腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹97 例分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC) 中转开腹对减少并发症,提高手术质量的重要性. 方法: 回顾分析总结97 例LC中转开腹的原因. 结果:主动中转开腹(因解剖不清,尚未发生并发症时即中转开腹)病例62 例,主要原因为Calot 三角严重粘连、胆囊萎缩及解剖变异.术后没有严重并发症发生,术后平均住院日为9.72d ;被动中转开腹(发生胆道损伤、大出血等并发症后中转开腹) 病例35例,术后出现严重并发症,术后平均住院日为17.71d. 结论:当LC 术中遇到Calot 三角严重粘连、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆囊萎缩及解剖变异等手术难度超出术者处理能力时应适时主动中转开腹以避免或减少并发症的发生.     

胆囊急性炎症期的腹腔镜治疗69例

目的探讨胆囊急性炎症期腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的手术方法。方法对69例胆囊急性炎症期患者施行LC。对手术时间、副损伤、术后胃肠功能恢复和感染率及出院时间进行分析。结果本组病例中64例患者顺利完成手术，成功率92.7％。因术中发现胆囊三角处瘢痕性粘连，无法分离而中转开腹2例；术中因损伤胆总管或胆囊动脉出血而中转开腹3例。平均手术时间为45min(30—160min)，除2例患者因胆总管损伤，中转开腹行胆总管重建，支架管引流带管出院(半年后拔管外)，其余患者均在1周内临床治愈出院。结论掌握了LC的操作技巧及娴熟的解剖位置，对胆囊急性炎症期患者大多可行LC并获得更满意效果。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术580例临床经验总结

目的:提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的安全性,降低LC胆管、血管和内脏损伤的发生率.方法:回顾分析2005年12月～2008年11月间580例LC患者的临床资料,根据术中情况采用顺行切除439例(76%)、顺行和逆行结合切除(顺逆结合)125例(21%)、逆行切除16例(3%).结果:本组LC成功率99.5%,3例(0.5%)中转开腹,其中2例为萎缩性结石性胆囊炎与十二指肠、胃、横结肠、肝十二指肠韧带冰冻性粘连.1例为慢性炎症产生的门静脉侧支损伤大出血.胆囊完全切除569例(98%),大部切除11例(2%);手术并发症3例(0.5%),其中肝总管灼伤致胆漏1例,门静脉侧支损伤致大出血1例,十二指肠损伤1例.结论:LC应根据术中情况采取顺行切除、逆行切除或顺逆结合的方法,当粘连严重不能安全分离时应采取胆囊大部切除或主动中转开腹手术.     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术即刻中转开腹原因分析

目的总结分析急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)即刻中转开腹的原因。方法回顾性分析笔者医院2006年1月～2010年7月226例急性胆囊炎LC中转开腹18例临床资料。结果急性胆囊炎LC中转开腹发生率为7.96%。其主要原因有胆囊三角粘连严重,解剖关系不清12例(66.7%),内瘘3例(16.7%),出血2例(11.1%),胆管损伤1例(5.6%)。结论急性胆囊炎行LC安全可行。如完成LC有困难时,应及时中转开腹,适时中转开腹是确保手术安全的必要措施。     

Blunt Dissection: A Solution to Prevent Bile Duct Injury in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background:

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has been a standard operation and replaced the open cholecystectomy (OC) rapidly because the technique resulted in less pain, smaller incision, and faster recovery. This study was to evaluate the value of blunt dissection in preventing bile duct injury (BDI) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).

Methods:

From 2003 to 2015, LC was performed on 21,497 patients, 7470 males and 14,027 females, age 50.3 years (14–84 years). The Calot''s triangle was bluntly dissected and each duct in Calot''s triangle was identified before transecting the cystic duct.

Results:

Two hundred and thirty-nine patients (1.1%) were converted to open procedures. The postoperative hospital stay was 2.1 (0–158) days, and cases (46%) had hospitalization days of 1 day or less, and 92.8% had hospitalization days of 3 days or less; BDI was occurred in 20 cases (0.09%) including 6 cases of common BDI, 2 cases of common hepatic duct injury, 1 case of right hepatic duct injury, 1 case of accessory right hepatic duct, 1 case of aberrant BDI 1 case of biliary stricture, 1 case of biliary duct perforation, 3 cases of hemobilia, and 4 cases of bile leakage.

Conclusion:

Exposing Calot''s triangle by blunt dissection in laparoscopic cholecystectomy could prevent intraoperative BDI.     

