经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折后再骨折的危险因素分析

目的 探讨骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（OVCF）病人行经皮椎体后凸成形术（PKP）术后再骨折的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2021年8月于我院诊断为骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折并行PKP治疗的病人1 829例,其中女1 412例,男417例。根据PKP术后是否发生再次骨折,将病人分为再发骨折组（224例）和未再发骨折组（1 605例）。统计病人的性别、年龄、身体质量指数（BMI）、骨密度、术后侧（后）凸畸形的度数、椎体高度恢复率、初始骨折椎体数量、术前保守治疗时间、术后抗骨质疏松药物的使用、骨水泥渗漏、疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）进行单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 单因素分析显示性别、年龄、BMI、骨密度、术后抗骨质疏松药物的使用、骨水泥渗漏及术前保守治疗时间均与再骨折的发生有关（P＜0.05）;病人术后侧（后）凸畸形的度数、初始椎体骨折数量、术后椎体高度的恢复率、手术前后VAS评分和ODI与再骨折无明显相关性（P＞0.05）。通过Logistic回归分析发现女性（OR=4.355,95% CI：1.598~17.908,P=0.006）、65岁及以上（OR=6.431,95% CI：1.756~23.233,P=0.003）、BMI≥23 kg/m²（OR=3.561,95% CI：0.787~12.065,P=0.037）、骨密度T值＜-2.5 SD（OR=10.352,95% CI：2.857~41.761,P＜0.001）、术后未使用抗骨质疏松药物（OR=6.070,95% CI：1.731~21.165,P=0.003）、骨水泥渗漏（OR=6.150,95% CI：1.671~16.177,P=0.004）为PKP术后再发骨折的独立危险因素。结论 PKP术中应仔细操作,尽量避免骨水泥渗漏;对于女性、高龄、BMI高、骨密度过低的病人行PKP术后应重点关注;术后进行规律的抗骨质疏松治疗,避免再骨折的发生。     

骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折术后相邻椎体骨折的原因分析

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebroplasty, PVP）术后相邻椎体再骨折发生的可能原因。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年3月于我科收治的经PVP治疗的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, OVCF）的82例病例,男27例、女55例,年龄为63~88岁,平均75岁,单椎体52例、≥2个节段30例（63个椎体）。术后平均随访12个月,根据病人是否发生相邻椎体骨折分为单椎体（52例）和多椎体（30例）,记录病人的年龄、性别等11项基本信息。并应用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析研究各因素与PVP术后发生相邻椎体骨折的关系。结果 术后18例病人发生相邻椎体骨折,单因素Logistic分析提示：与病人骨水泥渗漏至椎间盘（P=0.045）、骨密度（P=0.020）、椎体压缩比例（P=0.014）、骨水泥剂量（P=0.038）相关;与病人的年龄、性别、病程、有无外伤、手术入路、麻醉方式、有无侧凸畸形均无相关性（均P＞0.05）。多因素Logistic分析结果显示：病人术后发生相邻椎体骨折与骨水泥渗漏（P=0.029）、术前严重的椎体压缩（P=0.021）及大剂量的骨水泥注射（P=0.008）相关。结论 术前椎体压缩比例、骨水泥渗漏至椎间盘情况、骨水泥注射量与PVP术后发生相邻椎体骨折有关。     

骨质疏松性髋部骨折一年内死亡的危险因素分析

目的 探讨骨质疏松性髋部骨折1年内死亡的独立危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年5月我院收治的226例骨质疏松性髋部骨折病人的临床资料,收集病人的性别、年龄、身体质量指数（body mass index, BMI）、基础疾病情况、是否单独居住、日常生活能力评分、骨密度T值、骨折类型、受伤至手术时间、治疗方式、手术方式、麻醉方式、美国麻醉医师协会（American Society of Anesthesiology, ASA）分级以及术前实验室检查指标等临床资料,先后进行单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 1年随访期内,有33例（14.60%）病人死亡,根据病人是否死亡分为死亡组（33例）和生存组（193例）。单因素分析结果显示年龄、性别、基础疾病种类数、慢性肺病、贫血、痴呆、单独居住、日常生活能力评分、骨折至手术时间、治疗方式、全身麻醉、ASA分级以及入院时淋巴细胞、血清白蛋白、血红蛋白、肌酐和骨密度与骨质疏松性髋部骨折1年内死亡相关（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明高龄（OR=2.48,P=0.006）、男性（OR=1.53,P=0.016）、合并基础病种类数≥3类（OR=2.52,P=0.024）、共患慢性肺病（OR=1.74,P=0.017）、共患痴呆（OR=1.21,P=0.025）、日常生活能力评分低（OR=1.61,P=0.014）、ASA分级为Ⅲ~Ⅳ级（OR=1.36,P=0.033）、血清白蛋白水平低（OR=1.30,P=0.041）以及保守治疗方式（OR=1.21,P=0.012）是骨质疏松性髋部骨折1年内死亡的独立危险因素。结论 对于高龄、男性、合并基础疾病类数≥3类、患慢性肺病、痴呆、日常生活能力评分低、ASA分级为Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、血清白蛋白水平低以及保守治疗方式的骨质疏松性髋部骨折病人应予以重视,全面评估病人的身体机能和健康状况,制定合适的治疗方案。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折骨水泥渗漏的危险因素分析

