有创与无创双水平气道正压通气序贯治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征

目的:探讨有创与无创双水平气道正压通气(bi-level positive airway pressure,BiPAP)序贯治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的疗效。方法:将重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)76例ARDS患者随机分为有创与无创BiPAP序贯治疗组(A组)38例和常规同步间歇指令通气(synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation,SIMV)组(B组)38例。所有患者均按ARDS常规治疗,尽早气管插管行SIMV,当"ARDS控制窗"出现时,A组拔除气管插管,改用鼻面罩无创BiPAP序贯治疗,B组继续SIMV治疗,以SIMV+压力支持通气(pressure support ventilation,PSV)模式撤机。结果:2组患者"ARDS控制窗"出现时间、生命体征的指标和动脉血气分析的指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);与B组比较,A组有创通气时间及总机械通气时间均减少,入住ICU时间缩短,呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)发生率、病死率均降低(P0.05)。结论:有创与无创BiPAP序贯治疗ARDS的疗效显著,可明显缩短机械通气时间,降低VAP发生率及病死率。     

序贯机械通气在重症急性胰腺炎所致ARDS中的应用研究

目的探讨无创-有创-无创序贯机械通气对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的疗效。方法选取SAP所致ARDS患者67例,根据机械通气方式不同将所有研究对象分为治疗组(采用无创-有创-无创序贯通气)与对照组(采用有创-无创序贯通气)。比较两组的有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、ICU住院时间。结果治疗组有创通气时间、VAP发生率、ICU住院时间均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论无创-有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗SAP所致ARDS较有创-无创序贯通气疗效更佳。     

无创-有创-无创序贯性机械通气在急性有机磷农药中毒并发呼吸肌麻痹中的应用价值

目的 观察序贯性机械通气在急性有机磷农药中毒(AOPP)并发呼吸肌麻痹(RMP)中的应用价值.方法 选择AOPP并发RMP 72例,随机分为序贯治疗组和对照组,每组36例,在内科综合治疗基础上,序贯治疗组依次选择BiPAP→A/C→SIMV或SIMV PSV→BiPAP或PSV PEEP通气模式,而对照组选择A/C→SIMV通气模式.结果 序贯治疗组有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、发生呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)、撤机失败、住院时间及病死率与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 AOPP并发RMP采用无创-有创-无创性序贯通气是治疗RMP行之有效的手段,能明显缩短有创通气时间,降低VAP发生率,减少撤机失败,缩短住院时间,降低病死率.     

降钙素原窗在AECOPD合并呼吸衰竭患者行有创-无创序贯通气中的应用

目的探讨"降钙素原窗(PCT窗)"在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)合并呼吸衰竭患者行有创-无创序贯通气切换点选取中的应用价值。方法选取AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭需有创通气治疗的患者48例,随机分为实验组25例,对照组23例。2组患者均插管有创机械通气,给予抗感染、糖皮质激素等综合治疗。出现PCT窗后,实验组及时拔管转为经口/鼻面罩行无创正压机械通气(NIPPV)。对照组以同步间歇强制通气(SIMV)+压力支持通气(PSV)模式逐步过渡到PSV模式继续有创通气。结果 2组患者病死率,脱机24 h后心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)及p H、动脉氧分压[p(O2)]、二氧化碳分压[p(CO2)],总通气时间、再插管次数及重症监护病房(ICU)留住时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。实验组有创通气时间及发生呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)例数显著少于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论以PCT窗作为AECOPD有创-无创序贯通气转换指标,可缩短有创通气时间、降低VAP发生率。     

危重肺心病救治时无创和有创通气相互转换时血气监测意义

目的探讨危重慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)救治时无创和有创正压通气相互转换时血气监测的意义.方法 入住ICU病房的危重COPD患者首先应用无创正压通气(NPPV),然后根据血气分析结果及病情情况,及时转换为有创正压通气(IPPV)为A组,维持NPPV治疗为B组.比较两组的病死率、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、机械通气时间及住ICU时间.结果 A组病死率为13.3%,B组病死率为100%,A组病死率明显低于B组(P＜0.05);A组VAP发生率较B组明显降低(P＜0.05);A组机械通气时间和住ICU时间较B组明显缩短(P＜0.05).结论对危重肺心病患者机械通气治疗期间,根据血气分析的结果及病情准确把握从无创到有创或有创到无创的转换时机,灵活选用NPPV和IPPV,可提高治疗效果,降低VAP发生率和病死率.     

