527例鼻咽癌患者调强放射治疗后第二原发癌的临床特征分析

目的 分析鼻咽癌患者调强放疗后第二原发癌的临床特征。方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2011年12月行根治性调强放疗527例鼻咽癌患者的临床和随访资料,分析其调强放疗后第二原发癌的特征。结果 全组患者中位随访时间为45.5个月(4.0~97.0个月),出现第二原发癌12例,发生于照射野内、野外各6例,发生部位肺3例、舌2例、颈部2例、肾2例、脑1例、口腔1例、胃1例。全组患者第二原发癌1年、3年和5年累计发生风险率分别为0.4%、1.4%和3.1%,照射野内1年、3年和5年第二原发癌累计发生风险率分别为0.4%、0.8%和1.5%。不同性别、年龄、临床分期、放疗时间及有无化疗患者调强放疗后第二原发癌的累计发生风险率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 上呼吸消化道是鼻咽癌调强放疗后第二原发癌最常见的发生部位,肺癌是最常见的第二原发癌。     

鼻咽癌调强放疗疗效及局部复发的剂量学因素分析

目的 研究鼻咽癌调强放疗计划的剂量分布,重点分析复发患者调强放疗计划的剂量学特点,以评价治疗计划的合理性。方法 回顾性分析339例经病理确诊的初治鼻咽癌（NPC）患者的调强放疗（IMRT）计划,并对12例局部治疗失败患者进行剂量学分析。结果 全组1年局部控制率、区域控制率分别为98.1% 、99.3%;全组2年局部控制率、区域控制率分别为96.5% 、98.5%。共有12例局部治疗失败,且均为野内复发。结论 目前的鼻咽癌调强放疗计划能够取得较好的局部控制率,靶区覆盖情况好,同时有效保护了邻近危机器官。野内复发提示更小范围的合理化靶区设置和原发肿瘤局部加量照射有望进一步提高局部控制率。     

鼻咽癌咽旁间隙侵犯调强放疗临床分析

目的比较鼻咽癌茎突后间隙侵犯调强放疗与常规放疗对预后的影响。方法将78例鼻咽癌患者分为常规放疗组40例和调强适形放疗组38例,常规放疗采用面颈联合野,两侧成角耳前野,耳后野,总剂量DT 70～74 Gy,调强放疗采用7个野照射,大体肿瘤GTV 69～73 Gy,对3年局控率﹑生存率﹑无远处转移生存率进行分析评价。结果所有患者随访均达到3年,常规放疗组3年局控率、生存率﹑无远处转移生存率分别为57.5%(23/40)、60.0%(24/40)、55.0%(22/40),调强放疗组3年局控率﹑生存率﹑无远处转移生存率81.6%(31/38)、78.9%(30/38)、68.4%(26/38),两者局控率比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.0213)。结论调强适形放疗能够提高鼻咽癌茎突后间隙侵犯患者的局控率,改善生存率,远处转移是治疗失败的主要原因。     

鼻咽癌调强放射治疗计划的多序列平面剂量仪（Mapcheck）验证

目的:采用多序列平面剂量仪(Mapcheck)对鼻咽癌调强放射治疗计划进行逐野通量验证,探讨其替代胶片验证的可行性.方法:2007年8月-2008年3月共18例病理确诊为鼻咽癌的患者接受了9个照射野的调强放疗.18例患者的调强放疗计划经点剂量验证通过后,对每例患者的调强放疗计划进行逐野0度角通量计算、实施0度角6 MV X线计划、逐野加速器照射、Mapcheck测量和γ辐射相对剂量的比对.每一个调强放疗照射野剂量符合率均≥90%后,再行面剂量胶片验证,并计算通过率.结果:18例患者的调强放疗计划经点剂量验证通过后,其Mapcheck验证的平均每野符合率为(95.5±2.07)%,100%通过验证.随后行面剂量胶片验证的结果显示,平均符合率达(97.8±1.0)%,也全部获得验证通过.结论:本初步研究的结果表明,应用Mapcheck对鼻咽癌调强放疗计划进行逐野通量验证以替代胶片验证是可行的.     

