皮层体感诱发电位(CSEP)临护胸椎及胸椎管手术的临床研究

目的　通过开展皮层体感诱发电位 (CSEP)术中监护脊髓功能的临床研究 ,有效的预防医源性脊髓损伤 ,杜绝截瘫的发生。方法　 4 6例手术患者按 Frankel分级术前属 B级 6例 ,C级 14例 ,D级 15例 ,E级 11例 ,CSEP术中连续动态监测。监护临界值为 :D、E级患者术中波幅较麻醉后下降不超过 4 0 %。结果　 2 5例未达到监护临界值 ,术后无脊髓损伤。超过临界值发出警告 2 1例 ,其中 2 0例接受警告术后脊髓功能无损害 ,1例不顾警告继续手术 ,术后发生完全性截瘫。结论CSEP术中监护脊髓损伤准确可靠 ,值得推广应用。     

Intra-operative spinal sonography in spinal intramedullary tumor

Recently, operative results of intramedullary spinal cord tumors have been greatly improved since the introduction of microsurgery. It is very important to know the precise size and location of the tumor prior to the operation so that we can approach the tumor with a minimum of damage to the spinal cord. However, it is not always possible to demonstrate the precise localization of the tumor preoperatively. In this report, we emphasize that intraoperative spinal sonography is very useful in determining the extent of the tumor and differentiating solid component from cystic component of the tumor. Methods and Materials We performed intraoperative spinal sonography on ten patients with intramedullary spinal cord tumor. This series included three cases of hemangioblastoma, three cases of astrocytoma, two cases of ependymoma, one case of subependymoma, and one case of mixed glioma. Eight out of ten cases were associated with cysts. The intraoperative spinal sonographic examinations were performed after laminectomy. The linear scanning probe of 5 or 7.5 MHz transducer was used. Results 1) Solid components The acoustic pattern of the solid tumor was either hyperechoic or iso-echoic. Six cases (three hemangioblastomas, two ependymomas, and one astrocytoma) were hyperechoic. Other four cases (two astrocytomas, one subependymoma, and one mixed glioma) were iso-echoic. 2) Cystic components The cysts associated with the tumor were anechoic in six out of eight cases, which were confirmed at surgery, and multiple cysts were identified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

术中超声检查在颈、胸部椎管减压术中的应用

术中准确判断受压脊髓和神经根的减压情况是保证椎管减压手术成功的关键。作者应用７．５ｍＨｚ探头对行颈、胸部椎管减压术的２６例患者（单纯颈椎管前路减压９例，后路颈、胸部椎管减压６例，颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大１１例）在术中和术终时通过椎管减压窗进行横、纵和任意方向的超声扫描，观察硬膜囊、脊髓和神经根与周围组织的关系。作者体会，术中超声检查可以在手术中了解脊髓与神经根的受压情况和判定减压效果，客观地反映手术彻底程度。     

氯普鲁卡因腰麻或腰-硬联合麻醉的临床研究

目的 探讨国产氯普鲁卡因用于腰麻或腰一硬联合麻醉的效果和安全性.方法 回顾性分析10 000例下腹部以下手术患者采用国产氯普鲁卡因冻干粉(生理盐水稀释成2.5%或3%溶液)腰麻或腰-硬联合麻醉.结果 腰麻平均起效时间24 s,平面固定时间7.7 min.最高阻滞平面平均为T_5.下肢运动阻滞3级者超过94%.腰麻效果平均满意率99.8%,硬膜外辅助麻醉后满意率提高到99.9%.单次腰麻完全消失平均72 min.产科患者腰麻后低血压和恶性呕吐发生率较高(分别为34%和43%).未见明显神经系统并发症和其他不良反应.结论 国产氯普鲁卡因冻干粉溶解后用于腰麻或腰一硬联合麻醉安全、有效.     

