18F-FDG PET显像诊断恶性肿瘤初步应用

目的　探讨注射１８ＦＦＤＧ行正电子发射计算机断层（ＰＥＴ）,诊断恶性肿瘤的影像特征和应用价值。方法　应用１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ胸腹部断层显像和标准化摄取值（ＳＵＶ） 评价１０ 例正常人和１８ 例经病理和临床证实的恶性肿瘤病人。结果　所有恶性肿瘤灶均呈较正常组织明显增高的放射性摄取,其中原发灶１８ 个,平均ＳＵＶ 值４－４２±１－２９;转移灶１９ 个,平均ＳＵＶ值２－０６±０－５６。结论　１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ显像对于探测恶性肿瘤原发灶和转移灶具有很高价值。     

^99mTc—tetrofosmin SPECT显像评价脑肿瘤的临床研究

目的：探讨９９ｍＴｃ－ｔｅｔｒｏｆｏｓｍｉｎ（ＴＦ） ＳＰＥＣＴ显像对脑肿瘤诊断的临床价值。方法：在２８例ＣＴ或ＭＲ示脑占位性病变患者中,术前１周内进行脑９９ｍＴｃ－ＴＦ　ＳＰＥＣＴ显像,其中１７例还进行了２～３小时的延迟显像,观察病变部位９９ｍＴｃ－ＴＦ的摄取变化情况,并进行定性和半定量分析,即在横断面或冠状面图像上寻找肿瘤区摄取放射性最高的断面,画取肿瘤部位和相应对侧部位同样大小的感兴趣区（ＲＯＩ）,计算肿瘤摄取比值（ＴＵＲ）。结果： ２５例９９ｍＴｃ－ＴＦ ＳＰＥＣＴ断层显像病灶处ＴＦ摄取不同程度的增高,３例未见ＴＦ摄取。半定量分析结果显示：１７例早期和延迟显像肿瘤病灶的ＴＦ、ＴＵＲ分别为２．３４ ±０．４１和２．０６±０．２９、未见明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。Ⅲ－Ⅳ级胶质瘤的ＴＦ、ＴＵＲ（２．４４±０．１４）与Ⅰ～Ⅱ级胶质瘤的ＴＦ、ＴＵＲ（１．４６±０．３６）,两者有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）,诊断灵敏度为８９．３％。结论：９９ｍＴｃ－ＴＦ ＳＰＥＣＴ显像在脑肿瘤诊断上有一定的临床价值,特别是在区分脑胶质瘤的恶性程度上。     

PET在肿瘤影像诊断中与CT、MRI的相互关系——附28例~(18)F FDG PET与CT、MRI结果对照

目的　本文着重探讨１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ与ＣＴ、ＭＲ影像诊断技术在肿瘤临床诊断、手术方案的确定和治疗后随访中的互补作用。方法　对２８ 例临床诊断的恶性肿瘤同期进行１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ、ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ检查,其中２１ 例经手术病理或活检证实;采用双盲法,将ＰＥＴ诊断结果与同期的ＣＴ和／或ＭＲ影像进行比较。结果　本组２７ 例肿瘤中,１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ 显像结果与ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ诊断相符２０ 例（ 占７４％ ）,１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ 显像进一步肯定或明确ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ的结论７ 例（ 占２６％ ）;另１ 例临床、ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ均误诊为乳腺癌术后脑转移病例,经１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ 显示为脑梗塞;ＰＥＴ影像上,恶性肿瘤病灶均表现为局部１８ＦＦＤＧ明显浓聚;ＣＴ和／或ＭＲ 影像上,２０ 例肿瘤有局部神经、血管和重要脏器等的侵犯,以及肿瘤瘤内出血、坏死和瘤周水肿等,但ＰＥＴ 均不能显示。结论　虽然１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ 对恶性肿瘤的定性诊断具有较高的准确性和特异性,但是１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ仍不能取代ＣＴ 和ＭＲＩ在肿瘤诊断中的作用;最好的方法是结合ＰＥＴ、ＣＴ 和ＭＲＩ多种影像结果分析,才能为临床提供有关肿瘤病变的解剖细节和功能异常改变的综合信息。     

原发性肝癌病人血浆内皮素水平的观察

本实验采用放射免疫法检测原发性肝癌（ＰＨＣ）病人血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）含量,探讨了ＥＴ含量与肝癌病情关系。结果表明：（１）ＥＴ在ＰＨＣ病人组明显高于肝硬化（ＬＣ）组和对照组（ＮＣ）;（２）ＥＴ与ＡＦＰ含量呈正相关;（３）ＥＴ在肿瘤直径大于５ｃｍ单发组,明显高于直径小于５ｃｍ单发组;（４）肝内转移组,又明显高于无肝内转移组。提示ＥＴ与肝癌的发生发展关系密切。     

PET在肿瘤影像诊断中与CT,MRI的相互关系：附28例^18F—FD …

目的 本文着重探讨＾１８Ｆ－ＦＤＧ ＰＥＴ与ＣＴ、ＭＲ影像诊断技术在肿瘤临床诊断、手术方案的确定和治疗后随访中的互补作用。方法 对２８例临床诊断的恶性肿瘤同期进行＾１８Ｆ－ＦＤＧ ＰＥＴ、ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ检查,其中２１例经手术病理在检证实;采用双盲法,将ＰＥＴ诊断结果与同期的ＣＴ和／或ＭＲ影像进行比较。结果 本组２７例肿瘤中,＾１８Ｆ－ＦＤＧ ＰＥＴ显像结果与ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ诊断相符２０例（占７４％）,＾     