鼻咽癌海绵窦侵犯调强放疗后放射性颞叶损伤的临床分析

目的 探讨海绵窦受侵的局部晚期鼻咽癌行调强放疗后发生放射性颞叶损伤的临床特征、MRI表现、放疗剂量和预后。方法 回顾性分析2006年8月至2011年9月收治的10例行根治性调强放疗的海绵窦受侵局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,统计放疗计划中患侧颞叶受照射的总体积和剂量体积D1 ml、Dmax、Dmean,并随访所有患者治疗后的情况,分析发生放射性颞叶损伤后的临床特征、MRI表现及预后。结果 10例患者均行根治性调强放疗,患侧颞叶受照射的总体积为（104.31±13.091） ml,D1 ml为（78.657±2.918）Gy,Dmax为（78.298±3.498）Gy,Dmean为（29.488±8.891）Gy。全组患者于治疗后2～4年出现放射性颞叶损伤,其MRI表现均为T1WI高信号强化结节或片状强化灶,T2WI伴有不同程度的水肿带。随访至2016年8月,2例患者死亡;2例临床症状较重,迁延时间长,治疗后症状改善不明显,且MRI仍可见强化灶和水肿带;2例患者经对症处理后临床症状及MRI检查均明显好转;4例患者病情趋于稳定,其中2例患者的恢复期MRI提示小囊性灶形成。结论 海绵窦受侵的局部晚期鼻咽癌患者行调强放疗后发生放射性颞叶损伤与肿瘤侵犯范围、靶区勾画范围、颞叶受照射的体积及剂量有关。     

鼻咽癌N1患者对侧下颈调强靶区优化的临床研究

摘 要：［目的］ 研究鼻咽癌N1患者对侧下颈调强放疗靶区优化的可行性。［方法］ 回顾性研究收治的122例AJCC分期为N1的初治鼻咽癌患者,在多模态影像指导下进行对侧下颈调强放疗靶区的优化。［结果］ 122例患者中有100例对侧下颈未预防照射,22例对侧下颈预防照射。全组随访时间为27～69个月,中位随访时间40个月。3年无疾病生存率、无远处转移率及总生存率分别为90.6%、91.1%、96.5%。全组共有3例出现颈淋巴结复发,均为高剂量区复发。预防照射的22例患者中,15例对侧中下颈有≥5mm但＜10mm的稍大淋巴结,即可疑阳性淋巴结,放疗后这些未达到诊断标准的淋巴结10例缩小,5例无明显变化。［结论］ 鼻咽癌N1患者对侧下颈不进行预防照射是安全的,但对于少数影像显示对侧中下颈存可疑阳性淋巴结时,需要结合多模态影像及重复定位CT的观察结果进行优化。     

36例鼻咽癌放疗后第二原发口腔鳞癌的临床分析

探讨鼻咽癌放疗后第二原发口腔鳞癌的临床特点及影响预后的因素,并探索其治疗模式。方法:回顾性分析1990年12月至2005年12月15年间在中山大学肿瘤防治中心接受首次治疗的鼻咽癌患者12 121例,其中发生第二原发口腔鳞癌患者共36例,采用Kaplan-Meier法计算累积生存率,Cox回归方法进行多因素分析。结果:随访至2010年7月,36例患者中死亡21例,Kaplan-Meier法统计接受治疗的36例患者总的3、5、10年生存率分别为38.9%、22.2%、11.1%。口腔鳞癌发生在舌23例,牙龈7例,硬腭3例,其他3例。单因素分析第二原发癌的T分期、N分期、临床分期及治疗方式是影响其预后重要因素,多因素分析淋巴结阳性是影响预后的独立因素。结论:鼻咽癌放疗第二原发口腔鳞癌中发生舌癌的比例较高,T分期、淋巴结阳性是影响预后的独立因素;鼻咽癌放疗后5年要警惕第二原发癌的发生,对鼻咽癌放疗后第二原发口腔鳞癌进行早期诊断,行手术为主的综合治疗,会获得更好的疗效。      

鼻咽癌调强放疗后鼻窦炎的临床观察及影响因素分析

目的 探讨鼻咽癌患者调强放疗前后鼻窦炎的发生发展情况及影响因素。方法 回顾分析2009—2011年间283例鼻咽癌患者调强放疗前后影像学资料,观察鼻窦炎发生发展情况。采用Logrank法单因素分析及Logistic法多因素分析其影响因素。结果 放疗前T₁、T₂、T₃、T₄期鼻窦炎发生率分别为22.6%、37.5%、46.8%、61.3%(P=0.002)。放疗前无鼻窦炎的155例鼻咽癌患者放疗后1、3、6、9、12、18个月鼻窦炎发生率分别为32.9%、43.2%、61.3%、68.4%、73.5%、69.7%、61.3%(P=0.000)。单因素分析显示T分期、鼻腔受侵、鼻咽冲洗及鼻咽部照射剂量与调强放疗后鼻窦炎发生有关(P=0.003、0.006、0.002、0.020),多因素分析显示T分期、鼻腔受侵、鼻咽冲洗影响调强放疗后鼻窦炎发生(P=0.002、0.002、0.000)。结论 鼻咽癌患者放疗前鼻窦炎发生率随着T分期增高而增加,调强放疗后鼻窦炎在3个月内发生发展最快,9个月达高峰,1年后趋于稳定。T分期、鼻腔侵犯、鼻咽冲洗影响调强放疗后鼻窦炎的发生发展。     