脊髓损伤的MR表现

研究脊髓损伤的MR表现。采用GESigna0．5T超导型磁共振检查机，用脊柱表面线圈，对55例脊柱创伤病人做MR检查。所有病例做轮位和矢状位检查，用自旋回波序列和快速自旋回波序列。脊髓损伤表现为脊髓水肿23例次（41．8％），髓内出血10例次（18．1％），脊髓不完全性和完全性断裂7例次（12．7％），椎间盘值22例次（364％），脊柱韧带断裂30例次（545％）。脊髓损伤多见于爆裂型和骨折脱位型脊柱骨折。MR是脊髓损伤最有效的检查方法，MR对发现和评估脊髓损伤优于CT扫描。     

Classification of spinal injuries based on the essential traumatic spinal mechanisms

STUDY DESIGN: A biomechanical unitary classification of spinal injuries is proposed. OBJECTIVE: To present an evaluation of spinal injuries based on the essential traumatic spinal mechanisms: axial deformation, torsion, translation and combined mechanisms in connection with the concept of the stabilizing axial spinal pillar. SETTING: Hospital 'Sf. Treime', Iasi, Romania. METHODS: The essential mechanisms of spinal injuries are considered: (1) axial deformation with (a) compression (centric or eccentric), most often eccentric, including compression in flexion or extension; (b) spinal elongation with distraction as centric elongation, but frequently axial eccentric elongation and a flexion or extension injury; (2) torsion or axial spinal rotation, (3) segmental translation, with a shearing version for the double translation and (4) combined mechanisms - the most frequent situation. Over 300 patients with spinal injuries were analysed and the spinal instability was determined using the criteria of clinical instability. The cases of spinal instability were studied in connection with the types of lesion of the central axial spinal pillar. RESULTS: All cases with lesions of the central axial spinal pillar had traumatic spinal instability. The spinal instability was absent in cases of isolated lesions of the anterior or posterior secondary pillar. The X-ray and spinal CT analysis of the traumatic spinal lesions showed the types of lesions and specified the mechanisms of spinal injuries. The combined mechanisms were responsible for the majority of the spinal injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal instability occurs because of the lesion of the central axial spinal pillar The types of lesions of the central spinal pillar and of the secondary spinal pillars are determined by the essential traumatic spinal mechanisms: axial deformation (with compression or elongation), axial rotation, translation and most frequently the above combined mechanisms.     

Ultrasound-guided spinal fracture repositioning

The management of narrowing spinal fragments in the operative treatment of spinal fractures remains an open question, in particular when the procedure is performed by a posterior approach. This article describes the use of intraoperative ultrasonography during spinal surgery. From 1990 to 1997, 116 spinal fractures were treated operatively at our clinic. Stabilization of the spine was achieved with the AO fixateur interne and the AO USS, respectively (Synthes, D-79224, Umkirch, Germany). For 60 cases who had a fractured posterior vertebral surface dislocated into the spinal canal, we used intraoperative ultrasonography to monitor the repositioning of the narrowing fragments. The patients underwent pre- and postoperative computed tomography scans (CT). In six cases, color-coded duplex sonography was performed intraoperatively to view the A. spinalis anterior. In 58 cases, the spinal canal and the fractured posterior surface of the vertebrae were visualized successfully. The sonographic image was inconclusive in two cases with severely damaged fragments. Identical findings were observed on the intraoperative ultrasound image after completion of repositioning and on the postoperative CT scan. In six cases, the A. spinalis anterior was viewed by color-coded duplex sonography with a different flow before and after fracture repositioning. Intraoperative ultrasound is a valuable means of monitoring the restoration of the spinal canal by a posterior approach. The method is easy to perform and can be repeated as often as required. Color-coded duplex sonography allows further visualization of the A. spinalis anterior. Received: 24 March 1997/Accepted: 23 May 1997     

自发性脊髓硬膜外和硬膜下血肿

目的 探讨自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿（SSEH)及硬膜下血肿(SSSH)的病因、临床特点、诊治方法及预后相关因素。方法 自1995～2002年收治的4例SSEH及2例SSSH患者．均在静息或轻微活动后发病，发病前均无感染或服药史，其中1例63岁患者诉有高血压病史．1例65岁患者入院检查后发现患有Ⅱ型精尿病．余均否认患有其他疾病。所有患者均表现为突发性的颈、肩、胸、背部疼痛，数分钟到数小时内出现肢体运动、感觉障碍、大小便障碍及潴留，5例患者有抻经根放射痛症状．有3例行腰穿，压力无明显增高．均行手术治疗．手术距发病时间10～16d．平均12.5d，手术均在局麻下进行．4例SSEH患者行患部全椎板切除血肿清除术．2例SSSH患者行全椎板切除并硬静膜切开血肿清除，硬脊膜修补术。结果 均经MR检查、手术及病理证实。MRI显示椎管后方或后外方占位性病变，T1加权能特征性地反映血肿随时间发生的信号变化而最有价值．T22加权可很好地判断血肿的位置，患者预后与术前的神经功能状态及发病至手术的时间密切相关，本组患者随访6～18个月，平均10个月．6例患者除大、小便功能有不同程度的改善外．5例患者肢体的运动、感觉功能无明显恢复，1例SSSH患者感觉消失平面下降，右上肢肌力较前增强，结论 自发性脊髓硬膜外及硬膜下血肿是一种少见病，MRI是其首选的检查方法，应当注意的是早期诊断并及时手术是治疗SSEH和SSSH．防止永久性神经功能障碍的关健。     

