肝移植患者术后口服他克莫司群体药动学研究

目的:考察肝移植患者术后口服他克莫司的群体药动学模型,为临床个体化用药提供参考。方法:回顾性收集天津市第一中心医院18例肝移植患者术后口服他克莫司12 h全血药浓度监测数据145个。运用非线性混合效应模型(nonlinear mixed effect model,NONMEM)建立他克莫司群体药动学模型,并考察了年龄、性别、移植术后天数、血清肌酐等固定效应对药动学参数的影响,得到最终模型方程,最后利用Bayesian反馈得到的个体药动学参数值进行个体化给药方案设计。结果:本次研究建立起了口服他克莫司一级吸收和消除的二房室群体药动学模型,并通过NONMEM模拟程序为1例患者进行了个体化给药设计。结论:NONMEM法建立的模型能较好地估算他克莫司的个体及群体药动学参数,为临床合理使用他克莫司提供参考依据。     

老年心衰患者口服地高辛群体药动学模型的建立

目的:应用非线性混合效应模型计算国人老年心衰患者口服地高辛(digxion)群体药动学参数,以促进个体化给药。方法:采用荧光偏振免疫法(FPIA)测定84例老年患者120例次地高辛的血清浓度并收集相关临床指标,运用NONMEM软件建立群体药动学模型。结果:地高辛的药动学符合一室线性开放模型,固定效应参数中,体质量、剂量、血肌酐及尿素氮对参数有影响。最终回归模型中地高辛血药浓度估算值与实测浓度间线性关系良好。结论:用群体药动学模型分析常规监测数据可为老年患者个体化给药提供依据。     

重组葡激酶群体药动学研究

目的:应用非线性混合效应模型(NONMEM)法研究重组葡激酶(r-SAK)的群体药动学.方法:建立双抗体酶联免疫吸附法(ELiSA)测定r-SAK的血浆药物浓度,应用NONMEM法进行模型优化,确定r.SAK的药动学模型和统计学模型,估算群体药动学参数和个体间、个体内变异,并进行统计分析.结果:建立了r-SAK的特异性浓度测定方法.r-SAK符合二房室一级消除模型,体重(WET)和肌酐对k21有显著性影响,方程为k21=θ(3)×WETθ(5),最终估算结果:k=0.19h-1,k12=1.93h-1,k21=1.87×10-4×WET11.8h-1,V=13.2L.计算所有参数的SE(Standard error)和95%CI(Confidence interva1)评价参数估算方法的优劣.结论:应用NONMEM法估算出的群体药动学参数结果可全面给出药物的药动学参数和变异,为r-SAK的安全性和有效性研究提供了丰富的依据.     

非线性混合效应模型法在卡马西平治疗儿童癫痫中的群体药动学应用

目的探讨非线性混合效应模型法在卡马西平治疗儿童癫痫中的群体药动学应用。方法选取2010年1月至2011年6月我院收治的癫痫患儿共180例,采用非线性混合效应模型法估算儿童癫痫卡马西平的群体药动学参数,并建立群体药动学模型。结果年龄、体质量及每日服药剂量均为卡马西平清除率的影响因素。经自举法验证,本模型可靠、稳定。结论用NONMEM软件成功建立我院癫痫患者服用卡马西平的PPK模型。根据我院癫痫患者的PPK模型,结合患者年龄、体质重和合并用药可估算其清除率,优化临床个体化用药方案。     