头颈部多原发癌——附28例病例分析

目的:探讨头颈部肿瘤患者多原发癌(MPCs)的流行病学和临床特点。方法:回顾分析本科近11年收治的头颈部多原发癌患者28例,分析患者的性别、有无吸烟史、先证癌及治疗、第二原发癌及治疗和两者发病的间隔时间及转归。用完全随机化设计资料的方差分析第一、二原发癌均发生于上呼吸消化道的病例(A组)和第一、二原发癌非均位于上呼吸消化道的病例(B组),比较其发生间隔时间有无差异,采用Kaplan-Meier法评估累积生存率。结果:在28例头颈部多原发癌患者中男性多于女性,平均年龄56岁。除1例同时性MPCs外,先证癌与第二原发癌出现的间隔年限为0.5年～20年。28例病例中有12例患者的先证癌和第二原发癌先后发生于上呼吸消化道器官,占42.9%。资料中有6例鼻咽癌患者在放疗数年后,于放射野发生第二原发癌。A组患者MPCs发生的平均间隔时间长于B组患者,但两组差异没有统计学意义。两组患者的累积生存率无显著性差异。结论:头颈部多原发癌好发于上呼吸消化道。第二原发癌的发生可能与放疗有关;放疗可能降低第二原发癌的颈淋巴结转移率。头颈部多原发癌的治疗根据患者全身情况、肿瘤部位及病理性质等选择。第二原发癌常于先证癌治疗后数年发生,需长期密切随访。     

鼻咽癌与多发癌160例临床分析

本文报告１９６３年３月－１９９１年８月我院诊治的鼻咽癌合并多发癌１６０例，其中鼻咽癌放疗后并发其他原发癌瘤者１１４例（第一组）；与鼻咽癌同时发生或其他原发癌治疗后发生鼻咽癌者４６例（第二组）。第一组患鼻咽癌时作根治性放疗；第二组发生另一原发癌前从未接受过放疗。结果为第一组另一原发癌发生于头颈部者８０例，占６９．０％。其它部位者３６例，占３１．０％；第二组则分别为３６．２％和６３．８％，差别显著。我     

The risk of second primary tumors in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after definitive radiotherapy

BACKGROUND: Second primary tumors (SPTs) have a substantial impact on survival in cancer patients. However, risk factors for SPTs have not been documented well, especially in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The objective of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate such risks in patients with NPC after they received definitive radiation treatment. METHODS: Three hundred twenty-six consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed, nonmetastatic, undifferentiated NPC who received treatment between January 1, 1994 and December 30, 1995 were analyzed. All patients were restaged in accordance with the 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging classification. There were 18 patients (5.5%) with Stage I NPC, 152 patients (46.6%) with Stage II NPC, 101 patients (31.0%) with Stage III NPC, and 55 patients (16.9%) with Stage IVA or IVB NPC at initial diagnosis. All patients received definitive radiotherapy with either Cobalt-60 or megavoltage therapy. High-dose-rate brachytherapy was given to 23 patients either as part of their primary treatment or as adjuvant treatment for residual lesions. RESULTS: The median follow-up for all patients was 5.6 years (range, 1.0-8.0 years). Seventeen patients (5.2%) developed SPTs, for an average annual rate of 1.0%, and the 5-year cumulative incidence was 5.8%. Six SPTs were located within the radiation field. The cumulative incidence of in-field SPTs was 0.35% at 3 years and 1.2% at 5 years, and the average annual rate was 0.35%. Eleven patients (64.7%) had tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT). Among the 14 SPTs that occurred within 5 years after radiotherapy, only 3 tumors (21.4%) occurred within the radiation field. In contrast, all 3 SPTs that occurred >5 years after radiotherapy occurred within the radiation field (P = .029). Multivariate analysis showed that age was the only independent risk factor for developing SPTs after RT for NPC. Advanced age (age >or=50 years) was associated with a 37% increased risk of developing SPTs (relative risk, 1.367; 95% confidence interval, 1.067-1.1753; P = .014). Other factors, including gender, tumor or lymph node classification, chemotherapy, total radiation dose to the nasopharynx, reirradiation, and adjuvant brachytherapy did not influence the risk of SPTs. CONCLUSIONS: SPTs in patients with NPC occurred preferentially in the UADT and tended to develop within the irradiated field >5 years after patients received radiation. Older patients with NPC (age >or=50 years) may be at increased risk. Further studies with larger samples and longer follow-up will be needed to confirm these findings.     

