水产品中霍乱弧菌污染状况的调查

目的：了解鞍山市水产品中霍乱弧菌的污染状况，为霍乱疫情预测提供实验依据。方法：依据GBl5984—1995《霍乱诊断标准及处理原则》和外环境标本分离霍乱弧菌程序操作。结果：共采集样品300份，其中涂抹类样品100份，水产品200份，自二份牛蛙涂抹样品中检出二株霍乱弧菌，经鉴定该二株菌为01群Eltor霍乱弧菌稻叶27L型。结论：本次检出的霍乱弧菌均为01群，由于01群霍乱弧菌的散发性及非爆发性，一直以来未受到人们的重视，近年来有报道称01群霍乱弧菌与非01群霍乱弧菌、0139霍乱弧菌的某些毒性基因有可能发生重组，成为另一种新的更强毒力的霍乱弧菌，因此其重要性被重新认识。     

珠江河口水体霍乱弧菌污染状况调查研究

目的:了解珠江河口水体01/0139群霍乱弧菌的污染情况,提出改善水体霍乱弧菌监测的建议,为采取针对性措施预防控制霍乱的发生和流行提供依据.方法:根据历年霍乱监测资料和疫点分布状况,在珠江水系广州段选择设立24个采样点,每月采集水体标本进行01/0139群霍乱弧菌分离培养,对分离得到的阳性菌株进行血清分型、噬菌体一生物分型、PCR检测毒力基因、K-B法药敏试验.结果:2006年3月～2007年2月共采取862份水体样本,其中有67份检出01或0139群霍乱弧菌,检出率为7.77%,血清型以01群为主,尤以稻叶型占优;01群菌株均为非流行株,2株0139群菌株检出ctx毒力基因;菌株耐药分析发现不同血清型菌株耐药谱有所差异.结论:01/0139群霍乱弧菌在珠江河口水体环境中广泛存在,常年均可从水体中分离获得.必须加强环境水体及海水产品霍乱弧菌监测,及时了解其污染状况,以便采取针对性措施预防控制霍乱的发生和流行.     

广州市水产品监测中霍乱弧菌分离株的分子特征研究

目的　了解广州市水产品监测中霍乱弧菌分离株的毒力特征,对其菌株进行同源性分析,研究其分子特征及流行病学意义。方法　2 0 0 4年6月采集广州市3家较大的水产品交易市场的海、水产品以及广州以往水型霍乱流行沿海地区的河水和珠江入海口海水,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法对样本检出的霍乱弧菌分离株进行霍乱肠毒素基因(ctx)、小带联结毒素基因(zot)、辅助霍乱肠毒素基因(ace)和毒力协同菌毛蛋白亚单位基因(tcpA)这4种毒力基因的检测,用随机扩增多态性分析(RAPD)结合SPSS软件对以上菌株进行多态性分析,对霍乱弧菌毒力进行快速测定并进行分子分型。结果　共采集海、水产品样本16 0份、水体样本90份,从样本中检出34株霍乱弧菌,其中分离自青蛙12株、虎纹蛙6株、牛蛙5株、养殖水5株、罗氏虾3株,其他3株,根据流行病学调查证实均为海南输入株。毒力基因检测表明,34株霍乱弧菌均未检出ctx和tcpA基因;14株菌(41% )可同时检出ace和zot基因,另有2株菌(6 % )只检出ace基因。所有34株霍乱弧菌的RAPD结果经聚类分析可分为2个聚类群,其中31株属于同一来源,只有3株菌与其他菌株的同源性有差异,但亲缘关系较近。结论　该次水产品监测的霍乱菌株均为非流行株,但仍需加强监测,预防霍乱流行株的出现而导致的霍乱散发和暴发流     