三结构确认胆囊管在预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤中的价值

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中避免医源性肝外胆管损伤的解剖学方法.方法 分析1992年3月至2006年5月间施行的LC 13 190例,其中在1992年3月至1996年5月间施行LC2698例,主要采用辨认胆囊管、胆总管和肝总管的三管法(即三管组);1996年5月至2006年5月间共施行10 492例,其中采用三管法8566例,另外1926例因胆管显露不太容易而采用在胆囊管位置解剖出的管状结构,结合分离Calot三角区中的胆囊淋巴结、胆囊壶腹、胆囊动脉以及胆囊三角区空虚这4项指标中的至少2项,帮助确认胆囊管的三结构确认胆囊管法(即三管+三结构组),分别就两组间的手术时间、中转开腹率、术中出血量及并发症等进行研究.结果 13 190例患者中无一例发生术中误伤胆管致黄疸、胆瘘等.三管组手术时间15～92 min,平均(38±16)min,中转开腹率为8.7%;三管+三结构组手术时间15～52 min,平均(28±12)min,中转开腹率为1.8%.两组手术时间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组中转开腹率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).而两组术中出血率和并发症率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 三结构确认胆囊管法不仅可以有效帮助确认胆囊管,避免医源性胆管损伤的发生率,而且可以缩短LC手术时间,降低中转率.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术在胆囊急性炎症期的应用

目的 讨胆囊急性炎症期腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic holecystectomy，LC）的方法和疗效。方法 613例胆囊急性炎症期患者施行LC，对手术时间、并发症、感染率及住院时间进行分析。结果本组613例患者中582例完成LC，成功率94．9％。中转开腹的原因：Calot三角解剖关系不清22例、胆总管损伤5例、胆囊动脉出血3例、胆囊肿瘤1例，平均手术时间53min（30～170min），无患者感染。平均住院时间6．2天（4—12天）。结论 确评估手术操作难度，掌握娴熟的LC操作技巧，熟悉解剖位置，对胆囊急性炎症期患者大多可行LC并获得满意疗效。关键词急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术。     

Has laparoscopic cholecystectomy changed patterns of practice and patient outcome in Ontario?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) on patterns of practice (number of cholecystectomy procedures, case-mix and length of hospital stay) and patient outcomes in Ontario. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based time trends using hospital discharge data. SETTING: All acute care hospitals in Ontario where cholecystectomy was provided. PATIENTS: All 119,821 Ontario residents who underwent cholecystectomy between 1989-90 and 1993-94. After exclusions (initial bile duct exploration, cancer, incidental cholecystectomy, or missing codes for age, sex or residence) 108,442 patients remained. OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of cholecystectomy procedures, proportion of patients with acute or chronic gallstone disease, length of hospital stay, and rates of death, readmission, and bile duct injury and other in-hospital complications after cholecystectomy by year. RESULTS: The number of cholecystectomy procedures increased by 30.4% between 1989-90 and 1993-94. The number of patients with chronic gallstone disease increased by 33.6%, and the number who underwent elective surgery increased by 48.3%. The proportion of procedures performed as LC increased from 1.0% in 1990-91 to 85.6% in 1993-94. Patients who received LC tended to be younger female patients with chronic gallstone disease with no coexisting conditions undergoing elective operations. The mean length of stay, adjusted for case-mix differences, was significantly lower in 1993-94 than in 1989-90 (2.6 days v. 7.5 days) (p < 0.05); the values for LC and open cholecystectomy in 1993-94 were 1.8 days and 7.3 days respectively. The decrease in the crude death rate over the study period (0.3% to 0.2%) was not significant (relative odds 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72 to 1.69). In 1993-94 the adjusted risk of readmission to hospital within 30 days was 1.38 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.58) as compared with 1989-90. Over the 5 years the rate of bile duct injuries tripled (0.3% in 1989-90 v. 0.9% in 1993-94). The adjusted risk of having at least one complication after cholecystectomy in 1993-94 was 1.90 (95% CI 1.75 to 2.07) as compared with 1989-90. CONCLUSIONS: LC has had a substantial effect on the number of cholecystectomy procedures performed, the type of patient having the gallbladder removed and the length of hospital stay. Death rates are unchanged, but the odds of readmission and in-hospital complications are both increased. Future research should be directed toward determining the reasons for the overall increase in rates, developing methods to reduce bile duct injuries and identifying other relevant outcomes, such as patient satisfaction with the procedure.     

初期302例腹腔镜胆囊切除术无医源性损伤体会

目的 探讨如何预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症的发生。方法 回顾分析1999年11月至2003年5月中302例腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的临床资料。结果 5例中转开腹，其中3例胆囊三角层次不清、1例术中发现胆总管增粗、1例腹腔内广泛粘连，其他病人无医源性损伤的发生。病人恢复顺利。结论 严格医生上岗前的培训、管理，仔细操作，适时中转开腹是防止LC医源性损伤发生的3个关键环节。     