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebroplasty，PVP）治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures，OVCF）中骨水泥渗漏的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2020年10月至2022年6月于我院行PVP手术治疗的160例（167个椎体）OVCF病人的临床资料，其中男39例，女121例，年龄为（72.8±7.9）岁（58~93岁）。根据术后是否发生骨水泥渗漏分为渗漏组（42例，42个椎体）和无渗漏组（118例，125个椎体），采用单因素分析两组性别、年龄、身体质量指数（body mass index，BMI）、骨密度、骨折部位、伤椎皮质缺损情况、椎内裂隙征、椎基静脉孔、伤椎体积、椎体压缩率、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥注入量/伤椎体积比、骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比之间的差异，将与骨水泥渗漏有关的因素纳入Logistic回归分析，明确PVP术后骨水泥渗漏的独立危险因素。绘制ROC曲线，根据曲线下面积（area under curve，AUC）来评估模型的诊断价值。结果 单因素分析结果显示，皮质缺损、椎内裂隙征、椎基静脉孔、骨水泥注入量及骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比与术后骨水泥渗漏有关（P＜0.05），多因素Logistic回归分析显示椎内裂隙征［OR=5.215，95% CI（2.006，13.159），P＜0.001］、椎基静脉孔［OR=3.357，95% CI（1.205，9.356），P=0.021］、骨水泥注入量［OR=2.519，95% CI（1.148，4.477），P=0.002］及骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比［OR=12.305，95% CI（1.875，80.756），P=0.009］为PVP术后骨水泥渗漏的独立危险因素。ROC曲线图显示骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比预测骨水泥渗漏的受试者工作特征AUC为0.641，且P＜0.01，具有一定的预测价值。骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比预测骨水泥渗漏的Cut-off值为61.82%，敏感度为69.00%，特异性为38.4%。结论 椎内裂隙征、椎基静脉孔、骨水泥注入量和骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比为术中骨水泥渗漏的独立危险因素，治疗时应保持骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比在61.82%以下，以降低发生骨水泥渗漏的风险。     

影响老年髋部骨折病人术后自理能力恢复的危险因素分析

目的 探讨影响老年髋部骨折病人术后自理能力恢复的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析西安交通大学医学院附属红会医院2017年6月至2018年12月收治的195例老年髋部骨折病人的临床资料,并通过门诊复查、电话询问和社区走访等方式获取病人术后康复信息,根据病人术后1年的Barthel指数将病人分为不能自理组（Barthel指数评分≤60分）和基本自理组（Barthel指数评分＞60分）。先采用单因素分析筛选危险因素,再通过多因素Logistic回归确定独立危险因素。结果 195例病人中,不能自理组65例,基本自理组130例。单因素分析显示年龄、美国麻醉医师协会（America Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA）分级、术前合并内科疾病种类、受伤至手术时间、术前血浆白蛋白、血红蛋白、居住环境、术后是否行抗骨质疏松治疗、术后是否于康复机构康复均与老年髋部骨折术后自理能力恢复有关（P均＜0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示高龄［OR=1.326,95% CI（1.036,1.096）,P=0.025］是老年髋部骨折病人术后自理能力恢复的独立危险因素,术前血浆白蛋白高［OR=0.543,95% CI（0.276,0.895）,P=0.002］、居住环境为农村［OR=0.225,95% CI（0.076,0.462）,P=0.007］、术后抗骨质疏松治疗［OR=0.647,95% CI（0.427,0.947）,P=0.002］、术后在康复机构康复［OR=0.438,95% CI（0.229,0.835）,P＜0.001］是老年髋部骨折病人术后自理能力恢复的保护因素。结论 对高龄、术前白蛋白低的病人应加强干预;术后抗骨质疏松治疗以及在康复机构康复对老年髋部骨折病人术后自理能力的恢复有一定积极作用。     