银屑病患者甲氨蝶呤的群体药动学研究

目的:研究银屑病患者甲氨蝶呤(MTX)的群体药动学特征,为临床调整个体化用药提供新途径。方法:收集皮肤科50例银屑病患者单剂量静脉滴注MTX后稀疏血药浓度数据137个,采用荧光偏振免疫法(FPIA)测定,应用非线性混合效应模型(NONMEM)程序一步法估算MTX的群体药动学参数,并定量分析患者年龄、性别、体质量、肌酐清除率、尿素氮等因素对MTX药动学参数的影响。结果:按静脉滴注二房室线性开放模型估算的群体药动学参数中央室清除率(CL)、中央室表观分布容积(Vc)、外周室表观分布容积(Vp)及外周室清除率(Q)分别为10.4L·h-1、11.7L、6.61L及2.8L·h-1,其个体间变异ωCL、ωVc、ωVp、ωQ分别为16.8%、2.8%、11.7%及287.9%。且最终回归模型的MTX浓度估算值与实测值具有一致性。效应中尿素氮对Vp的影响具有显著意义(P>0.05),其协变量参数为(尿素氮/4)-0.845。结论:NONMEM法以二室模型群体参数估算的血药浓度值与实测值有良好相关性,此研究结果有助于MTX的临床合理应用。     

非线性混合效应模型法研究卡马西平在癫痫儿童中的群体药动学

目的:考察卡马西平(CBZ)在癫痫儿童中的群体药动学参数。方法:采集我院的866例儿童癫痫患者服用CBZ常规治疗及监测的资料数据,利用Michaelis-Menten一级消除药物动力学模型,非线性混合效应模型程序估算癫痫儿童服用CBZ的群体药动学参数。结果:癫痫儿童卡马西平群体药动学主要参数Ke、Vd、CL在单用CBZ组分别为0.091h-1、0.502L.kg-1和0.046L.h-1.kg-1;性别、身高以及合并氯硝西泮、妥吡酯对CBZ清除率未见明显影响;儿童年龄、体质量、肝肾功能异常以及合并丙戊酸、苯巴比妥、苯妥因为CBZ清除率影响的重要因素,并且均增加CBZ的清除率。结论:根据癫痫儿童的群体药动学模型,结合患儿的年龄、体质量、肝肾功能、服药剂量以及合并用药等资料,估算其清除率,预测患儿体内的药物浓度,制定个体化给药方案。     

建立阿奇霉素在中国健康人群中的群体药代动力学模型

目的建立中国人群中阿奇霉素(大环内酯类抗生素)的群体药代动力学模型。方法对20例健康自愿者的血药浓度和生化指标,用非线性混合效应模型法进行群体药代动力学分析,估算药代动力学参数,分析固定效应的影响以及个体内/间的变异,建立群体药代动力学模型。结果口服阿奇霉素呈一级吸收的二室模型,体质量对CL1和CL2及年龄对V1均有影响。结论用非线性混合效应模型法建立的中国人群中阿奇霉素的群体药代动力学模型,结构稳定,预测准确。     

术中植入缓释氟尿嘧啶在直肠癌患者中的群体药动学研究

目的:建立并考察直肠癌患者术中植入氟尿嘧啶的群体药动学（PPK）模型,为直肠癌患者的临床用药提供个体化指导。方法:通过完整的药动学（PK）采样法收集20名直肠癌患者的血药浓度120个。一室模型为基础,通过使用非线性效应模型拟合法（NONMEM）建立群体药动学模型,考察固定效应（身高、体质量、年龄、性别、肝肾功能、联合用药等）对氟尿嘧啶PK参数的影响。结果:氟尿嘧啶植入剂PPK参数为:Ke（0.005 44±0.002 89）h^-1,Ka（0.748±0.602）h^-1,V/F（1.06±0.343）L·kg^-1,Ke（0.005 7±0.541）h^-1,CL/F（262±0.194）L·kg^-1。模拟1 000个受试者的数据,结果显示血药浓度的90%可信区间基本涵盖实测值,证实了模拟结果的可靠性。结论:本研究成功建立氟尿嘧啶植入剂的群体药动学模型,可以估算个体药动学参数预测血药浓度,满足优化个体化给药的需要。     

