和¹³CNMR谱的分析揭示ATBB-2是一个结构复杂的杂多糖。     

大翅豬毛菜(Salsola ruthenica Iljin)的化学成分

从大翅猪毛菜中提出四种化学成分:(1)甜菜碱。(2)两种有机酸:琥珀酸及草酸。(3)由阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、鼠李糖、木糖、半乳糖醛酸及氨基糖构成的多糖。从骸属植物中提得琥珀酸及多糖的报导尚未见诸文献。由提取成分中未能检出预期的(猪毛菜碱)及(猪毛菜定)等生物碱。     

The isolation and the characterization of two polysaccharides from the branch bark of mulberry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Morus alba</Emphasis> L.)

Two water-soluble polysaccharides termed MBBP-1 and MBBP-2 were isolated from the branches of the mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) using hot water extraction and purified on Anion-exchange DEAE52-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column. MBBP-1 was shown to be composed of rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose in the molar ratio of 4.53:2.49:4.38:4.67:17.85:5.88. MBBP-2 was composed of rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, glucose, galactose and galacturonic acid in the molar ratio of 26.85:13.8:3.14:4.4:6.1:3.19:4.9. Their structural characteristics were further investigated by FI-IR spectroscopy, Smith degradation, methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy. Based on the data obtained, MBBP-1 had a backbone mainly consisting of (1 → 3)-linked glucose. MBBP-2 had a backbone mainly consisting of (1 → 3)-linked rhamnose and (1 → 2, 4)-linked xylose. Antioxidant assays indicated that antioxidant activities of MBBP-2 were significantly stronger than those of MBBP-1, and this was likely in relation to the different content of 8.2 % galacturonic acid in MBBP-2.