萘哌地尔胶囊和片剂的相对生物利用度

目的:研究萘哌地尔胶囊与片剂的生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉口服单剂量(50 mg)萘哌地尔胶囊或片剂两种制剂,采用HPLC法测定血清中萘哌地尔的浓度.结果:口服萘哌地尔胶囊及片剂的Cmax分别为(51.0±16.3)μg·L-1和(52.7±18.2)μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(0.83±0.12)h和(0.80±0.10)h;T1/2β分别为(9.0±1.9)h和(8.9±2.3)h;AUC0-24分别为(176.3±37.1)μg·h·L-1和(174.4±42.7)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(202.4±48.3)μg·h·L-1和(197.0±45.4)μg·h·L-1;萘哌地尔胶囊对片剂的相对生物利用度为(103.6±14.8)%.结论:萘哌地尔胶囊和片剂具有生物等效性.     

口服非那甾胺片和非那甾胺胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的 :研究非那甾胺片剂和胶囊在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性。方法 :2 4名健康男性志愿者随机三交叉给药 ,分别单剂量口服 15mg试验药非那甾胺片剂、胶囊及非那甾胺片剂对照药 ,采用Wa tersOasis HLB固相萃取小柱提取 ,反相高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度 ,计算药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度。结果 :口服 15mg试验药非那甾胺片剂和胶囊及片剂对照药的主要药代动力学参数T1 2ke分别为 4 .38± 0 .90、4 .2 9± 0 .78和 4 .32± 0 .86h ;Tmax 分别为 3.0 4± 0 .88、2 .98± 0 .89和 2 .5 9±0 .86h ,Cmax 分别为 117.5 7± 19.15、118.5 9± 2 0 .2 3和 12 4 .5 3± 19.77μg·L-1;AUC0 -18分别为 897.5 7±185 .0 3、 871.5 7± 139.2 5和 837.5 9±14 9.0 5 μg·h·L-1;AUC0 -∞ 分别为 970 .0 4± 2 11.83、931.5 1 15 1.0 7和 896 .4 1± 16 4.92 μg·h·L-1。结论 :试验药非那甾胺片和胶囊与对照药非那甾胺片剂具有生物等效性 ,相对生物利用度分别为 (10 7.2 7± 9.86 ) %和 (10 5 .0 6± 12 .10 ) %。     

国产替米沙坦片健康人体生物等效性评价

目的:评价国产和进口替米沙坦片剂在健康人体的生物等效性.方法:采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定18名健康志愿者单次、交叉口服替米沙坦片80 mg后血浆替米沙坦浓度.用3P97药动学软件进行药动学参数计算及生物等效性评价.结果:两种替米沙坦片的药-时曲线均符合二室模型,参比制剂、受试制剂的主要药动学参数为:Cmax分别为(931.0±367.7)μg·L-1和(894.2±421.7)μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(1.0±0.6)h和(1.4±0.8)h;T1/2β分别为(28.1±14.1)h和(27.0±10.8)h;AUC0-t分别为(4 085±2 313)μg·L-1·h和(3 920±2 199)μg·L-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(4 751±2 742)μg·L-1·h和(4 352±2 569)μg·L-1·h.国产替米沙坦片的相对生物利用度F0-t为(97.5±15.6)%,F0-∞为(96.5±15.8)%.结论:方差分析和双单侧t检验证明两制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产苯磺酸氨氯地平片健康人生物等效性研究

