海南省2008年手足口病样本核酸检测分析

目的 了解2008年海南省手足口病(HFMD)暴发的病原及主要的病毒型别,为HFMD病例诊断和防控措施提供科学依据.方法 依据卫生部<手足口病预防控制指南>提取HFMD临床诊断病例各种样本中的病毒核酸,用肠道病毒通用引物、肠道病毒71型(EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A16型(CoxA16)特异性引物进行逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR),检测基因片段大小.结果 274例临床诊断手足口病病例中EV71型核酸阳性、柯萨奇病毒A16核酸阳性、其他型别肠道病毒核酸阳性分别有102,12,35例;样本中疱疹液阳性检出率最高,为72.0%,肛拭子为40.0%,鼻咽拭子为34.8%,其余样本均阴性;54份直接提取病毒核酸进行RT-PCR检测,结果阴性但细胞培养出现细胞病理改变(CPE)的分离物;肠道病毒、EV71型、CoxA16型阳性分别有48,29,4份,阳性率分别为88.89%,53.70%,7.40%;其中1份样本EV71型和CoxA16型均为阳性.结论 引起海南省2008年手足口病暴发流行的主要病原是肠道病毒71型,其次为CoxA16型.     

湖南省197例手足口病临床诊断病例的病原学检测结果

目的明确2008年引起湖南省手足口病的病原体型别及分布特征，为制定预防控制措施提供实验依据。方法采集手足口病临床诊断病例的疱疹液、咽拭子、肛拭子、粪便等样本，用RD、Hep-2细胞对粪便样本进行病毒分离，应用RT-PCR方法检测原始样本和分离阳性毒株中的EV、EV71和CoxA16病毒的核酸。结果共收集197例手足口病临床诊断病例的样本，实验室检测阳性的105例，其中EV71阳性的72例，CoxA16阳性的14例，EV阳性、EV71和CoxA16阴性的19例。同时，从59份粪便样本中分离出肠道病毒10株，其中EV71型病毒7株，CoxA16型病毒3株。结论引起湖南省手足口病的病原体主要为EV71型肠道病毒，EV71感染的病例占阳性病例数的68．57％。全省除株洲、湘西自治州未检测到EV71感染的手足口病病例外，其余市（州）均有检出。     

临海市2010-2011年手足口病病原学监测结果分析

目的了解浙江省临海市2010-2011年手足口病主要病原体型别及分布特征,为手足口病的防控提供病原学依据。方法采用实时荧光RT-PCR方法,对哨点医院定期采集的临床诊断病例样本进行肠道病毒(EV)核酸检测和型别鉴定。结果共采集咽拭子样本157份,检出112例EV阳性病例,阳性率为71.34%;其中EV71阳性病例28例,CoxA16阳性病例33例,分别占EV阳性病例的25.00%、29.46%;5岁以下儿童EV感染占所有感染者的95.54%;2010年和2011年儿童EV71和CoxA16阳性率分别为17.44%、24.42%和18.31%、16.90%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);男性病例EV阳性检出率高于女性病例(P<0.05);重症病例EV71阳性检出率为100%。2010-2011年病原构成呈动态变化特征。结论引起临海市手足口病的主要病原体为EV71和CoxA16;5岁以下儿童是EV感染的高危人群;EV71是引起重症病例的主要病原体。     

2009年广西253例疑似肠道病毒感染病例病原学监测结果分析

目的了解广西肠道病毒的感染情况,为制定预防和控制肠道病毒感染策略提供依据。方法采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,对广西253例疑似肠道病毒感染者咽拭子、疱疹液和粪便标本共505份进行肠道病毒、肠道病毒71型(EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A16型(CoxA16)核酸检测。结果共检出290份肠道病毒核酸阳性,阳性率为57.43%,其中EV71核酸阳性105份,阳性率为20.79%,CoxA16核酸阳性143份,阳性率为28.32%。结论 505份标本中CoxA16核酸的阳性率高于EV71;疱疹液标本的阳性检出率高于肛拭子、咽拭子、粪便标本的阳性检出率;CoxA16和EV71是引起儿童手足口病的主要病原体,要加强对CoxA16和EV71的的鉴别诊断。开展手足口病流行病学和病原学研究,将有助于提出更好的预防和控制措施。     

2010年桂林地区手足口病病原体RT-PCR检测结果分析

目的 了解2010年桂林地区手足口的病原体流行特征,确定其型别分布情况.为手足口病防控提供科学依据.方法 收集临床诊断为手足口病病例粪便样本1 144份,运用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR法)对样本病毒RNA进行总肠道病毒核酸,以及EV71和CoxA16特异性核酸检测.结果 1144份手足口病病例粪便样本中查出总肠道病毒核酸检测阳性823份,阳性率71.94％ (823/1 144);EV71阳性率44.32％ (507/1 144),CoxA16阳性率1.74％ (20/1 144),非EV71、CoxA16的其他肠道病毒阳性率25.87％ (296/1 144).结论 引起桂林地区2010年手足口病流行的病原体主要是肠道病毒EV71型.     

