海南百岁老人甲状旁腺激素水平与全因死亡关联的前瞻性队列研究

目的探讨海南百岁老人甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平与全因死亡之间的关联。方法基于中国海南百岁老人队列研究, 对完成基线调查且资料完整的1 002人跟踪随访其生存和死亡结局。基线血清PTH水平作为自变量, 分别以连续变量、二分类变量和四分类变量纳入模型, 进行Cox比例风险回归模型分析基线PTH水平与全因死亡之间的关联。结果截至2021年5月31日, 研究随访时间M(Q1, Q3)为4.16(1.31, 5.04)年, 死亡人数为522人, 总死亡率为52.10%。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示, PTH每增加10 pg/ml, 全因死亡风险增加3.7%, HR值为1.037(95%CI:1.007～1.067);PTH水平高的Q4组全因死亡风险是PTH水平低的Q1组的1.458(95%CI:1.131～1.878)倍。结论海南百岁老人中, PTH水平的升高与全因死亡风险增加相关, 可作为社区长寿老人死亡风险预测的参考指标。     

海南百岁老人抑郁症状对死亡与寿命影响的前瞻性队列研究

目的分析海南百岁老人抑郁症状与全因死亡风险间的关联。方法基于中国海南百岁老人队列研究, 对纳入基线且资料完整的1 002人随访其生存与死亡结局。抑郁症状根据简易老年抑郁量表(GDS-15)调查获得评分, 并划分成正常(≤5分)、轻度抑郁(6～9分)和重度抑郁(≥10分)。采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析抑郁症状与全因死亡风险间的关联强度。结果截至2021年5月31日, 随访时间M(Q1, Q3)为4.16(1.31, 5.04)年, 死亡人数为522人, 死亡密度为152.39/1 000人年。多因素Cox比例风险回归分析结果显示, 在控制人口社会学特征、生活方式等协变量后, GDS-15评分每增加1分, 全因死亡风险增加3.1%(HR=1.031, 95%CI:1.002～1.061);与正常百岁老人相比, 重度抑郁者死亡风险增高35.9%(HR=1.359, 95%CI:1.023～1.806), 重度抑郁者平均减寿1.94年。在女性百岁老人中, 相比于正常组, 轻度抑郁和重度抑郁组死亡风险分别增加29.3%(HR=1.293, 95%CI:1.053～1.590)和42.3%(HR...     

海南百岁老人血压水平及相关因素与全因死亡关联的前瞻性队列研究

目的探讨我国海南百岁老人SBP及DBP水平及相关因素与全因死亡之间的关联。方法数据来自中国海南百岁老人队列研究, 采用前瞻性队列研究方法, 纳入1 002名百岁老人。采用Cox比例风险回归模型, 分析SBP和DBP水平及相关影响因素对全因死亡的影响。结果截至2021年5月31日, 中位随访时间为4.16年, 死亡密度为15.24/100人年。人群按照SBP、DBP四等分后, SBP的Q1组和DBP的Q2组死亡密度最低(分别为12.73/100人年和14.10/100人年)。在总人群中, SBP水平与Q1组相比, Q2、Q3、Q4组与全因死亡均呈正相关。在女性中, SBP以Q1组为参考值, Q2、Q3和Q4组与死亡关联的HR值分别为1.343、1.355和1.420;DBP以Q2组作为参考值, Q1、Q3、Q4组与死亡关联的HR值分别为1.468、1.800和1.504, 大致呈"U"形相关。交互作用分析发现, SBP与BMI之间存在相乘交互作用。结论海南百岁老人的SBP和DBP水平与全因死亡存在关联;百岁老人的DBP可能存在死亡风险较低的适宜水平及范围;不同BMI状态可能影响血压水平与...     