临床论著多节段经椎板间隙椎管扩大术治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的:探讨多节段经椎板间隙椎管扩大术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的疗效。方法:采用潜式扩大中央椎管和神经根管或摘除椎间盘术式治疗腰椎管狭窄症共86例。其中2节段减压57例,3节段减压19例,4节段减压10例。术后进行Oswestry疗效评分与影像学观察。结果:术后CT显示椎管直径明显增加,椎管造影显示神经根管明显扩大。术后1年随访79例,疗效优良率90.1%;术后3年随访76例,优良率86.3%。结论:多节段经椎板间隙椎管扩大术操作简单,手术并发症少,中央椎管和神经根管减压充分,对腰椎后柱张力带结构破坏小,治疗腰椎管狭窄症疗效满意。     

Intraoperative ultrasound for spinal lesions

A variety of spinal pathological processes demonstrated by intraoperative ultrasound is presented. Use of spinal ultrasound proved helpful in viewing alignment, assessing spinal cord pathology, and viewing anterior to the cord in cases of spinal trauma. As an operative adjunct, ultrasound was especially helpful for viewing extradural spinal metastases and cavitary lesions of the spinal cord, such as syrinxes, cystic tumors, and hematomas. In cases of spondylotic myelopathy, intraoperative ultrasound allowed assessment of the adequacy of the decompression, the space ventral to the cord, and the size and configuration of the spinal cord.     

Atypical forms of spinal tuberculosis

Summary Twenty-three patients with atypical forms of spinal tuberculosis treated between 1975 and 1985, are described.All presented with signs and symptoms of compression of the spinal cord or cauda equina, ranging from paraesthesiae and increasing weakness of extremities to paraplegia and loss of sphincter control. None of them showed visible or palpable spinal deformity nor the typical radiographic appearance of destruction of the intervertebral disc and the two adjoining vertebral bodies. These atypical forms constituted about 12 percent of all the cases of spinal tuberculosis seen (a total of 190 cases); and fell into three well-defined groups: those with the involvement of neural arch only; those with the inolvement of a single vertebral body; and, those without bony involvement. The correct surgical approach in these groups was found to be different: spinal cord compression caused by the tuberculous disease of the neural arch was best treated by laminectomy; whereas single vertebral body disease required an anterior or anterolateral approach. Spinal computerized tomography was helpful in defining the extent of disease and planning the surgical approach. Histological confirmation of tuberculosis was obtained in all the cases and acid fast bacilli (A.F.B.) were found in, and cultured from, the biopsy specimens of 18 cases.     

无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈髓损伤

目的探讨无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈髓损伤的特征和机制.方法对33例无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈髓损伤病例进行回顾性研究,分析其神经学、X线和MRI检查结果.结果颈髓完全性损伤者8例,不完全性损伤者25例;21例患者有颈椎变性改变(椎间盘间隙狭窄伴有骨赘形成者15例,后纵韧带骨化者6例),3例C5颈椎管Pavlov率小于0.8;30例可见颈髓受压,25例表现为椎旁软组织损伤.结论无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈髓损伤的重要诱因为颈椎变性改变和发育性颈椎管狭窄,致病原因主要为颈髓受压;MRI检查有利于查明脊髓损伤的部位和机制.     

Spinal paralysis caused by spinal metastasis of prostatic cancer

From 1977 to 1986, in the Chiba University Hospital, 107 cases of prostatic cancer with bone metastasis were experienced. In 10 of them spinal paralysis caused by spinal metastasis of prostatic cancer was observed. Untreated five cases received endocrine therapy. One of them also underwent spine laminectomy and spinal instrumentation and regained the ability to walk. But the other cases treated by endocrine therapy showed only insufficient improvement of paralysis. Five cases with spinal paralysis which were resistant to endocrine therapy were treated by chemotherapy or radiation to the site of bone metastasis. One of them underwent laminectomy and spinal instrumentation. However, most cases showed no improvement of paralysis. It is concluded that spinal surgery is recommended in untreated cases for the sake of quality of life, but in cases with hormone resistance spinal surgery should cautiously be applied.     