目的:以进口制剂为对照,评价国产苯磺酸氨氯地平片生物等效性.方法:采用2制剂双周期自身对照试验设计.18名男性健康志愿者随机分别服用单剂量苯磺酸氨氯地平试验片剂和参比片剂10mg,采用LC/MS/MS法检测,测定血浆苯磺酸氨氯地平的浓度.采用DAS 2.0程序计算药动学参数.结果:苯磺酸氨氯地平血药浓度在0.050～20.0μg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.994 9),最低定量浓度为0.050μg·L-1,日内及日间精密度RSD＜7.4%.参比制剂和试验制剂苯磺酸氨氯地平的AUC0～tn分别为(249.4 ±68.6)和(251.9±53.4)μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞分别为(287.9-6 84.0)和(288.2.±67.5)μg·h·L-1;Cmax分别为(6.02 ±1.45)和(6.39±1.71)μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(7.90±2.94)和(8.00 ±3.40)h.以AUC0～tn与AUC00～∞计算相对生物利用度分别为(104.7 ±25.2)%和(103.5±25.7)%.结论:建立的分析方法准确灵敏,2种制剂生物等效.     

劳拉西泮片在健康人体中的相对生物利用度

目的:研究劳拉西泮片剂在健康人体内的相对生物利用度.方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定18名男性健康受试者单剂量交叉口服3 mg劳拉西泮片参比制剂和被试制剂后不同时间血浆中的药物浓度.结果:两制剂药-时曲线均符合一房室模型,Cmax分别为(36.9±9.1)μg·L-1和(38.2±10.2)μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(2.5±0.7)h和(2.5±0.7)h;T1/2ke分别为(15.8±3.0) h和(15.4±2.8) h ; AUC0～t分别为(578.8±176.5)μg·h·L-1和(589.8±193.5) μg·h·L-1 ,AUC0～∞分别为(702.0±162.9)μg·h·L-1和(699.1±197.8)μg·h·L-1.被试制剂的相对生物利用度F0→t 为(102.6±14.0)%.结论:经方差分析与双单侧t检验证明,2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产富马酸比索洛尔胶囊的人体相对生物利用度研究

为了考察富马酸比索洛尔胶囊新剂型的人体生物利用度,本文取10名男性健康志愿受试者单剂量交叉口服10 mg富马酸比索洛尔胶囊和富马酸比索洛尔片,用高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定血浆富马酸比索洛尔浓度,进行富马酸比索洛尔胶囊的药代动力学和相对生物利用度研究.结果表明:富马酸比索洛尔胶囊和片剂的血药浓度时间曲线图均符合口服吸收二室模型,主要药代动力学参数Tmax分别为2.05±1.89 h和2.20±1.75 h, Cmax分别为63.27±16.05 μg·L-1和57.49±10.49μg·L-1,T1/2β分别为12.79±2.86 h和13.11±3.93 h,AUC0～∞分别为1390.95±139.22 μg·h·L-1 和1381.04±151.56 μg·h·L-1.两种剂型的药代动力学参数经统计学分析无显著性差异(P>0.05).富马酸比索洛尔胶囊的相对生物利用度为100.1%±18.7%,结果提示受试的胶囊剂和对照的片剂生物等效.     

氯沙坦钾胶囊及其片剂在健康人体的生物等效性研究

目的:研究氯沙坦钾胶囊及其片剂在健康人体内的药动学特征,并评价两种制剂间的生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿受试者随机交叉单剂量口服试验制剂和参比制剂50 mg,清洗期1周,LC-MS/MS法测定血浆氯沙坦和代谢物氯沙坦羧酸(E-3174)浓度.药代参数的计算与统计分析使用DAS2.0软件.结果:口服试验制剂和参比制剂后,受试者的氯沙坦和E-3174主要药代动力学参数如下:氯沙坦Cmax分别为(183.83±91.30),(176.45±93.97) μg·L-1;AUC0-t分别为(333.18±105.00),( 323.75±101.92) μg·h·L1;AUC0-∞分别为(344.88±104.15),(341.32±106.13) μg·h·-1;t1/2分别为(1.84±0.52),(1.99±0.60)h;tmax分别为(0.70±0.22),(0.98±0.62)h.E-3174 Cmax分别为(344.85±114.33),(329.95±106.42) μg·L-1;AUC0-t分别为(2 445.09±608.97),(2 332.54±564.72) μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(2 503.45±612.62),(2 390.92±567.03) μg·h·L-1;t1/2分别为(4.17±0.49),(4.13±0.66)h;tmax分别为(3.14±0.72),(3.39±0.96)h.试验制剂氯沙坦钾胶囊中氯沙坦和E-3174相对生物利用度分别为( 104.9±20.7)％和(105.2±12.1)％.结论:本试验采用的氯沙坦钾胶囊和氯沙坦钾片为生物等效制剂.     