中国健康人群口服米格列奈钙片的群体药动学研究

摘 要 目的：通过建立米格列奈在健康人群体内群体药动学模型（PPK）,探究米格列奈在中国健康人体内的药动学特点,评价米格列奈的临床药动学影响因素。方法: 收集22名健康受试者的临床资料,进行单剂量给药试验,受试者口服米格列奈钙片10 mg后,利用LC MS/MS法测定米格列奈血药浓度,用非线性混合效应模型 ( NONMEM) 程序中的条件一级评估算法(FOCE) 对数据进行分析,定量评价人口统计学指标、生化指标等固定效应因素对药动学参数的影响,建立米格列奈群体药动学模型,并用Bootstrap和VPC法验证。结果:米格列奈在健康人体内药动学可用一室模型描述,个体间变异符合指数模型。米格列奈最终的群体药动学参数 CL/F、表观分布容积( V/F ) 和吸收常数(Ka )的群体典型值分别为2.4 L·h^-1( 24% )、9.82 L( 4% ) 和6.46h^-1 (14% )。肌酐清除率（Ccr）因素对 CL/F 有显著影响,丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）因素对 Ka 有显著影响。结论:肌酐清除率CCr和丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT对米格列奈的群体药动学参数有显著影响。所建立的PPK模型可以较好地估算服用米格列奈的个体及群体药动学参数,为指导临床合理用药提供药动学参考。     

基于PPK研究的癫痫患儿奥卡西平药动学参数分析

目的通过分析癫痫患儿奥卡西平的群体药动学研究,探讨影响奥卡西平药动学参数的因素,为临床制定个体化给药方案提供依据。方法检索CNKI、万方、维普、EMBASE和PubMed等中英文文献数据库,收集基于非线性混合效应模型的癫痫患儿奥卡西平群体药动学研究。结果共纳入11篇癫痫患儿奥卡西平群体药动学研究。人口学特征(年龄、体重和体表面积等)、血液生化指标、遗传因素、合并用药和剂量等不同程度影响患儿奥卡西平药动学参数估算。年龄、身高与体重等显著影响分布容积;体重、体表面积与合并用药等影响体内清除率。结论已发表的癫痫患儿奥卡西平群体药动学研究中,药动学参数估计值存在差异,且有不同程度的个体间变异,有必要进一步评价各因素对患儿奥卡西平药动学参数的影响。     

茶碱在老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的群体药动学

目的：建立茶碱在老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的群体药动学（PPK）模型,并获取药动学参数,为临床制定个体化给药方案提供参考。方法：收集2014年4—12月某院诊断为慢性阻塞性肺疾病应用茶碱治疗的68例老年患者的血药浓度监测数据及临床资料,运用非线性混合效应模型法（NONMEN）定量分析性别、年龄、体质量及肝肾功能等因素对药动学参数的影响,最终建立PPK模型。采用拟合优度、自举法和可视化检验对最终模型的性能进行内部验证。结果：茶碱的药动学符合一室模型,最终模型公式为：CL=θ_CL×（WT/63）^θWT×exp（η_CL）,V=θ_V×exp（η_V）,其中的协变量为体质量,模型CL和V的群体典型值分别为0.849 L·h^-1,13.7 L。拟合优度、自举法和可视化检验的评价结果表明最终模型稳定,预测结果可靠。结论：建立的PPK模型能较好地描述茶碱在老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的药动学特点,患者体质量对参数CL有显著性影响。     

A three-step approach combining Bayesian regression and NONMEM population analysis: application to midazolam

NONMEM, the only available supported program for population pharmacokinetic analysis, does not provide the analyst with individual subject parameter estimates. As a result, the relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and demographic factors such as age, gender, and body weight cannot be sought by plotting demographic factors vs. kinetic parameters. To overcome this problem, we devised a three-step approach. In step 1, an initial NONMEM analysis provides the population pharmacokinetic parameters without taking into account the demographic factors. Step 2 consists of individual bayesian regressions using the measured drug concentrations for each subject and the population pharmacokinetic parameters obtained in step 1. The bayesian parameter estimates of the individual subject can be plotted against the demographic factors of interest. From the scatter plots, it can be seen which are the demographic factors that appear to affect the pharmacokinetic parameters. In step 3, the NONMEM analysis is resumed, and the demographic factors found in step 2 are entered into the NONMEM regression model in a stepwise manner. This method was used to analyze the pharmacokinetics of midazolam in 64 subjects from 714 plasma concentrations and 11 demographic factors. CL (elimination clearance) and V1 were found to be a function of body weight. Age and liver disease were found to decrease CL. Of the 11 demographic factors recorded for each patient, none was found to influence VSS or intercompartmental clearance.     

