低出生体重儿的认知发展神经心理的初步研究

【目的】　探讨低出生体重 (lowbirthweight ,LBW )儿的认知神经心理发展及干预作用。 　【方法】　将 61例LBW儿 (185 0～ 2 45 0 g)随机分为干预组 (Ⅰ组 3 3例 )和未干预组 (Ⅱ组 2 8例 ) ,另设正常对照组 (Ⅲ组 3 0例 )。Ⅰ组实施婴儿抚触、早期教育、感知运动、语言等训练。于 6月、1岁时分别进行Gesell婴儿发育量表及婴儿视觉注意习惯化测试。　【结果】　Gesell测试 :6月时I组各能区发育商 (developmentquotient ,DQ )分值高于Ⅱ组 ,但精细动作、应物能、语言能与Ⅱ组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。1岁时Ⅰ组各能区DQ与Ⅱ组差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而与Ⅲ组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。婴儿注视时间 (应答下降率H、应答恢复率R) :6月龄时Ⅰ组分值稍高于Ⅱ组 ,但差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,1岁时Ⅰ组H、R与Ⅱ组差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而与Ⅲ组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。　【结论】　早期干预能有效地促进LBW儿的认知神经心理发育。     

早期干预促进低出生体重儿认知发育行为的研究

目的:探讨早期干预对低出生体重儿(LBW)认知生长发育的促进作用。方法:选择61例LBW(1 850~2450 g)随机分为两组;干预组(Ⅰ组33例),未干预组(Ⅱ组28例)。Ⅰ组实施婴儿抚触,营养指导,早期教育,感知运动、语言等训练。Ⅱ组未能参加干预。于6月、12月、24月、36月两组分别进行体格发育(体重、身高)SDS值评定(Z评分)及Gesell发育商(DQ)的测定。结果:Ⅰ组各年龄段的体重、身高SDS值显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.01);Gesell测试:6月时Ⅰ组各能区DQ分值高于Ⅱ组,但精细动作、应物能、言语能与Ⅱ组无显著差异(P>0.05);12月、24月、36月时Ⅰ组各能区DQ分值与Ⅱ组比较有显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:研究表明早期干预能有效地促进LBW体格生长及认知行为发育。     

抚触和动作训练对婴幼儿生长发育影响的效果评价

【目的】　探讨抚触及动作训练对正常婴儿生长发育的影响。　【方法】　按随机抽样的方法 ,将实验对象分为实验组与对照组 ,对实验组小儿进行抚触和动作训练 ,对照组不给任何干预 ,两组小儿定期进行体格检查 (体重、身长 )并用盖塞尔量表 (Gesell)作发育评估。　【结果】　①出生后开始进行抚触和动作训练者 ,实验组各阶段体重、身高均高于对照组。两组前半年身高、体重增值差异有显著性 ;Gesell测试结果表明 :实验组 6个月五大能区发育商 (developmentalquotient,DQ)均显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,12个月时除大动作 ,其余各能区DQ均显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。② 6个月开始进行抚触和动作训练者 ,12个月时两组体重、身高比较接近 ,但实验组身高增值显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。Gesell测试结果 ,12个月时适应性、运动能、语言及个人 社交能区DQ显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。　【结论】　无论从出生开始 ,还是出生后 6个月开始对婴儿进行抚触和动作训练 ,对婴儿的生长发育均有促进作用。     

单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂对低出生体重患儿智能及神经运动发育的临床应用研究

目的 探讨单唾液酸四己精神经节苷脂对低出生体重(LBW)患儿智能及神经运动发育的影响.方法 将72例单胎LBW患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组,所有患儿给予综合治疗,治疗组加用单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂治疗,在患儿6个月、12个月时采用Gesell量表和贝利婴幼儿发育量表进行智能及神经运动发育评价.结果 Gesell量表结果显示:6个月时治疗组DQ分值均高于对照组,其中大运动、社会适应能区两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或<0.05);12个月时治疗组五大能区DQ分值均高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或<0.05).贝利婴幼儿发育量表结果显示:6个月、12个月时治疗组智能发育指数(MDI)和运动发育指数(PDI)均高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01).结论 单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂能促进LBW患儿智能及神经运动发育,预防和降低神经系统后遗症的发生,改善预后.     

规范管理和早期干预对高危儿智能的影响

【目的】探讨高危儿规范管理和早期综合干预对高危儿智能的影响。【方法】高危儿干预组46例,均为2005~2006年中山市博爱医院新生儿重点护理病房(neonatal intensive case unit,NICU)住院新生儿;高危儿对照组230例,为2005年以前本院NICU住院新生儿,同期在本院儿保门诊常规体检的儿童作为正常对照组。用Gesell婴幼儿发育量表进行早期神经心理发育监测。【结果】高危干预组与高危对照组比较:1岁时高危干预组的语言和个人社交2个能区和平均发育商(developmental quotient,DQ)均高于高危对照组(P<0.05);而大运动、适应行为和精细动作DQ两组差异无显著性。高危干预组与正常对照组比较:大运动、个人社交和平均DQ两组差异无显著性;高危干预组精细动作和适应行为DQ比正常对照组儿童低(P<0.05);高危干预组的语言DQ比正常对照组儿童高(P<0.01)。高危对照组5个能区和平均DQ均低于正常对照组(P<0.01)。【结论】高危儿规范管理和早期综合干预能促进高危儿的神经心理发育。     