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a prospective study on disease control and preservation of salivary function

BACKGROUND: Xerostomia is a uniform complication after radiotherapy (RT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Dosimetric studies suggested that intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) can spare part of the parotid glands from high-dose radiation. Disease control and salivary function after IMRT for early-stage NPC was studied prospectively. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with T1,N0-N1,M0 NPC were treated with IMRT from 2000 to 2002. The prescribed dose was 68-70 grays (Gy) in 34 fractions to gross tumor volume, 64-68 Gy to the planning target volume, and 70 Gy to enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Nineteen patients had stimulated whole salivary (SWS) flow assessment and stimulated parotid salivary (SPS) flow assessment at baseline and at 2 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months after the completion of IMRT. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 2 years, only 1 neck failure was observed. The 2-year and 3-year local control, distant metastases-free, and overall survival rates all were 100%. The lymph node control and progression-free survival rates were 100% at 2 years and 92.3% at 3 years, respectively. The average mean dose to the parotid gland was 38.8 Gy. The SWS and SPS flow showed continuous recovery: 60% and 47.1% of patients recovered at least 25% of their baseline SPS flow and SWS flow, respectively, at 1 year after completion of IMRT, and the proportions rose to 85.7% and 71.4%, respectively, by 2 years. The pH and buffering capacity of saliva also improved with time. CONCLUSIONS: Parotid-sparing IMRT achieved good locoregional control, and there was continuous recovery of salivary flow, pH, and buffering capacity in the first 2 years after IMRT in patients with NPC.     

Increased incidence of tongue cancer after primary radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma—the possibility of radiation carcinogenesis

The aim of this study was to define the risk of tongue and other aerodigestive tract cancers developing after primary radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A cohort of 903 patients with non-disseminated NPC given radical radiotherapy between 1984 and 1989 was studied for the incidence of tongue cancer and other malignancies during follow-up. A contemporary cohort of 87 patients with tongue cancer, without a history of NPC, was studied for demographic data, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption habits. These were then compared with all the NPC patients and with the NPC patients who later developed tongue cancers. There was a significantly increased number of tongue cancers following radiotherapy for NPC. The risk of developing tongue cancer after radiotherapy for NPC was 0.13% per patient per year. There was no increase in the number of other malignancies. The association between NPC and tongue cancer was that of a non-random temporal sequence with tongue cancers following NPC but not in the reverse order. The demographic data and smoking and alcohol consumption history of the 7 NPC patients who subsequently developed tongue cancer were significantly different from the de novo tongue cancer patient population. The absence of common aetiological factors between NPC and tongue cancer and the non-random sequence of tongue cancers occurring after NPC suggests that these seven tongue cancers could be radiation induced. The estimated radiation dose received by the part of the tongue developing cancer was substantial and significantly higher than the dose to the cancer-free tongue. An increase of tongue cancers after radiotherapy for NPC is reported and arguments are made in support of the hypothesis that these were radiation-induced malignancies. We suggest a decrease in the volume of tongue included within the planning target volume of NPC in the absence of oropharyngeal and/or parapharyngeal infiltration. Awareness of the association should make early diagnosis of this likely radiation-induced cancer possible.     

Imaging of recurrent lung cancer.

Local, regional and distant tumor recurrence is common following surgical resection for non-small cell lung cancer. It is important to be familiar with the patterns of recurrence and to differentiate them from the normal post-operative appearance and post-radiation changes. The risks and types of recurrence are influenced by various factors including preoperative tumor stage, histological type and type of surgical resection. Treated patients are at risk for developing a second lung primary, reported to be 1-4% per year, and therefore follow-up must be aimed at detecting not only recurrent cancer, but also a new, primary lung cancer. Different follow-up imaging strategies have been suggested, including conventional radiography, CT and/or PET scanning.     