郴州市2008年17例临床诊断手足病病例病原学分析

[目的]了解2008年郴州市手足口病的病原体类型及分布特征。[方法]采集17例临床诊断手足口病病例的咽拭子、疱疹液等样本,采用RT-PCR及Real-Time法检测样本中的肠道病毒通用型(EV)、肠道病毒71型(EV71)、肠道病毒科萨奇A16型(CoxA16)这3种核酸。[结果]共检测17例临床诊断手足口病样本,其中通用型3例、CoxA16型3例、EV71型2例,总阳性率为47.00%。[结论]引起郴州市手足口病的病原体主要为CoxA16型及其他肠道病毒。     

郴州市2009年46例临床诊断为手足口病的病原学分析

[目的]了解2009年郴州市手足口病的病原体类型及分布特征。[方法]采集46例临床诊断为手足口病病例的粪便样本,采用RT-PCR及Real-Time PCR法检测样本中的肠道病毒通用型(EV)、肠道病毒71型(EV71)、肠道病毒科萨奇A16型(CoxA16)3种核酸。[结果]46例临床诊断手足口病样本,其中EV71型22例、通用型11例、CoxA16型4例,总阳性率为80.43%。[结论]2009年引起郴州市重症手足口病的病原体主要为EV71型。     

2010年池州地区手足口病病原学分析

目的分析池州地区手足口病的流行病学和病原学特征,为手足口病防控提供科学依据。方法采集2010-03/2010-12池州市各地送检的133例手足口病临床诊断患者的咽拭子,应用RT-PCR技术检测样本中肠道病毒(EV)、肠道病毒71型(EV71)、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CoxA16)。结果 133例手足口病临床诊断病例咽拭子中,检测到肠道病毒阳性79份,EV71阳性28份,CoxA16阳性24份,EV71和CoxA16的阳性率为21.05%和18.05%。6例手足口病重症病例中,EV71病毒感染病例4例。结论 EV71和CoxA16是2010年池州地区手足口病的主要病原体,而EV71是引起手足口病重症病例的主要类型。     

2008年广东省手足口病实验室检测结果分析

目的对广东省2008年手足口病实验室检查结果进行分析,了解2008年广东省手足口病病原学特征,为实验室诊断手足口病提供参考。方法采集2008年4—12月广东省各地送检的292例手足口病患者的粪便、肛拭子、咽拭子、疱疹液和脑脊液等标本426份和98名手足口病病例接触者的粪便、肛拭子和咽拭子等标本98份,应用RT-PCR技术检测样本中的肠道病毒、肠道病毒71型(EV71)、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CVA16)。结果292例手足口病患者的426份各类样本中,检测到肠道病毒阳性267份,EV71病毒特异性基因片段阳性169份,CVA16特异性基因片段阳性36份,EV71和CVA16病毒核酸同时阳性3份。292例手足口病病例中,EV71的检出率较CVA16高,分别为50.68%(148/292)和11.99%(35/292),20例手足口病死亡病例均为EV71感染病例。手足口病病例粪便样本的肠道病毒、EV71和CVA16的检测阳性率最高,分别为76.72%(178/232)、45.26%(105/232)和14.66%(34/232),且在发病9 d后仍能检测到EV71病毒。98名手足口病病例接触者的各类样本中,分别检测...     

贵州省从江县81例手足口病病例病原学检测结果

目的了解贵州省从江县2011—2012年手足口病流行的主要病原体,为手足口病防控提供科学依据。方法采集临床诊断为手足口病病例的咽拭子采用RT-PCR方法扩增病毒的特异性片段,检测EV71、CoxA16核酸和其他肠道病毒核酸。结果共采集标本81份,病毒核酸检测阳性33份,阳性率为40.74%;其中EV71阳性9份（27.27%）,CoxA16阳性4份（12.12%）,其他肠道病毒阳性20份（60.61%）。结论从江县2011—2012年手足口病流行毒株以其他肠道病毒为主。但也不能忽视EV71引起的有中枢神经系统并发症的重症病例的监测。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.