Idiopathic hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis

Spinal idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis (IHP) is a rare, chronic, nonspecific, granulomatous inflammatory disorder of the dura with unknown etiology. It can cause a localized or diffuse thickening of the dura mater with compression of the spinal canal and possible myelopathic symptoms. The authors report 3 consecutive cases of spinal IHP with a review of the literature. The diagnosis of spinal IHP was based on biopsy and pathological confirmation. Typical MR imaging findings suggestive of spinal IHP were noted in all cases. The clinical course may be marked by deterioration despite conservative therapy and may require surgical intervention to prevent irreversible neurological damage. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and institution of proper treatment is critical.     

脊柱再手术22例初步研究

[目的]分析脊柱手术再次手术的原因及方式选择相关因素.[方法]从2008年1月～2010年12月,共收治因椎间盘突出症、椎体压缩性骨折、脊柱不稳症及多间隙椎管狭窄症等行脊柱手术(椎间盘摘除术、经皮椎间盘切吸术、髓核摘除+椎间植骨融合椎弓根钉系统内固定术等)治疗的患者134例,根据不同原因,需行相应再手术者17例,再手术率12.7％.同期在外院行腰椎内固定术后而在本院再手术者5例.[结果]22例患者中男17例,女5例;年龄40～85岁(平均64.21岁),其中椎间盘摘除术后脊柱不稳者5例,经皮椎间盘切吸术后症状改善不明显或术后加重者4例,椎管成形术术后症状改善不明显4例,椎弓根螺钉系统术后感染者3例,椎间植骨融合椎弓根钉系统内固定术术后神经根受压2例,椎板开窗减压椎弓根内固定术后症状未见明显缓解2例,椎间植骨融合内固定术后内固定松动2例.22例再手术患者随访至今(8～41个月),90％的患者对手术结果满意,按照改良MacNab标准,优良率86.4％.[结论]严格掌握手术适应证、术中规范操作、术后指导患者合理的脊柱康复运动等是减少再手术的有效途径,再手术只要处理得当,术后仍可获得较好的疗效.     

Acute non-traumatic extensive subdural spinal hematoma

Acute spinal subdural hematoma is a somewhat rare pathology. Its severity comes from the constitution of an acute spinal cord compression. In many cases MRI is useful for the differential diagnosis with the epidural hematoma. A 79-year-old patient was referred for emergency neurosurgery for acute spinal cord compression. The vascular risk in this patient was significant: hypertension, oral anticoagulants. Clinically, acute non-traumatic subdural spinal hematoma was suspected. The spinal cord MRI was in favor of the diagnosis which was confirmed intraoperatively. The surgical procedure revealed an extensive hematoma which infiltrated the spinal cord. The diagnosis of nontraumatic subdural spinal hematoma may be difficult in some cases and correctly established only during the surgical procedure. In comparison with reports in the literature, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of this hematoma. Spinal subdural haematoma must be considered in patients taking anticoagulant therapy or with a coagulation disorder who present signs of acute spinal cord compression. MRI sagittal T1 and T2-weighted images are adequate and reliable for diagnosis of spinal subdural hematoma. Prompt surgical evacuation of this hematoma is crucial.     

螺旋CT对脊椎结核的诊断价值

目的分析总结脊柱结核的CT影像表现。方法分析经手术病理、穿刺活检及临床证实的脊柱结核31例的多层螺旋CT表现。结果椎骨的溶骨性、虫蚀样、斑片状碎骨片样的骨质破坏部分伴有硬化,椎旁软组织中见砂粒状钙化寒性脓肿的形成,椎间隙变窄,累及椎管,韧带下型等是脊柱结核的常见影像学表现。结论脊柱结核CT诊断优于X平片,可直观显示椎旁脓肿及椎间盘等改变。脊椎骨质破坏形态多样,但仍有其典型CT影像特征,须与脊柱其他病变鉴别诊断。     

Posterolateral approach and anterior spinal canal recalibration in severe spinal injury affecting T-12, L-1: a study of seven cases