Incidence of second tumors after treatment with or without radiation for rectal cancer

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to analyze the association between radiation therapy (RT) for rectal cancer and the development of second tumors.Patients and methodsData on all surgically treated non-metastatic primary rectal cancer patients diagnosed between 1989 and 2007 were retrieved from the Netherlands population-based cancer registry. Fine and Gray’s competing risk model was used for estimation of the cumulative incidence of second tumors. Multivariable analysis was conducted using Cox regression.ResultsThe cohort consisted of 29 027 patients of which 15 467 patients had undergone RT. Median follow-up was 7.7 years (range 0–27). Among all 4398 patients who were diagnosed with a second primary tumor, 1030 had one or more pelvic tumors. The standardized incidence risk for any second tumor was 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–1.19), resulting in 27.7/10 000 excess cancer cases per year in patients treated for rectal cancer compared with the general population. RT reduced the cumulative incidence of second pelvic tumors compared with patients who did not receive RT (subhazard ratio [SHR] 0.77, CI 0.68–0.88). Second prostate tumors were less common in patients who received RT (SHR 0.54, CI 0.46–0.64), gynecological tumors were more frequently observed in patients who received RT (SHR 1.49, CI 1.11–2.00).ConclusionsPatients with previous rectal cancer had a marginally increased risk of a second tumor compared with the general population. Gynecological tumors occurred more often in females who received RT, but this did not result in an overall increased risk for a second cancer. RT even seemed to have a protective effect on the development of other second pelvic tumors, pre-dominantly for prostate cancer. These findings are highly important and can contribute to improved patient counseling.     

Radiotherapy for oral cancer as a risk factor for second primary cancers

Radiation exposure, known to cause DNA damage, may be a potential source of field cancerization of the upper aerodigestive tract. Radiotherapy for head and neck cancers has been examined as a possible risk factor for second primary cancers, but the results have been equivocal. We evaluated the impact of therapeutic radiation for oral cancer on the risk of second primary cancers with data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program for 1973–1999. Among 30,221 first primary oral squamous cell carcinoma patients, 6163 (20.4%) patients developed a second primary cancer, 5042 of which were metachronous. Patients treated with radiation only (RR=1.64, 95%CI=1.18–2.29) or radiation with surgery (RR=1.49, 95%CI=1.07, 2.06) had elevated risks of developing a second primary tumor, whereas patients treated with surgery only did not appear to be at increased risk (RR=1.28, 95%CI=0.93, 1.76). Consistent with an expected latent period between radiation exposure and tumor occurrence, radiation became a risk factor after 10 years of follow-up for solid cancers of the oral cavity (RR=2.8, 95%CI=1.5, 5.2), pharynx (RR=5.9, 95%CI=1.7, 20.7), esophagus (RR=3.9, 95%CI=1.1, 13.4) and lung (RR=1.5, 95%CI=1.0, 2.4), and after 1–5 years of follow-up for second primary leukemia (RR=2.5, 95%CI=1.0, 6.7). Radiotherapy for oral cancer appears to be a risk factor for second primary tumors. Further studies that account for chemotherapy and examine frequency and duration of radiotherapy would be of interest in confirming the observed association.     

鼻咽癌IMRT后长期存活者晚期损伤及其变化趋势——患者评价和医生评价结果

目的 采用患者评价和医生评价调查鼻咽癌IMRT治疗后存活>5年患者晚期损伤及其变化趋势。 方法 2014-2015年我院门诊随访根治性IMRT后存活时间>5年鼻咽癌患者,并在 3年后再次门诊随访调查。晚期损伤的医生评价根据CTCAE 4.0标准,患者评价分为“非常好、好、一般、差、非常差”5个等级。 结果 第1次调查共 116例患者,中位随访时间6.5年(5.0~11.3年)。到第2次调查,21例未定期随访,7例出现鼻咽局部复发和转移,7例出现第二原发肿瘤,仅 81例患者符合最终分析。第1次调查时医生评价的≥2级晚期损伤以皮下纤维化(17例,21.0%)和听力下降(13例,16.0%)为主;常见的患者评价“差”以及“非常差”晚期损伤以龋齿(27例,33.3%)、皮下纤维化(17例,21.0%)和听力下降(12例,14.8%)。第2次调查时最常见症状加重或新增晚期损伤,分别为听力下降 16例(20%)、龋齿 16例(20%)和后组颅神经损伤 9例(11%)。 结论 鼻咽癌根治性IMRT治疗后晚期损伤发生率高,长期存活患者皮下纤维化和听力下降是主要的晚期损伤,随着存活时间延长,听力下降、龋齿和后组颅神经损伤发生率增加,以及部分患者听力下降和龋齿级别加重。