海南百岁老人12项肥胖相关指标与全因死亡的关联研究

目的描述和分析BMI、腰围、腰臀比、腰高比、小腿围、腰围小腿围比值(WCR)、脂质蓄积指数(LAP)、内脏脂肪指数(VAI)、中国内脏脂肪指数(CVAI)、身体形态指数、中国身体形态指数(CABSI)和身体圆度指数与海南百岁老人全因死亡间的关联。方法整群抽样方法抽取的海南百岁老人共1 002人。随访时间的M(Q1, Q3)为4.16(1.31, 5.04)年, 结局为全因死亡, 使用Cox比例风险回归分析各肥胖相关身体测量指标与全因死亡的关联, 并使用受试者工作特征曲线曲线下面积(AUC)进行比较。结果总人群中小腿围对全因死亡的判定能力最强, AUC为0.61(95%CI:0.57～0.64), 分性别结果与总人群一致(P<0.05)。WCR次之(AUC为0.58), 再次是BMI、LAP和腰围, AUC分别为0.55、0.55和0.54, 而CABSI、腰臀比和VAI的判定能力较弱, AUC分别为0.51、0.50和0.50。结论本研究比较了12项肥胖相关指标与海南百岁老人全因死亡间的关联, 发现小腿围的预测判定能力最好, 且呈剂量反应关系, 提示可作为长寿老人死亡风险预测的参...     

空腹血糖长期变异性与2型糖尿病患者死亡风险的前瞻性队列研究

目的探讨空腹血糖(FPG)长期变异性与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者全因死亡风险的关联。方法以江苏省常熟市纳入国家基本公共卫生服务管理的7 174名T2DM患者作为观察队列。基于≥3次随访的FPG值, 计算并使用其标准差(SD)、变异系数(CV)、平均真实变异(ARV)和独立于均值的变异系数(VIM)评价长期FPG变异性。死亡信息主要通过江苏省居民死因监测系统获取。利用Cox比例风险回归模型分析4个变异性指标与T2DM患者全因死亡风险比(HR)及其95%CI。结果截至2021年12月31日, 研究人群累计随访55 058.50人年, 平均随访7.67年, 随访期间发生死亡898名。在调整混杂因素后, Cox比例风险回归分析显示, 与T1组相比, SD、CV、ARV和VIM的T3组发生全因死亡的HR值(95%CI)分别为1.24(1.03～1.49)、1.20(1.01～1.43)、1.28(1.07～1.55)和1.20(1.01～1.41)。SD、CV、ARV和VIM每增加1个单位SD, T2DM患者发生全因死亡的HR值(95%CI)分别为1.13(1.06～1.21)、1.08(1.0...     

C反应蛋白与糖尿病患者全因死亡风险研究

目的 研究血清高浓度C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)是否会增加糖尿病患者的全因死亡风险。方法 基于中国健康与养老追踪调查数据，采用前瞻性队列研究，纳入1 968名糖尿病患者，并追踪他们未来7年间的生存状况。本研究首先采用限制性立方样条(Restricted Cubic Spline, RCS)分析CRP与糖尿病患者全因死亡风险间是否存在剂量反应关系；其次以CRP四分位数进行分组，分析不同组别中研究对象的累积死亡风险；最后采用Cox比例风险回归模型评估不同组别中血清CRP浓度与糖尿病患者的全因死亡风险。结果 在7年随访期间，共有260(13.2%)名研究对象死亡。CRP水平与糖尿病患者全因死亡风险间存在剂量反应关系。多元Cox比例风险回归模型显示：多因素调整后，高浓度的CRP会增加糖尿病患者的全因死亡风险。与quartile 1组相比，quartile 3组和quartile 4组发生死亡风险分别增加了77%(HR:1.77, 1.19～2.61)和113%(HR:2.13,1.46～3.09)。结论 高浓度CRP会增加糖尿病患者的全因死亡风险。     