十堰市首次从食品中检出霍乱弧菌的报告

目的了解十堰市霍乱弧菌污染状况,为疫情分析,预警及制定防控策略提供科学依据。方法采集市场销售的生畜禽肉、水产品、外环境水体、苍蝇、牛粪等,按《霍乱防治手册》进行检验。结果共采集样品52份,分别从基围虾和生猪肉中各检出1株小川型霍乱弧菌,阳性率为3．84％。这两株菌etxA毒力基因测检阴性为非流行株,药敏试验表明它们对头孢噻肟、氯霉素、四环素敏感。结论十堰市生畜肉类,水产品中存在霍乱弧菌污染状况,虽经鉴定为无毒力非流行株,但仍需加强监测和消毒力度,防止疾病和疫情的发生。     

2001年某口岸地区霍乱流行病学分析

[目的]进一步做好霍乱的防治工作.[方法]对2001年珠海口岸地区霍乱疫源检索和发病情况进行分析.[结果]在13批11种水产品中检出O1群小川型霍乱弧菌11株、稻叶型霍乱弧茵5株;发现6例本地染疫的霍乱病人.[结论]2001年霍乱弧菌严重污染了某口岸地区的水体、水产品,霍乱疫情呈散发流行,采取有效的预防措施,可大大降低罹患霍乱的危险.     

衡阳市2006年水产品霍乱弧菌调查报告

目的：了解衡阳市水产品中霍乱弧菌的污染状况，为进一步预防衡阳市霍乱制订措施提供实验依据。方法：依据《霍乱弧菌手册》（第五版）进行霍乱弧菌分离培养、生化及血清学鉴定。结果：共采集水产品593份，污水36份，从甲鱼肛样中检出2株O139霍乱弧菌，1株稻叶型霍乱弧菌，从甲鱼内脏中检出1株O139群霍乱弧菌。结论：2006年5-10月份衡阳市水产品霍乱弧菌监测，阳性率较低，只检测出4株且均从甲鱼中来，但仍需对外来甲鱼进行监测，预防霍乱在衡阳市发生。     

四川省2005年霍乱分子流行病学特征

目的：分析四川省2005年霍乱弧菌分子特征,以及霍乱暴发疫情分离的菌株与菌株之间,疫情分离的菌株与海、水产品监测分离的霍乱弧菌之间的遗传相关性,查找霍乱传染来源,为预测疫情和制定防治措施提供依据.方法：利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测O139群霍乱弧菌特异性编码脂多糖基因（LPS）和霍乱毒力基因（ctxAB）;脉冲场凝胶电泳对菌株进行分子分型,所得结果以BioNumerics V4.0软件UPGMA方法进行聚类分析.结果：所试16株霍乱弧菌14株LPS阳性,为O139群霍乱弧菌;另2株为O1群稻叶型霍乱弧菌.2株稻叶型霍乱弧菌和1株O139群霍乱弧菌ctxAB阴性,其余13株菌均具有ctxAB,为产毒株.对16株菌以NotⅠ酶切后PFGE可分为5个型别.O139群霍乱弧菌优势流行株与从甲鱼分离的O139群霍乱弧菌PFGE型别一致,且同为产毒株.结论：甲鱼等海、水产品被O139群霍乱弧菌污染情况严重,甲鱼中分离的O139群霍乱弧菌与霍乱疫情分离菌株之间高度同源,被污染的甲鱼可能是本年度食源性霍乱暴发的主要传染来源之一,海、水产品的监测是近期霍乱防控的重点.     

2001-2009年衡阳市霍乱流行特征及监测结果报告

目的通过对衡阳市霍乱疫情及监测结果分析,了解衡阳市霍乱流行规律和霍乱弧菌在水体及食品的污染情况,为霍乱防控工作提供科学依据。方法对收集的疫情报告、现场调查、实验室检测和监测资料等进行统计分析。结果 2001-2005年衡阳市共发生28起霍乱疫情,发病82例,死亡2例,除2001年1起疫情为O1群外,其它均为O139群。1起疫情为水型暴发,其它暴发疫情的发生均与聚餐和人群生活习惯有关,均有食用甲鱼史。通过采取针对性措施,2006-2009年无病例发生。2005-2009年间每年均从市售涉水产品中检出霍乱弧菌,2006-2007年为O1群和O139群均有检出,2008-2009年以O1群为优势菌株;除2009年外,其它年份均有产毒株检出;霍乱弧菌对诺氟沙星、环丙沙星敏感率为100%。结论衡阳市涉水产品受到霍乱弧菌污染,且大多具有毒力基因,有引起霍乱暴发的危险。在霍乱防制工作中要重点加强对涉水产品的监测和农村集体聚餐的卫生指导管理。     