高龄腹腔镜胆囊切除术围手术期安全性的探讨

目的:探讨高龄腹腔镜胆囊切除术围手术期的安全性。方法:本组1527例均经B超检查明确诊断,有合并病974例(63.8％),同一患者并存两种以上病症者421例。术前评估病人重要脏器功能,结合病史拟定出恰当的预防和治疗方案,待病情相对稳定再行LC。结果:顺利完成1510例(98.9％),中转开腹17例(1.1％),手术操作时间26min～3.5h,平均手术时间52min。术后并发症16例(1.05％),无术中胆管损伤及手术死亡。术后平均住院时间3.5d。结论:LC适应于老年胆石症患者。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤9例原因分析

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆管损伤的防治经验。方法回顾性分析1402例LC中9例(0.63%)胆管损伤的发生原因和处理方法,提出预防该并发症的体会。结果9例胆管损伤中,3例胆总管完全横断;1例左右肝管完全横断;1例右肝管部分断裂;2例胆总管穿孔;1例钛夹夹闭胆囊动脉时误夹右肝管致其不完全梗阻;1例胆囊管上钛夹时误刺胆总管,术中未发现。分别行胆/肝总管或右肝管对端吻合术、胆肠吻合术、胆总管穿孔修补术及胆总管引流术,除1例因并发呼吸窘迫综合征死亡,其他均康复。结论强调熟练解剖Calot三角,恰当掌握LC的适应证,提高胆囊管分离技术,警惕胆管畸形变异,必要时放置肝下间隙引流管及果断决定中转开腹等,可有效减少LC胆管损伤的发生率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术合并胆道损伤的原因及对策

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(L C)胆道损伤的原因、预防及对策。方法　总结肝胆肠外科研究中心4 86 3例L C的经验,结合文献进行回顾性分析。结果　4 86 3例L C中发生胆道损伤8例,其中肝胆管横断伤6例,肝总管撕裂伤及胆管电灼伤各1例。结论　L C胆道损伤的预防是关键。损伤的处理应根据发生的时间、部位及程度等选择不同的方法,及时发现,正确处理,常可取得较好结果并防止更严重并发症的发生。     

Suspected bile duct injuries and appropriate early referral can reduce chances of litigation

Bile duct injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most feared complications related to performing a cholecystectomy. Early identification and repair can be life saving for patients with bile duct injuries. Since the early 1990s, laparoscopic cholecystecomy (LC) has replaced open cholecystectomy as the preferred treatment of symptomatic cholethiasis, biliary dyskinesia, and cholecystitis. LC has decreased the length of hospital stay and post-operative pain and resulted in a subsequent faster return to normal daily activities; nonetheless, LC has a higher incidence in bile duct injury as compared to open cholecystectomy. Nearly all studies report the incidence of bile duct injury following open cholecystectomy between 0.1% and 0.2%. In comparison, LC has a reported incidence of bile duct injury between 0.4% and 0.7%. The aim of this article is to review our initial experience with work-up and repair of bile duct injuries following LC performed at outside facilities and referred to the University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) for definitive therapy. We will also review the classification of these injuries, preferred methods of diagnosis, and benefits of early treatment as well as factors that frequently lead to litigation following bile duct injury.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术588例体会

目的：总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术的经验。方法：回顾分析我院2004年3月～2007年12月588例腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的临床资料。结果：全组共完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术578例，中转开腹10例，中转率为1．7％，胆管损伤1例，全部病人顺利康复，无手术死亡及其他并发症发生。结论：基层医院开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术应高度重视人员培训，选择适当病例，重视术前、术中、术后每一环节的处理，适时中转开腹，以减少并发症的发生。     

单极电凝在腹腔镜下胆囊切除术中的应用体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆囊切除术中单极电凝钩的使用技巧及安全性。方法:回顾分析、总结我院2005年1月-2010年12月之间经腹腔镜胆囊术1 452例病例资料。结果:本组23例中转开腹手术,中转率1.6%;2例发生胆汁漏,1例经术后腹腔引流6d治愈,1例经术后引流21d后治愈;5例发生术后创面渗血,经局部引流、静脉使用止血药物处理痊愈,无胆管损伤、胆管狭窄、膈下及腹腔感染等并发症。手术时间25～121min,平均40.5min。结论:熟练掌握单极电凝钩的使用技巧及原则在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中是安全的,且价格低廉,值得基层医院推广。     