北京60岁及以上老年人吸烟状况与死亡风险的关联研究

目的分析北京城乡老年人群吸烟状况与相关死亡风险间的关联。方法基于北京城乡老年人群健康综合研究2009—2014年的队列数据, 纳入符合标准的60岁及以上老年人群4 499名, 随访其生存与死亡结局。采用Cox比例风险模型分析吸烟状态、吸烟指数、戒烟年数与死亡风险间的关联。结果 4 499名研究对象年龄M(IQR)为70.00(10.00)岁, 其中男性1 814名(40.32%);从不吸烟者、戒烟者和现在吸烟者分别有69.50%(3 127/4 499)、13.20%(594/4 499)和17.30%(778/4 499)。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示, 调整人口社会学特征、生活方式等混杂因素后, 以从不吸烟者为参照, 戒烟者全因死亡风险增加30.6%[HR(95%CI):1.306(1.043～1.636)];现在吸烟者全因、恶性肿瘤和肺癌死亡风险的HR(95%CI)分别增加50.0%[HR(95%CI):1.500(1.199～1.877)]、80.3%[HR(95%CI):1.803(1.226～2.652)]和212.6%[HR(95%CI):3.126(1.626～6.01...     

代谢综合征对血液透析患者的心血管病死亡和全因死亡的影响

[目的]观察代谢综合征对血液透析患者心血管死亡和全因死亡的影响。[方法]收集了某院血透中心维持性血液透析患者共157例,观察36～42个月。对患者临床和实验室基本资料进行收集,记录死亡时间和原因。并对患者的体成分和营养状况进行评估。[结果]根据IDF代谢综合征定义,患者被分为代谢综合征(MS)组和无代谢综合征(non-MS)组。两组患者的心血管死亡和全因死亡差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。MS组患者营养状况好于non-MS组(SGA评分,卡方检验,P=000)。白蛋白﹤37g/l和年龄﹥66岁是导致患者全因死亡率增加的独立危险因素(COX回归分析)。[结论]IDF代谢综合征未增加患者的心血管死亡和全因死亡风险,白蛋白水平下降和老年是导致患者全因死亡率增加的独立危险因素。     

进展期胃癌病人营养状况及生活质量评估的临床研究

目的:采用不同方法评估进展期胃癌病人的营养状况,并探讨其生活质量的改变。方法:选取初次确诊为进展期胃癌的病人467例,分别采用三种(传统营养评估方法、PG-SGA评估和NRS 2002评分)不同的标准评估其营养状况,同时用胃癌病人生活质量问卷(QLQ-STO22)对病人进行生活质量评估。结果:传统营养评估方法显示:进展期胃癌病人营养不良的发生率为24.41%,营养不良组QLQ-STO22总分为(19.56±6.71)分,明显高于营养正常组的(11.26±4.98)分(P0.05)。PG-SGA评估显示:轻度营养不良或可疑营养不良(B级)发生率为45.82%,严重营养不良(C级)发生率为30.41%,营养状态良好(A级)的QLQ-STO22得分显著低于B+C级得分(P0.05)。NRS 2002评分显示:病人营养风险的发生率为51.61%,无营养风险组的QLQ-STO22得分显著低于有营养风险组(P0.05)。结论:进展期胃癌病人在初诊时已存在不同程度的营养不良。三种方法均能评估进展期胃癌病人的营养状态,但采用PG-SGA B+C级筛查营养不良的检出率高于传统营养评估方法和NRS2002评分法。     

生物质燃料使用与老年人全因死亡的关系：一项前瞻性队列研究

目的 评估生物质燃料使用与老年人全因死亡的关系。方法 纳入2011―2012年进入中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey,CLHLS)并被随访至2018年的≥65岁的参与者共5 853人。采用加权Cox和稳健型逆概率加权后的Cox回归模型评估生物质燃料使用与老年人全因死亡的关系,并探讨随访期间更换使用燃料对全因死亡的影响。结果 生物质燃料使用与老年人的全因死亡风险增加有关[平均风险比(average hazard ratio,AHR)=1.17, 95%CI:1.08～1.28]。与一直使用生物质燃料的老年人相比,改用清洁能源的老年人全因死亡风险更低(AHR=0.21,95%CI:0.18～0.24)。结论 生物质燃料使用可增加老年人的全因死亡风险,改用清洁能源后能够降低老年人的全因死亡风险。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.