龙岩市2011-2015年霍乱监测分析

目的 及时发现龙岩市霍乱疫情,掌握外环境和食品中霍乱弧菌污染情况,为高效处置疫情和制定防控策略提供依据.方法 在霍乱高发季节检索腹泻病门诊就诊病例,开展水体及相关食品污染监测.结果 龙岩市2011-2015年共检索腹泻病例粪便标本2 028份,检测海(水)产品及其它食品1 498份,未检出霍乱弧菌;检测城市及周边水体、水产品养殖水体共970份,捡出4株01群稻叶型非产毒霍乱弧菌.结论 龙岩市外环境水体存在霍乱弧菌污染,加强监测是做好疫情态势评估、及时发现处置疫情的重要手段,应制定切实可行的方案做好霍乱防控.     

衡阳市水产品及养殖容器霍乱弧菌监测与分析

目的 通过分析霍乱弧菌外环境水体、水产品监测的相关信息,为制定有效的霍乱疫情监测防控措施提供依据. 方法依据<霍乱弧菌手册>[1](第五版)提供的方法,对外环境样本进行分离、鉴定,阳性株用KB法作药敏试验,PCR方法进行ctxA、tcpA毒力基因测定. 结果在监测的105份外环境样本中,检出32株小川型霍乱弧菌,阳性率30.48%;阳性菌株均来自水产品及其养殖容器,水体样本中未检出.32株菌株对15种药物的敏感实验结果基本一致:对诺氟沙星等8种药物敏感,对复方新诺明等3种药物耐药,对强力霉素等4种药物中敏.、32株分离菌株中经毒力检测有9株毒力基因阳性(5株毒力基因ctxA阳性,3株毒力基因tcpA阳性,1株毒力基因tcpA、ctxA均为阳性). 结论本次监测中水产品霍乱弧菌的污染情况严重,且来源于甲鱼的菌株ctxA毒力基因检出较高,提供了证实衡阳市因食用甲鱼引起霍乱疫情暴发的有力依据.应加强水产品市场管理,有针对性制定防控措施.     

广西首次分离 O139群霍乱弧菌的病原学特征

目的 了解O139群霍乱弧菌的病原学特征。方法 采用经典的微生物学、噬菌体-生物分型方法进行生化、药敏和流行菌株的分型,并用家兔肠段结扎方法进行霍乱肠毒素检测。结果 4株菌与O139群霍乱诊断血清发生强凝集反应。与O1群多价血清不凝集;在庆大琼脂平板上菌落较O1群霍乱弧菌混浊、隆起。霍乱肠毒素检测均为中等毒力,对氟哌酸、丁胺卡那霉素敏感,对9种抗菌药物耐药。结论 霍乱肠毒素检测为中等毒力,具备引起流行的能力,为流行株。因此加强监测,及时做好防治措施十分必要。     

Vibrio cholerae O139 in Calcutta, 1992-1998: incidence, antibiograms, and genotypes

We report results of surveillance for cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O139 from September 1992, when it was first identified, to December 1998. V. cholerae O139 dominated as the causative agent of cholera in Calcutta during 1992-93 and 1996- 97, while the O1 strains dominated during the rest of the period. Dramatic shifts in patterns of resistance to cotrimoxazole, neomycin, and streptomycin were observed. Molecular epidemiologic studies showed clonal diversity among the O139 strains and continuous emergence of new epidemic clones, reflected by changes in the structure, organization, and location of the CTX prophages in the V. cholerae O139     