有创-无创序贯通气治疗急性有机磷农药中毒致中间期肌无力综合征

[目的]探讨有创-无创序贯通气治疗急性有机磷农药中毒(AOPP)致中间期肌无力综合征(IMS)合并急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)的可行性及疗效.[方法]AOPP致IMS合并ARF有创机械通气的45例患者,出现IMS控制窗后,随机分为有创机械通气治疗组(简称有创组,20例) 和有创-无创序贯通气治疗组(简称序贯组,25例).记录序贯组患者改无创通气治疗前、后2 h、24 h动脉血气、心率(HR)、呼吸(RR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)值 ,并统计所有患者再次气管插管率、呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率及有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、住ICU时间及费用情况.[结果]序贯组患者改无创通气前、后2 h、24 h生命体征及动脉血气比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05);撤机后序贯治疗组在有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、住ICU 时间明显缩短(P＜0.05);住院费用明显下降(P＜0.05);呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生率序贯治疗组明显下降(P＜0.05);序贯治疗组重新气管插管率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).[结论]有创-无创序贯通气能有效治疗AOPP致IMS合并ARF,并较常规有创机械通气治疗减少再插管率、VAP发生率及机械通气时间及费用等,临床可积极尝试.     

序贯机械通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床效果观察与护理

目的:探讨序贯机械通气(MV)治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床效果与护理方法。方法:将我院ICU 2010年10月至2013年10月收治的61例ARDS患者随机分为序贯组(n=31)和对照组(n=30),序贯组使用有创-无创序贯MV,对照组常规有创MV。结果:序贯组拔管后改用无创MV24 h及48 h后与对照组比较无显著性差异(P0.05),有创通气时间、总通气时间、ICU驻留时间及呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生率有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:序贯MV治疗ARDS能有效减少有创通气时间、总通气时间、ICU驻留时间及VAP的发生率。     

有创与无创序贯性机械通气在急性有机磷农药中毒致呼吸肌麻痹中的应用研究

目的 探讨急性有机磷农药中毒(AOPP)致呼吸肌麻痹(RMP)治疗中机械通气(MV)的方法及疗效.方法 76例AOPP致RMP患者分为常规机械通气组(A组)40例和有创与无创序贯机械通气组(B组)36例.除突击量氯磷定治疗外,尽快建立通气道进行机械通气:A组按常规气管内插管机械通气,以同步间歇指令通气+压力支持通气(SIMV+PSV)方式,当呼吸恢复稳定4～6 h后脱机.B组先进行有创机械通气,当患者的自主呼吸能够触发呼吸机时即撤机拔管,进行无创双水平正压通气,以后渐减压力水平直至脱离呼吸机.结果 A组患者机械通气时间为(123.7±36.9)h,B组为(94.4±21.6)h,2组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);A组患者住院时间为(14.6±5.1)d,B组为(11.3±4.4)d,2组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);A组呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率为45.0%,明显高于B组的16.7%;A组存活率为90.0%,B组存活率为88.9%,2组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对于AOPP所致RMP进行有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗与常规机械通气比较,可以缩短机械通气时间,减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率,缩短住院时间.     

有创-无创序贯性机械通气抢救重症呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的 探讨有创与无创序贯机械通气抢救各种原因所致呼吸衰竭(呼衰)的临床效果及应用价值.方法 选择各种原因所致呼衰患者25例为序贯通气组,先经口气管插管正压通气,根据病情在3～7 d内拔除气管插管改为无创正压通气;选择同样病情的23例患者作为对照组,经口气管插管正压通气,以同步间歇指令通气+压力支持通气(SIMV+PSV)方式脱机.观察两组血气分析指标、机械通气时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、脱机成功率、住院病死率及住院费用.结果 序贯通气组有创通气时间、VAP发生率、病死率、住院总费用均明显低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01).序贯通气组中慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者有创通气时间明显少于其他患者,脱机成功率高于其他患者,而病死率及住院费用均明显低于其他患者(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 有创与无创序贯机械通气策略不仅可用于COPD,对重症肺炎等其他疾病所致呼衰可能也具有一定优势.     

有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗老年肺内源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征随机对照临床研究

目的 评价有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗老年肺内源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的疗效及可行性.方法 32例老年肺内源性ARDS患者被随机分为序贯治疗组及常规治疗对照组,每组16例.两组均建立人工气道,以辅助/控制模式+呼气末正压(PEEP)+间隙性控制性肺膨胀(SI)方式通气24 h,随病情改善改用同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)+压力支持通气(PSV)+PEEP的方式.待"ARDS控制窗"出现,序贯组改换为无创正压通气(NIPPV),以持续气道正压(CPAP)方式通气并逐渐脱离呼吸机;对照组以SIMV+PSV+PEEP常规方式脱机.动态观察两组患者的通气及氧合指标,记录有创和总机械通气时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生情况及住呼吸重症监护病房(RICU)的天数.结果 两组患者治疗前血气分析结果相仿(P均>0.05);序贯组有创通气时间[(4.6±1.0)d]、总机械通气时间[(12.7±4.0)d]、住RICU时间[(16±7)d]较对照组[分别为(21.9±9.0)d、(21.9±9.0)d、(29±13)d]明显缩短,VAP发生率[6.25%(1/16)]和病死率[25.00%(4/16)]也较对照组[分别为75.00%(12/16)、56.25%(9/16)]明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 对老年肺内源性ARDS插管机械通气以ARDS控制窗为时机及时改用无创通气可显著改善其疗效.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.