Population pharmacokinetic analysis of pegylated human erythropoietin in rats

The purpose of this study was to model the pharmacokinetics of the pegylated human erythropoietin (PEG-EPO) after single-dose administration in rats, and to evaluate the influence of weight, sex, and pregnancy status on the pharmacokinetic parameters. A total of 436 serum concentrations from 193 Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from four pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic studies, in which a single dose of PEG-EPO was administered by the intravenous (i.v.; dose range: 2.5 to 500 microg/kg) and subcutaneous (s.c.; dose range: 12.5 to 500 microg/kg) route. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NONMEM V software) to determine the population mean of pharmacokinetic parameters and the variances of the interindividual random effects. The effect of weight, sex, and pregnancy status on the pharmacokinetic parameters was evaluated by forward inclusion and backward elimination process, using the likelihood ratio test. Nonparametric bootstrap analysis was employed as an internal model evaluation technique to qualify the model developed. An open two-compartment model with linear elimination from the central compartment, a first-order absorption with lag time characterized the serum concentration-time profiles of PEG-EPO after i.v. and s.c. administration. For a male rat of 0.24 kg, the average CL, Vc, Q, Vp, Ka, Tlag, and F was estimated to be 0.728 mL/h, 15.8 mL, 0.373 mL/h, 6.99 mL, 0.0618 h(-1), 3.13 h, and 48.8%, respectively. A twofold increase in weight corresponded with a 170 and 238% increase in CL and Vc, respectively. In female rats, Vp was reduced by 11%, whereas F was increased by 15%. No effect of pregnancy status on any of the parameters could be identified. The interindividual variability in CL, Vc, Vp, Ka, and F was estimated at 10.7, 14.7, 16.6, 11.0, and 13.6%, respectively. Nonparametric bootstrap analysis confirmed the accuracy and the precision of the NONMEM parameter estimates. A population pharmacokinetic approach was used to integrate the knowledge gathered from several pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic studies in rats. The pharmacokinetics of PEG-EPO in the rat was successfully modeled using a two-compartmental model with a linear elimination from the central compartment and a first-order absorption process with lag time. Weight and sex, but not pregnancy status, were identified as covariates of interest during preclinical development. The population pharmacokinetic model developed will be further used for the purpose of interspecies scaling and PK/PD modeling.     

A three-step approach combining bayesian regression and NONMEM population analysis: Application to midazolam

NONMEM, the only available supported program for population pharmacokinetic analysis, does not provide the analyst with individual subject parameter estimates. As a result, the relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and demographic factors such as age, gender, and body weight cannot be sought by plotting demographic factors vs. kinetic parameters. To overcome this problem, we devised a three-step approach. In step 1, an initial NONMEM analysis provides the population pharmacokinetic parameters without taking into account the demographic factors. Step 2 consists of individual bayesian regressions using the measured drug concentrations for each subject and the population pharmacokinetic parameters obtained in step 1. The bayesian parameter estimates of the individual subject can be plotted against the demographic factors of interest. From the scatter plots, it can be seen which are the demographic factors that appear to affect the pharmacokinetic parameters. In step 3, the NONMEM analysis is resumed, and the demographic factors found in step 2 are entered into the NONMEM regression model in a stepwise manner. This method was used to analyze the pharmacokinetics of midazolam in 64 subjects from 714 plasma concentrations and 11 demographic factors. CL (elimination clearance) and V₁ were found to be a function of body weight. Age and liver disease were found to decrease CL. Of the 11 demographic factors recorded for each patient, none was found to influence V_ss or intercompartmental clearance.Supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Dr. Maitre) and the National Institute on Aging Grant R01-AG03104 (Dr. Stanski). Presented in abstract form at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nashville, TN, March 1989.     