珠江河口水体O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌监测

目的 分析珠江河口水体O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌菌型特征,探讨环境水体监测的方法和疫情监测中的作用.方法 2006年3月至2007年2月,在珠江河口选择24个水样采集点,每月采集一次,进行O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌的分离培养,并利用实时PCR监测样品增菌液中的O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌.采样同时测定气温、水温等气象资料.用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对分离菌株进行分型分析.结果 监测期间共采样862份,霍乱弧菌分离阳性率7.77%,实时PCR阳性率为26.33%.按月的水样检测阳性率与水温变化趋势相似;城区监测点阳性率高于其他区域,在一家海产品批发市场排水口下游检测到产毒O139群菌株;菌株的菌型构成中,分离菌株主要为非产毒株;O1群E1 Tor小川和稻叶型以及O139群菌株的分离无季节变化趋势;PFGE分析75株分离株被分为49种带型,相似性为57.4%～100%,表现出明显的多样性.结论 霍乱弧菌在珠江河口水体中广泛存在,并呈现多样性.水体监测提供产毒菌株的指示,可作为环境危险评价的指标,且能在霍乱弧菌的监测和霍乱疫情预警中发挥作用.     

海、水产品中污染霍乱弧菌的鉴定和分子特征分析

目的 了解调查年份不同种类海、水产品中分离的霍乱弧菌的血清学分型、噬菌体-生物分型及毒力因子携带情况,分析海水产品污染状况与疫情的关系,为疫情预测和制定防治对策提供参考。方法 应用血清学分型及噬菌体-生物分型方法分析所分离菌株的生物表型,应用PCR方法检测毒力基因的携带情况。结果 检测的64株菌株中0139型菌株占48．44％（31／64）,01群小川型占31．25％（20／64）,01群稻叶型占20．31％（13／64）;01群噬菌体-生物分型显示均为非流行株;对61株菌毒力基因检测结果显示：0139霍乱弧菌毒力基因的检出率（83．33％）远高于01群小川型霍乱弧菌（15．38％）和01群稻叶型霍乱弧菌（11．11％）。结论 0139型霍乱弧菌主要存在于甲鱼、甲鱼养殖水及甲壳类海水产品中,而且多为产毒株,这些海、水产品是预防和控制霍乱疫情的重要环节。     

Characterization of Vibrio cholerae isolated from the aquatic basins of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

Through a continuous bacteriological monitoring programme carried out by the Health Secretariat of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, two isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa were discovered in an endemic area in 2001, during a cholera inactive period, along with six V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 strains and two Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria strains showing an unusual characteristic of agglutination with O1 antiserum. Between that time and 2005, eight other O1 isolates were found. The virulence genes present in the V. cholerae differed among strains, with only three O1 strains harboring the ctxA gene. The O1 and some non-O1/non-O139 strains displayed identical patterns of amplification of the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region. RAPD of the 10 V. cholerae O1 strains, with the two primers used, revealed heterogeneity. The presence of V. cholerae carrying virulence genes in the aquatic basins examined confirms that they constitute a vibrio reservoir during a cholera inactive period, thus strengthening the argument for a continuous monitoring programme and preventative measures for cholera, mainly in the areas where the supply of drinking water is deficient.     

Two cases of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 infection after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita--Louisiana, October 2005

Louisiana was struck by Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, and by Hurricane Rita on September 24, 2005. The two hurricanes caused unprecedented damage from wind and storm surge to the Louisiana Gulf Coast region, and levee breaks resulted in flooding of large residential areas in and around New Orleans. With the flooding, an immediate public health concern was the potential for outbreaks of infectious diseases, including cholera. Nearly all Vibrio infections in the United States are caused by noncholeragenic Vibrio species (e.g., V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae). Cases of cholera rarely occur in the United States, and cholera epidemics, such as those reported in certain developing countries, are unlikely, even with the extreme flooding caused by the two hurricanes. This report describes the investigation by the Louisiana Office of Public Health and CDC into two cases of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 infection in a Louisiana couple; the cases were attributed to consumption of undercooked or contaminated seafood. Although noncholeragenic Vibrio illnesses were reported in 22 residents of Louisiana and Mississippi after Hurricane Katrina, no epidemic of cholera was identified, and no evidence exists of increased risk to Gulf Coast residents.     

Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in water and seafood, Haiti

During the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti, water and seafood samples were collected to detect Vibrio cholerae. The outbreak strain of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa was isolated from freshwater and seafood samples. The cholera toxin gene was detected in harbor water samples.     

Characteristics of the cholera epidemic of 1998 in Ecuador during El Ni?o]

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outbreak of cholera that occurred in Ecuador in 1998 during the El Nino weather phenomenon, to present data on the resistance of the circulating strains of Vibrio cholerae to antimicrobial drugs, and to describe the preventive measures taken by health authorities in order to reduce the impact of the disease. METHODS: The epidemiological data came from three sources: 1) the registry of the National Bureau of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador, 2) the registry of the National Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and 3) the final report of the Training Program for the Fight against Cholera and Diarrheal Diseases. Isolation, identification, and serotyping was done of V. cholerae in the feces samples from 10% of the suspected cholera cases that were identified between 1 January and 31 December 1998. The suspected cases were defined by the sudden appearance of watery diarrhea, with or without dehydration, in epidemic areas. The strains that were isolated were submitted to a standard antibiogram by the diffusion method, in which the following antibiotics were tested: amoxicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, vibriostatic compound O/129, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and colistin. RESULTS: In 1998 there were 3 755 cases reported in 17 of the 21 provinces of the country. This corresponds to an incidence rate of 53.96 per 100 000 population. Thirty seven patients died, for a case fatality rate of 0.97%. A total of 301 strains of V. cholerae were isolated in the 637 suspected-cholera samples that were processed; all corresponded to V. cholerae O1, El Tor, subtype Ogawa. All of the strains were sensitive to tetracycline and to quinolones; 5.6% of the strains were resistant to erythromycin. The only strain resistant to amoxicillin was multiresistant. Officials in Ecuador implemented a series of preventive measures, and the surveillance system was strengthened in order to reduce the impact of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The preventive measures helped to reduce the impact of the 1998 cholera epidemic in Ecuador, in terms of both incidence and the case fatality rate. Given the overall sensitivity of the strains to the antimicrobial drugs, there is no reason to change the current treatment regimens in the country. Taking into account the frequency of natural disasters in Ecuador and the relation that they have to the reappearance of cholera, interventions should be designed that make it possible to prevent and control the reappearance of the disease and its spread to the most vulnerable provinces of the central Sierra mountainous region and the eastern part of the country.     

广东省O1/O139群霍乱弧菌耐药监测分析

目的分析广东省霍乱病例及环境来源O1/O139群霍乱弧菌对抗生素的敏感性,为霍乱防控提供依据。方法选取2006-2008年广东省O1/O139群霍乱病例分离株38株,环境株145株,以毒素基因ctxAB的PCR检测区分产毒株与非产毒株;采用WHO推荐的改良Kirby-Bauer纸片法,分析霍乱弧菌对11种抗生素在体外的药物敏感性。结果183株O1/O139群霍乱弧菌中,ctxAB阳性44株,ctxAB阴性139株。分离自病例的菌株和ctxAB阳性菌株中,小川型菌株只对四环素、萘啶酸和复方新诺明有一定耐药;稻叶型菌株对萘啶酸和复方新诺明100%耐药,而O139群菌株对四环素、萘啶酸和复方新诺明等多种抗生素有一定耐药;分离自环境的菌株和ctxAB阴性菌株中,小川型和稻叶型菌株对四环素、萘啶酸和复方新诺明等多种抗生素有一定耐药,而O139群则仅对萘啶酸、复方新诺明和氨苄西林有一定耐药;分离自病例的菌株和ctxAB阳性菌株以耐多药为主,耐多药率分别为78.9%和75.0%,高于分离自环境的菌株和ctxAB阴性菌株的31.7%和30.9%(P0.01)。结论广东省O1/O139群霍乱弧菌中分离自病例的菌株和ctxAB阳性菌株耐多药率较高,应予以密切关注。