年龄校正Charlson合并症指数对髋部骨折病人内科并发症的预测效果分析

目的 探讨年龄校正Charlson合并症指数（age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index,ACCI）对髋部骨折病人内科并发症的预测效果。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年12月于天津医院住院治疗的1 062例髋部骨折病人的资料,其中男317例,女745例,年龄为（69.81±13.43）岁。对病人住院病历资料进行回顾性ACCI评分,计算出每个病人的ACCI总评分,将其归类为低危0~2分,中危3~5分,高危6~8分,极高危≥9分。根据病人髋部骨折后是否出现并发症分为内科并发症组（593例）和非内科并发症组（469例）。比较两组病人年龄、骨折类型、住院时间、ACCI评分、冠心病、糖尿病、脑血管疾病、心力衰竭、贫血、低蛋白血症、脑萎缩、动脉硬化性疾病的差异,对上述差异有统计学意义的变量进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 两组年龄、骨折类型、住院时间、ACCI评分、冠心病、糖尿病、脑血管疾病、心力衰竭、贫血、低蛋白血症、动脉硬化性疾病的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,多因素Logistic回归分析显示住院时间［OR=1.011,95% CI（1.006,1.017）,P＜0.001］、ACCI评分［OR=6.333,95% CI（4.949,8.103）,P＜0.001］、冠心病［OR=0.579,95% CI（0.409,0.872）,P=0.008］和贫血［OR=1.536,95% CI（1.097,2.150）,P=0.012］是髋部骨折病人发生内科并发症的独立危险因素。结论 单独使用ACCI预测髋部骨折病人的内科并发症具有一定的价值。     

肌肉减少症和骨质疏松症对绝经后髋部骨折病人发生椎体压缩性骨折的影响

目的 探讨肌肉减少症和骨质疏松症是否会增加绝经后髋部骨折病人椎体发生压缩性骨折的风险。方法 2016年1月至2019年12月,在我科接受治疗的绝经后髋部骨折并完善脊柱侧位片的女性病人共135例,年龄为74.00（69.00,79.00）岁。采用双能量X射线骨密度仪（dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry,DXA）评估人体肌肉量和骨密度值,以四肢肌肉的质量（appendicular lean mass,ALM）＜15.02 kg视为患有肌肉减少症,以骨密度T值＜-2.5 SD视为患有骨质疏松症。根据脊柱侧位X线片计算脊柱畸形指数（spine deformity index,SDI）。根据DXA检测结果进行分组,既无骨质疏松症又无肌肉减少症（A组,9例）,仅患有骨质疏松症或仅患有肌肉减少症（B组,36例）,同时患有肌少减少症和骨质疏松症（C组,90例）。比较组间SDI评分的差异性。结果 三组间SDI得分的差异有统计学意义（H=35.012,P＜0.001）,进一步两两比较结果显示,C组与A组、B组之间的差异均存在统计学意义（P均＜0.05）,而B组与A组之间的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,肌肉减少症[OR=3.238,95% CI（1.352,7.755）,P=0.008]和骨质疏松症[OR=4.860,95% CI（1.782,13.258）,P=0.002]是椎体发生压缩性骨折的危险因素。结论 在绝经后髋部骨折老年女性中,骨质疏松症和肌肉减少症均会增加椎体发生压缩性骨折的风险,故预防肌肉减少症与改善骨密度对预防骨质疏松性骨折同等重要。     

下肢骨折病人术后35天内深静脉血栓的发生情况及危险因素分析

目的 探讨下肢骨折病人出院后35 d内深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis, DVT）的发生率及危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2014年7月至2017年7月西安交通大学医学院附属红会医院创伤骨科收治的402例住院期间未发生DVT的下肢骨折病人的临床资料。所有病人术前、术后都常规用物理方法和药物抗凝预防DVT,嘱咐病人出院后口服利伐沙班抗凝至术后35 d,记录术后35 d复查时双下肢DVT的发生情况。根据术后35 d门诊复查双下肢超声结果将病人分为DVT组和非DVT组,分析比较两组病人的性别、年龄、骨折部位、身体质量指数、合并其他骨折、合并内科疾病、术后的实验室检查（D-二聚体）、术后住院时间的差异,对上诉结果中差异有统计学意义的变量进一步采用多因素Logistic回归分析,分析病人出院后DVT的危险因素。结果 402例下肢骨折病人出院后发生DVT的有56例（13.9%）,其中2例（0.50%）发生肺栓塞,2例均合并有小腿肌间静脉血栓,1例发生在术后3周,1例在术后4周发生致死性肺栓塞。周围型52例,单纯中央型0例,混合型4例。膝关节以近的骨折病人DVT发生率为15.5%（36/232）,膝关节周围骨折病人DVT发生率为13.8%（8/58）,膝关节以远骨折病人DVT发生率10.7%（12/112）。两组间年龄、合并其他骨折、术后住院时间、冠心病、术后1 d D-二聚体、出院时D-二聚体的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄＞60岁［OR=3.207,95% CI（2.007,8.553）,P=0.009］、合并其他骨折［OR=7.111,95% CI（2.297,22.011）,P＜0.001］、术后住院时间＜7 d［OR=1.448,95% CI（1.225,1.718）,P=0.020］、出院时D-二聚体偏高［OR=1.355,95% CI（0.892,12.626）,P=0.027］是出院后DVT的独立危险因素。结论 虽然出院前常规使用物理方法和药物抗凝预防DVT,出院后嘱咐病人口服利伐沙班35 d,但是出院时没有DVT的下肢骨折病人术后35 d仍有发生DVT的可能（13.9%）,严重者还会发生肺栓塞,年龄、合并其他骨折、术后住院时间较短、出院时D-二聚体是出院后DVT发生的独立危险因素。     