Integration of efficacy, pharmacokinetic and safety assessment of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in a preclinical model of arthritis

Pharmacokinetic properties and safety profile of a drug are likely influenced by the disease state of a patient. In this study, we investigated the influence of arthritic processes on pharmacokinetics and immunotoxicity of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra) in the rat adjuvant arthritis model. Anakinra dose-dependently suppressed joint inflammation and degradation as demonstrated by reduced clinical arthritis score, paw thickness, synovial infiltration and bone degradation. In addition, plasma levels of chemokines MCP-1 and GRO/KC were reduced. Pharmacokinetic behaviour of Anakinra was influenced by disease state of the rats as judged from a decrease in C(max) and an increase of the MRT as the disease progressed at a dose of 24 and 72 mg Anakinra/kg body weight. The pharmacokinetic parameters increased dose-dependently, but non-proportionally with increasing dose. Low level anti-Anakinra antibody formation was observed at prolonged exposure to the biologic. Safety parameters, including haematology, splenic lymphocyte subset analysis, ex vivo stimulation of spleen cells and histopathology of immune system organs were affected by the disease itself to such extent that no additional effects of Anakinra could be observed. In conclusion, we demonstrated that pharmacokinetic behaviour of Anakinra was influenced by the arthritis background of the rats resulting in decreased internal exposure.     

健康志愿者二甲双胍缓释片群体药动学模型的初步研究

目的 建立中国健康志愿者服用二甲双胍缓释片的群体药动学(PPK)模型,并研究不同生理因素对二甲双胍药动学参数的影响。方法 20名中国健康受试者(男性11名、女性9名),单剂量给予二甲双胍缓释片 1 000 mg,收集受试者服药后0~24 h血样标本,建立液相色谱-质谱/质谱(LC-MS/MS)方法测定人血浆二甲双胍浓度,采用非线性混合效应模型(NONMEM)建立二甲双胍的群体药动学(PPK)模型,并探讨生理因素对二甲双胍药动学的影响。结果 二甲双胍药动学符合一房室模型,清除率(CL/F)、分布容积(Vd/F)和吸收速率常数K_a分别为(95.8±7.46) L/h、(553±45.9) L及(0.596±0.070)/h。引入体重作为CL/F及Vd/F的协变量,使模型显著改善(P<0.05)。结论 NONMEM法可以用于二甲双胍药动学研究,且体重对二甲双胍清除率存在显著影响。     

Population pharmacokinetic of nadroparin calcium (Fraxiparine) in children hospitalised for open heart surgery.

Administration of low molecular weight heparin following heart surgery in paediatric patients in order to prevent thromboembolic events results in a large variation in anti-Xa activities. A population study was undertaken to determine pharmacokinetic parameters after nadroparin calcium (Fraxiparine) administration and the effects of potential covariates; this study included 154 children divided into two groups: a model group (124 patients) and a validation group (30 patients). The 432 anti-Xa activities were analysed using NONMEM on the basis of a one-compartment model with three parameters: apparent clearance, apparent volume of distribution and absorption rate. The influence of body weight, age, sex and dose regimen (once or twice daily) were investigated. The best fit corresponds to the formula: apparent clearance (l/min)=0. 541 x weight1.51/(6.151.51 + weight1.51) and apparent volume (l)=0.355 x weight. The inter-individual variability (expressed in coefficient of variation) of these parameters are high, especially with regard to the apparent volume (92%), but no other available covariate was found to explain this variability.     

Indications for a ceftriaxone dosing regimen in Japanese paediatric patients using population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis and simulation

Objectives The objective of this study was to build a ceftriaxone population pharmacokinetic model for Japanese paediatric patients and to examine the dosing regimen of ceftriaxone based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis. Methods The population pharmacokinetic analysis using NONMEM was based on published serum concentrations of ceftriaxone. A Monte Carlo simulation was examined to evaluate the time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (TAM) in 20 and 60 mg/kg body weight dose regimen using the population pharmacokinetic parameters. Key findings The time course of the serum concentration of ceftriaxone in paediatric patients was fitted to a two‐compartment model and body weight was incorporated to pharmacokinetic parameters as the covariate. Based on the percent TAM estimated from the final population pharmacokinetic model and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ceftriaxone in 2004, we have predicted that the once daily administration of 20 mg/kg ceftriaxone would be effective on various infecting organisms. Conclusions A population pharmacokinetic model of ceftriaxone was built for Japanese paediatric patients based on the available data. The estimated PK/PD result confirmed the appropriateness of once daily dose of 20 mg/kg. In some patients for whom no efficacy was observed at 20 mg/kg, an increase to 60 mg/kg may be required.     