国产与进口富马酸奎的平片的药动学比较及相对生物利用度

目的:研究富马酸奎的平片的药动学及相对生物利用度.方法:受试者交叉口服单剂量(100mg)国产片与进口片,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度.结果:两种片剂的主要药动学参数:Tmax分别为(1.7±0.8)h与(1.6±0.7)h,Cmax分别为(100.4±18 9)μg·L-1与(100.0±17.8)μg·L-1,AUC0-t分别为(246.8±29.4)μg·L-1·h与(244.7±28.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(250.7±30.2)μg·L-1·h与(248.9±29.6)μg·L-1·h,T1/2分别为(1.8±0.5)h与(1.8±0.4)h,国产片相对于进口片的生物利用度为(101.9±7.4)%.结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产盐酸舍曲林胶囊和片剂的人体药物动力学及生物等效性

目的研究国产盐酸舍曲林胶囊及片剂的相对生物利用度、药物动力学特征及生物等效性.方法采用随机、开放、3×3拉丁方设计实验,18名男性健康受试者分别单剂量口服含舍曲林50 mg的试验片剂、胶囊及参比制剂.采用HPLC-MS/MS/MS法测定给药后不同时间的血药浓度,计算3者的药物动力学参数及评价其生物等效性.结果 18例健康志愿者口服参比制剂和试验制剂舍曲林胶囊及片剂后,参比制剂中舍曲林的主要药物动力学参数cmax为(10.14±3.43)μg·L-1;tmax为(4.44±1.10)h;AUC0～96为(262.82±100.66)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(29.19±4.91)h.试验制剂片剂中舍曲林的主要药物动力学参数cmax为(10.16±3.22)μg·L-1;tmax为(4.33±1.85)h;AUC0～96为(269.71±107.47)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(30.99±6.49)h.试验制剂胶囊中舍曲林的主要药物动力学参数cmax为(10.39±3.59)μg·L-1;tmax为(4.94±1.30)h;AUC0～96为(264.45±112.57)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(29.68±5.25)h.试验制剂片剂和胶囊分别对参比制剂的相对生物利用度F为(103.4%±18.2%)、(99.8%±13.6%).结论经统计学分析,国产试验制剂胶囊剂和片剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

反向高效液相色谱法测定盐酸伊托必利颗粒血药浓度及其人体药动学和生物等效性分析

目的:测定人血浆中盐酸伊托必利颗粒的血药浓度并对其在健康人体内的药代动力学及生物等效性进行分析.方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定20名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服100mg盐酸伊托必利颗粒剂(受试药)和盐酸伊托必利片(参比药)后,血浆中伊托必利浓度变化情况,用3P97程序进行药代动力学分析.结果:测得受试药和参比药Cmax分别为594.8±152.3和628.6±261.4μg·L-1,Tmax分别为0.766±0.213和0.900±0.392 h,T1/2ke分别为3.21±0.86和3.49±0.77 h,AUC0-15分别为2266.0±1340.9和2339.4 ±1831.7μg·L-1·h-1,AUC0-∞分别为2472.1±1800.3和2496.9±1952.3μg·L-1·h-1.结论:盐酸伊托必利颗粒的相对生物利用度为106.9%±27.3%:选择Cmax、AUC0-15和AUC0-∞进行三因素方差分析与双单侧t检验,结果表明受试药与参比药具有生物等效性.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.