配方奶和母乳喂养儿第一年瘦素水平和体格发育指标的比较

【目的】研究中国婴儿配方奶喂养和母乳喂养时第一年血清瘦素水平和体格发育指标的差异。【方法】选取配方奶喂养儿45人(其中男24人,女21人),母乳喂养儿51人(其中男27人,女24人)进行对照研究,分别检查6个月和1岁时的血清瘦素浓度和体格发育指标。【结果】①配方组婴儿6个月时身高、体重和体质指数(body massindex,BMI)高于母乳组,但差异无显著性(P>0.05),瘦素浓度则明显低于母乳组(P<0.05);配方组婴儿1岁时体重和BMI较母乳组高,差异且有显著性(P<0.05);配方组身高稍高于母乳组,但差异无显著性(P>0.05),而瘦素浓度在配方组仍明显低于母乳组(P<0.05),但差别有所缩小。【结论】中国婴儿配方奶喂养和母乳喂养时第一年血清瘦素水平和体格发育指标的差异明显。     

新生儿抚触对促进婴儿生长发育影响的研究

【目的】探讨在新生儿期进行抚触对促进婴儿体格发育和智能发育的影响,为婴幼儿的健康成长提供依据。【方法】选择剖宫产第一胎足月新生儿110例,随机分为抚触组和对照组各55例进行研究。抚触组在出生后第1 d即开始进行抚触至新生儿期满,每日2次,每次15 min,对照组采用常规护理方法。对两组新生儿进行体格发育指标(体重、身长、上臂围、头围、胸围)和智能发育指标(运动能区、智力能区、社会适应能区)进行测试。【结果】两组新生儿第30 d和42 d体格发育指标和智能发育指标差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。【结论】对新生儿进行抚触能促进婴儿体格和智能的发育。     

早期综合干预对新生儿高胆红素血症智能的影响

【目的】探索早期综合干预对新生儿高胆红素血症(以下简称高胆儿)智能的影响,为制订更有效的高胆儿的随访干预措施提供理论依据。【方法】将高胆儿(均没有合并核黄疸)随机分为干预组及对照组,同时随机选取正常对照组进行随访。干预组出生后即从产科和新生儿科开始建立专科档案,进行规范管理和早期综合干预。各组均在1岁时用Gesell婴幼儿发育量表进行智能监测。【结果】①1岁时高胆对照组5个能区和平均发育商(develop-mental quotient,DQ)均低于正常对照组,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01);②高胆干预组的5个能区和平均DQ均高于高胆对照组,差异有非常显著性(P<0.05);③高胆干预组的精细动作和适应行为DQ均比正常对照组儿童低,差异有显著性(P<0.05);大运动、语言、个人社交和平均DQ两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。【结论】高危儿规范管理和早期综合干预能促进高胆儿的智能发育,到1岁可赶上正常儿童,尤其在大运动、语言和个人社交方面,今后干预的重点是精细动作和适应行为。     

低出生体重儿婴儿期生长速度与胰岛素敏感性的关系

【目的】 探讨低出生体重儿婴儿期生长速度与胰岛素敏感性的关系。 【方法】 将全部入选对象分为低出生体重儿组(low birth weight,LBW)和正常对照组(normal control,NC),并随访1年。766例新生儿纳入研究,共计628例完成1年随访。分别在生后42 d、4、6、8、10个月和12个月共计随访6次,进行体格测量,并在6个月和12个月随访当日测定血清胰岛素(fasting insulin,FI)和血糖水平。计算出生体格Ponderal指数,随访中计算体质指数(body mass index,BMI)以及内稳态模式评估值(homeostasis model assessment,HOMA)评价胰岛素敏感性。 【结果】 LBW组与NC组相比,LBW组婴儿在12个月内的每一个监测点生长发育水平始终低于NC组,但是由体重和身长的Z-score变化可以看到,虽然两组间在12个月时差异仍然显著,但是Z-score值在不断减小;最后,由1年内Z-score的变化即ΔZ-score可见,在婴儿期,LBW组婴儿体重及身长均快速增长,其增长速度显著高于NC组婴儿,但是,在12个月时仍未能追上NC组婴儿。6月龄时,两组间胰岛素敏感性无差异,12个月龄时,LBW组FI和HOMA值较高,提示此阶段胰岛素敏感性相对差。 【结论】 低出生体重儿在12个月内生长发育速度快于正常体重儿,在12个月时体重、身长和BMI值仍低于正常体重儿;低出生体重儿在婴儿期末已经表现出胰岛素敏感性相对差。     

抚触和动作训练对婴儿生长发育影响的研究

【目的】探讨婴儿抚触及动作训练对正常婴儿生长发育的影响，为是否应从新生儿期抚触训练提供理论依据。【方法】将实验对象分为实验组与对照组，对实验组小儿进行抚触和动作训练，对照组不给任何干预，对两组小儿定期进行体格检查（测量体重、身长、头围）并用盖塞尔量表（Gesell）作发育评估。【结果】①出生后开始进行抚触和动作训练者，实验组各阶段体重、身长均高于对照组。两组前半年体重增值差异有显著性，后半年身长增值差异有非常显著性，而头围则两组非常接近。Gesell测试结果表明实验组6个月适应性、精细动作及个人-社交能区发育商（developmental quotient，DQ）显著高于对照组，12个月时适应性、精细动作、语言及个人-社交能区DQ均显著高于对照组。②6个月开始进行抚触和动作训练者，实验组12个月体重、身长略大于对照组，两组头围相近。Gesell测试结果，12个月时大运动、语言及个人-社交能区DQ显著高于对照组。【结论】无论从出生开始，还是出生后6个月开始对婴儿进行抚触和动作训练，对婴儿的生长发育均有促进作用。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.