左旋多巴中国人群药动学模型的建立

目的:建立中国人群左旋多巴/苄丝肼复合制剂中左旋多巴的群体药动学模型。方法:前瞻性收集服用多巴丝肼片的帕金森病(PD)门诊患者稳态谷浓度97例102个血样和健康志愿者13例153个密集血样,高效液相色谱-电化学(HPLC-ECD)法测定左旋多巴(LD)血药浓度。应用NONMEM软件进行群体药动学数据分析,Bootstrap重复抽样用于模型的内部验证。另收集20例PD患者22个血样点作为验证组进行模型外部验证,计算最简模型和最终模型对验证组的平均预测误差(MPE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)对模型进行外部验证。结果:数据采用一房室模型拟合,年龄(AGE)对LD清除率有显著影响,性别(SEX)、体质量(WT)、给药剂量(TAMT)、合并用药不影响LD的药动学参数。LD的基础模型为:CL(CL/F)(L.h-1)=18.2×EXP[ETA(1)],V(V/F)(L)=48.4,ka(h-1)=2.13×EXP[ETA(2)];最终模型为:CL(CL/F)(L.h-1)=17.9×(55/AGE)0.59×(EXP[ETA(1)],V(V/F)(L)=47.5,ka(h-1)=2.14×EXP[ETA(2)]。CL、V、ka的群体典型值分别为17.9 L.h-1、47.5 L、2.14 h-1。Bootstrap重复抽样显示所建立的最终模型稳定、可靠,最终模型对验证组的MPE和MAE较最简模型有显著改善,显示模型有效,且有一定代表性。结论:根据患者的生理用药资料,结合上述模型,可估算个体药动学参数,为临床个体化给药提供参考。     

Detection of Carbamazepine-induced Changes in Valproic Acid Relative Clearance in Man by Simple Pharmacokinetic Screening

Selecting the optimum dose of valproic acid is difficult because the pharmacokinetics are complicated by inter-patient variability and by effects arising as a result of co-administration with other antiepileptic drugs. The multiple peak approach has been used to evaluate the effect of age, total body weight, dose, gender and co-medication (carbamazepine-induced change) on population estimates of valproic acid relative clearance. Routine clinical pharmacokinetic data (n = 479) were collected from 207 epilepsy patients on combination therapy. The data were analysed by a simple steady-state pharmacokinetic model with the use of NONMEM, a computer program designed for population pharmacokinetic analysis that enables pooling of data. NONMEM estimates suggested that the rate of valproic acid clearance in patients receiving concomitant administration of valproic acid and carbamazepine decreased non-linearly with increasing total body weight in the maturation process, and increased non-linearly with increasing valproic acid dose. The clearance in females was 5.7% less than in males. NONMEM estimates also suggested that the rate of valproic acid clearance increased non-linearly with increasing carbamazepine dose. Concomitant administration of valproic acid and carbamazepine with other antiepileptic drugs resulted in an increase in valproic acid clearance of 10%. The final regression model of valproic acid relative clearance was CL = 606TBW^0.168 ×DOSE^0.414 × CBZDOSE^0.095 × 0.943^GEN × 1.10^CO, where CL is the clearance (mL kg^? h^?), TBW is the total body weight (kg), DOSE is the dose of valproic acid, CBZDOSE is the dose of carbamazepine, GEN = 0 for males and 1 for females and CO = 0 for concomitant administration of valproic acid and carbamazepine and 1 for concomitant administration of valproic acid and carbamazepine with other antiepileptic drugs. This technique can be used to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of a population from sparse data collected during routine clinical care and to determine the extent to which patient characteristics influence drug pharmacokinetics.