肿瘤患者凝血及纤溶分子标志物变化

目的 观察恶性肿瘤患者凝血及纤溶分子标志物的变化,以探索其发生、发展与止凝血的关系。方法 用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法检测２５名正常对照,２０例子宫肌瘤,９１例子宫肌瘤,９１例恶性肿瘤（肺癌２１例、食道癌２０例、胃癌２３例、结直肠癌２７例）组织因子（ＴＦ）、组织因子途径抑制物（ＴＦＰＩ）、凝血酶－抗凝血酶复合物（ＴＡＴ）、尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（ｕ－ＰＡ）、尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体（ｕ－ＰＡＲ）、纤溶酶－抗纤溶酶复合物（ＰＡＰ）的血浆含量。结果 各种恶性肿瘤ＴＦ、ＴＡＴ、ｕ－ＰＡ、ｕ－ＰＡ、ＰＡＰ均显著高于正常对照组,ＰＦＴＩ水平与正常对照组之间无统计学差异;手术后恶性肿瘤组ＴＦ、ＴＡＴ、ＰＡＰ有所下降,但仍高于正常对照组,而ｕ－ＰＡ、ｕ－ＰＡＲ已与正常对照组之间无统计学差异;子宫肌瘤患者的上述指标测得值与正常对照组之间     

中枢神经系统疾病的18F-FDGPET显像--附17例PET与CT、MRI和EEG对照

目的对１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ在中枢神经系统疾病临床诊断中应用的初步体会作一介绍。方法１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ检查共计１７例,所有患者静脉注射１８Ｆ脱氧葡萄糖（ＦＤＧ）１０ｍＣｉ后４０分钟进行脑１８ＦＦＤＧ正电子发射断层显像（ＰＥＴ）,其结果与同期的ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ、ＥＥＧ结果进行比较。结果在１０例癫痫发作间歇期病人中,４０％的病例１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ显示病侧局部脑叶葡萄糖代谢即ＦＤＧ摄取低下（较正常健侧皮层放射性计数降低２０％以上）,５０％的病例脑叶葡萄糖代谢正常;脑梗塞、脑外伤后软化灶１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ均显示为局部脑叶葡萄糖代谢明显下降或缺损,其余多发性硬化、多发小脓肿、蛛网膜囊肿均表现为脑内葡萄糖代谢正常。结论初步的临床应用显示,１８ＦＦＤＧＰＥＴ在中枢神经系统疾病诊断中具有重要的临床价值     

多脏器功能失常综合征合并胰腺炎患者肿瘤坏死因子和内皮素的测定及其意义

为探讨多脏器功能失常综合征（ＭＯＤＳ）中胰腺炎与细胞因子、炎性介质的关系。检测了８例由严重创伤并发休克或急性重症感染引起的ＭＯＤＳ患者（Ａ组）、５例ＭＯＤＳ并发胰腺炎患者（Ｂ组）和７例急性水肿型胰腺炎患者（Ｃ组）的肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）和内皮素（ＥＴ）水平。发现Ａ组ＴＮＦ、ＥＴ水平明显高于Ｃ组（Ｐ＜０．００１）；Ｂ组ＴＮＦ水平明显高于Ａ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＥＴ水平则呈升高趋势，但无显著统计学意义。提示：ＴＮＦ和ＥＴ的释放增多与ＭＯＤＳ的发病有重要意义；ＴＮＦ、ＥＴ释放的进一步增多（尤其是ＴＮＦ）可能导致更多脏器（包括胰腺）功能的损伤乃至衰竭     

左室重构对室壁瘤形成的影响

目的：探讨心肌梗塞后左室重构对室壁瘤形成的影响。方法：对２６２例心肌梗塞病人进行超声检查,分成室壁瘤组和无室壁瘤组。根据ＡＳＥ推荐的方法,将左室分成１６个节段,测量参数包括：①梗塞节段数（ＮＩＳ）;②平均相对梗塞壁厚度（ＭＲＷＴ）;③梗塞节段运动计分总数（ＴＳ）;④射血分数（ＥＦ）;⑤左室短轴缩短率（ＦＳ）。结果：２６２例心梗病人中３７例有室壁瘤形成。室壁瘤组的ＮＩＳ和ＴＳ明显高于无室壁瘤组,ＭＲＷＴ明显减低,ＥＦ值和ＦＳ值均明显低于无室壁瘤组。Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ分析方法显示ＮＩＳ和ＭＲＷＴ是室壁瘤形成的独立影响因素。结论：ＮＩＳ和ＭＲＷＴ是预测室壁瘤形成的重要因素。室壁瘤形成明显损害左室收缩功能。     

克癌临对荷肝癌(H22)小鼠肿瘤红细胞免疫功能的影响

观察了中药复方克癌临对荷实体型肝癌（Ｈ２２）小鼠肿瘤红细胞免疫功能的影响。结果表明,克癌临组三个肿瘤红细胞花环率（ＤＴＥＲ、ＡＴＥＲ、ＥＴＥＲ）皆极显著高于模型组和５－Ｆｕ组（Ｐ＜０００１）,其中ＤＴＥＲ已接受正常组,ＥＴＥＲ,ＡＴＥＲ已明显高于正常组（Ｐ＜００１、Ｐ＜０００１）,说明克癌临能显著提高荷瘤小鼠肿瘤红细胞免疫功能。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.