腹腔镜胆道探查取石胆囊切除术与ERCP加腹腔镜胆囊切除术的疗效比较

目的 比较LCBDE LC与ERCP LC两种手术治疗胆总管结石的疗效。方法 胆总管结石病人采用两种治疗方法，即LCBDE LC和ERCP LC，观察其手术疗效、时间、恢复情况及并发症等。结果 共收治了93例胆总管结石病人，有52例行LCBDE LC，41例行ERCP LC。LCBDE LC与ERCP LC相比，手术时间稍长，但住院时间无差异，住院费用低，并发症少而轻。结论 选择合适的病例，行LCBDE LC是安全可行的，具有较低的并发症和微创优点。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹93例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy;LC）中转开腹原因及降低中转开腹率的措施。方法对2006年10月～2011年9月收治的2376例接受LC治疗患者中,中转开腹手术93例的临床资料、中转原因进行回顾性分析。结果 LC中转开腹率3.91%,其中因腹腔、胆囊周围及胆囊三角区严重粘连、急性炎症术野渗血致解剖不清主动中转68例,占73.1%。术后没有严重并发症发生,术后平均住院日为11.5d;被动中转开腹（发生大出血、胆道损伤等并发症后中转开腹）病例25例,术后出现严重并发症,术后平均住院日为24.6d。结论当LC术中遇到Calot三角严重粘连、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆囊萎缩及解剖变异等手术难度超出术者处理能力时应适时主动中转开腹以避免或减少并发症的发生。     

糖尿病对老年患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的影响

目的探讨糖尿病对老年患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）相关并发症发生情况的影响。方法回顾性分析145例（≥60岁）患者LC的临床资料,比较有无糖尿病两组患者手术并发症的发生情况。结果糖尿病组患者52例,其中胆囊破裂5例,胆漏4例,切口感染4例,腹腔感染3例,肺部感染4例,十二指肠损伤l例,脐疝形成1例,腹腔内出血3例,胆管损伤1例,胆管结石残留3例,并发症发生率为19．2％。无糖尿病组患者93例,期中胆囊破裂1例,肺部感染1例,胆管损伤3例,皮下气肿2例,胆管结石残留3例,并发症发生率为8．6％。糖尿病组患者有6例中转开腹,而无糖尿病组患者仅2例中转开腹,两组患者的中转开腹率分别为11．5％和2．2％,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。糖尿病组患者术中出现胆囊破裂、术后发生胆漏和切口感染的发生率均较无糖尿病组患者高（P〈0．05）,住院天数较无糖尿病组患者明显延长（P〈0．05）。结论糖尿病是LC手术并发症发生的危险因素之一,应引起重视。老年糖尿病患者在围手术期管理中应常规监测血糖浓液,必要时强化胰岛素治疗以降低手术并发症的发生。     

急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术与胆道损伤

目的:探讨急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(lapa-roscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆道损伤的预防措施。方法:2007年4月～2012年4月对118例急性结石性胆囊炎患者在四孔法下行LC。紧贴胆囊壶腹与胆囊管移行部使用电凝及吸引器精准解剖Calot三角,先游离后三角内脂肪、纤维和结缔组织,再解剖前三角,使前后三角贯穿。Calot三角内只有胆囊管和胆囊动脉管状结构,进入肝十二指肠韧带,紧贴胆囊壁夹闭动脉并切断,缘胆囊壶腹部确定胆囊管后夹闭胆囊管并切断。结果:113例完成LC,5例中转开腹行胆囊切除术。其中Mirrize综合征Ⅰ型1例;Calot三角致密粘连难以分离2例;胆囊管明显增粗、结石嵌顿,疑胆总管继发结石2例。术后戳孔感染4例;肺部感染1例;心律失常1例;戳孔疝1例;胆漏1例,经腹腔引流1周后治愈;胆囊床出血1例,第2日腹腔镜止血治愈;胆总管残石1例,1月后行EST去除;无胆管、血管损伤。结论:急性胆囊炎LC中,应用此方法解剖Calot三角,缘胆囊壶腹部确定胆囊管后夹闭并切断,能有效预防胆道损伤。     

两种手术治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的疗效比较

目的 回顾性分析比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术+腹腔镜胆总管切开胆道镜探查取石术(LC+LCBDE)与内镜逆行胰胆管造影/内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石术+腹腔镜胆囊切除术(ERCP/EST+LC)治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的临床疗效。 方法 选取2011年2月-2016年2月间浙江中医药大学附属第二医院治疗的胆囊结石并胆总管结石患者300例,根据对患者采取手术方案的不同,将患者分为LC+LCBDE组与ERCP/EST+LC组,每组150例。比较2组患者临床资料、治疗效果、术后并发症发生率及肝功能等相关指标情况。 结果 2组患者在手术成功率、中转开腹率方面比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),但LC+LCBDE组在手术时间、住院时间及手术费用等方面明显低于ERCP/EST+LC组(均P<0.05)。2组患者术后1 d胆红素、丙氨酸转氨酶、天门冬氨酸转氨酶升高,术后3 d各指标均恢复至正常。术后并发症发生率LC+LCBDE组6.67%,ERCP/EST+LC组为8.67%,2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组患者出院后短期随访结石复发率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 LC+LCBDE与ERCP/EST+LC均为治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的术式,其中LC+LCBDE在手术时间、住院时间及手术费用等方面更具优势,但临床工作中仍需遵循个性化原则,根据患者的实际病情与医院条件灵活选择手术方式。