医院获得性肺血栓栓塞症的临床特征与危险因素分析

背景与目的 有关医院获得性肺血栓栓塞症（HA-PTE）的流行病学数据大多来自单一病种的调查研究,对于全院范围内HA-PTE的调查研究尚少。因此,本研究对全院范围内HA-PTE患者流行病学及临床特征等进行分析,以期为HA-PTE防治与管理提供参考依据。 方法 收集中南大学湘雅医院2018年1月1日—12月31日确诊HA-PTE患者（病例组）的临床资料和实验室检验数据,并根据性别、年龄、入院Caprini血栓风险评分等级、是否接受外科手术及手术等级,按1∶1匹配同期非HA-PTE患者作为对照组。分析HA-PTE患者的发病率、病死率、相关临床病理因素、危险因素及有价值的预测指标等。 结果 2018年度122 942例住院患者中确诊新发HA-PTE患者68例（0.55‰）,无HA-PTE相关死亡病例。42.65%（29/68）的HA-PTE患者同时合并有深静脉血栓形成。HA-PTE患者主要分布在神经内科（14/68,20.59%）、普通外科（11/68,16.18%）和呼吸内科（8/68,11.76%）。单因素分析结果显示,病例组呼吸系统疾病、肺部感染及入住ICU的比例高于较对照组（OR=4.60,95% CI=1.75~12.10,P=0.002;OR=2.38,95% CI=1.04~5.43,P=0.040;OR=11.00,95% CI=1.42~85.20,P=0.022）,总住院时长与住院总费用高于对照组（OR=1.11,95% CI=1.05~1.18,P<0.005;OR=1.01,95% CI=1.00~1.03,P=0.005）,纤维蛋白原降解产物（FDP）水平高于对照组（OR=1.11,95% CI=1.03~1.20,P=0.004）。多因素分析结果显示,呼吸系统疾病（校正OR=3.58,95% CI=1.32~9.71,P=0.012）和入住ICU（校正OR=11.38,95% CI=1.38~93.54,P=0.024）是HA-PTE的独立危险因素。 结论 患有呼吸系统疾病和入住过ICU的患者为HA-PTE的高危人群,神经内科、普通外科和呼吸内科是HA-PTE的高危科室,HA-PTE会导致患者的住院时长和医疗费用显著增高。FDP水平对于HA-PTE可能有一定的预测价值。     

脊柱损伤病人术前深静脉血栓发生情况及其危险因素分析

目的 观察脊柱损伤病人术前下肢深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis, DVT）的发生情况,并分析其危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2017年3月至2017年12月西安市红会医院收治的422例脊柱损伤病人的临床资料,根据入院时下肢静脉超声诊断结果将其分为DVT组和非DVT组。先通过单因素分析比较两组间的年龄、性别、骨折部位、受伤至首次行超声检查时间、吸烟、入院时实验室检查（纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体、血红蛋白、血细胞比容）、合并内科疾病（原发性高血压、糖尿病、冠心病）、美国脊髓损伤协会（American Spinal Injury Association, ASIA）分级、颈部及下肢超声检查结果等因素,再采用Logistic回归分析确定其独立危险因素。结果 422例脊柱损伤病人中,术前并发DVT者83例（19.7%）,未发生DVT者339例（80.3%）。分析DVT组与非DVT组的组间数据,ASIA分级、合并有原发性高血压、吸烟、血红蛋白及血细胞比容水平、受伤至首次超声检查时间、伴发大血管斑块形成、伴发大血管硬化比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析发现,ASIA分级为A级或B级（P=0.005,OR=6.153,95%CI：0.065~0.607）、合并原发性高血压（P=0.019,OR=2.270,95%CI：0.255~0.882）、吸烟（P=0.006,OR=2.116,95%CI：0.230~0.780）、受伤至首次超声检查时间＞7 d（P=0.033,OR=1.956,95%CI：1.054~3.628）、伴发大血管硬化（P=0.006,OR=1.299,95%CI：1.078~1.565）为脊柱损伤病人术前DVT的独立危险因素。结论 脊柱损伤病人术前DVT的发生率较高,其中ASIA分级为A级或B级、合并原发性高血压、吸烟、受伤至首次超声检查时间＞7 d、伴发大血管硬化是脊柱损伤病人术前DVT发生的独立危险因素。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.