The authors present seven cases of spinal trauma at the T-12--L-1 level with severe spinal canal stenosis secondary to compressive, anterior discocorporeal lesions. Associated neurological disorders were of varying severity. Six cases were investigated by computed tomography, which enabled the degree of thoracolumbar spinal canal stenosis to be determined. In all cases, the surgical procedure involved rectification of spinal deformity, with an initial unilateral posterolateral approach permitting anterior spinal canal recalibration, either by impaction of protrusive fragments or ablation of ejected disc fragments. The stabilization was in all cases achieved by complimentary bilateral plates using Roy-Camille material, associated with posterolateral arthrodesis by grafting with reconstruction of the articulopedicular structure. The functional spinal result was excellent in all cases, and recalibration was verified by tomography. In those cases showing neurological deficiency, good and early recovery was attributable to the suppression of spinal canal stenosis. The application of this posterolateral approach for severe lesions of the thoracolumbar junction seems to represent, in all cases of recent lesions, an alternative to the anterior or combined methods, which present widely recognized difficulties at the thoracoabdominal junction.     

Diagnostic pitfalls of spinal echinococcosis

OBJECTIVE: To critically examine and elucidate the diagnostic pitfalls of spinal echinococcosis. SUMMARY OF PATIENTS: From October 1957 to June 2006, 25 consecutive cases drawn from 5721 cases of echinococcosis were collected in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. The selected cases comprised 11 males and 14 females; all were treated with debridement operations. The average age was 28.3 years (15 to 56 y). The average duration of infestation with spinal hydatid disease was 3.2 years (0.5 to 12 y). Nineteen of the 25 cases underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning, which identified 17 out of 19 cases as having hydatid disease. The lesion was located in the cervical vertebrae in 3, the thoracic vertebrae in 11, the lumbar vertebrae in 5, and the sacrum in 6 cases. RESULTS: Eighteen cases were available for follow up; the period ranging from 0.5 to 15 years with an average of 3.6 years. The Casoni test was performed in 15 cases and was positive in 12 patients (80%). In addition, 4 cases were positive in all of the so-called 8 tests of immunodiagnostic methods. MRI examination was performed in 19 of the 25 cases and 17 of these were diagnosed as having spinal hydatid disease (89.47%). The typical MRI appearance is that of a multilocular cyst and the signal of the parent cyst is similar to that of muscle and higher than that of secondary cyst in the T1Weighted image (WI). The signal of the secondary cyst is similar to water, either located in or overflowing or adjacent to the parent cyst. Both the parent and the secondary cysts showed high signals in the TW1 with either rose or wheel shapes. In the 18 cases, which were reviewed, 11 cases had relapsed (61.11%). CONCLUSIONS: Although x-ray or computed tomography images of spinal echinococcosis are similar to tuberculosis, metastases, giant cell tumors, or cysts of the bone, MRI shows distinctive diagnostic features of spinal hydatid disease. Serologic examinations are important to confirm the correct diagnosis.     

显微手术治疗脊髓室管膜瘤

目的:探讨脊髓室管膜瘤显微手术治疗中的相关问题,并评估其手术疗效及预后.方法:2005年10月至2007年10月我院收治36例脊髓室管膜瘤患者,男性27例.女性9例;年龄16～59岁,平均41.2岁.运动异常28例,感觉障碍20例,神经根性痛和局部疼痛16例,括约肌功能障碍6例.MRI检查病灶呈等信号或略高信号,多无明显强化,边界较清楚,部分伴有空洞.术前McCormick临床功能分级:Ⅰ级16例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级9例.肿瘤主体位于颈段23例,颈胸交界区6例,胸段4例,腰段3例.均在显微镜下分离切除肿瘤实质部分.结果:肿瘤全切除32例,次全切除4例.次全切患者术后接受放射治疗,无手术死亡.术后发生肺炎5例,脑脊液漏3例,手术切口感染1例,经对症治疗后痊愈.术后病理证实均为室管膜瘤.31例获得为期1年的随访,3例肿瘤次全切除患者1年内复发,再次行手术治疗;肿瘤全切除者无复发.术后McCormick临床功能分级:Ⅰ级23例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级2例.结论:显微手术是治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤的有效手段.肿瘤能否全切主要取决于肿瘤与脊髓的粘连程度和手术技巧.