老年虐待的研究进展

结果表明HPV自检法的真实灵敏度和特异度分别为83.53%(95%CI：74.23～89.93)和85.86%(95%C1：84.23～87.36)。随机抽样结果显示，传统方法计算的灵敏度和特异度分别为90.48%(95%C1：80.74-95.56)和71.96%(95%C1：68.71～75.00)，采用逆概率权重法校正后的灵敏度和特异度分别为82，25%(95%CI：63。11-92.62)和85。80%(95%C1：85。09～86.47)；采用最大似然估计法校正后的灵敏度和特异度分别为80.13%(95%CI：66.81.93.46)和85.80%(95%CI：84.20～87.41)。表明在复杂抽样情况下，逆概率权重法能够有效校正存在证实偏倚的灵敏度和特异度     

中国3省18-60岁城乡居民身体活动水平定量评估

结果表明HPV自检法的真实灵敏度和特异度分别为83.53%(95%CI：74.23～89.93)和85.86%(95%C1：84.23～87.36)。随机抽样结果显示，传统方法计算的灵敏度和特异度分别为90.48%(95%C1：80.74-95.56)和71.96%(95%C1：68.71～75.00)，采用逆概率权重法校正后的灵敏度和特异度分别为82，25%(95%CI：63。11-92.62)和85。80%(95%C1：85。09～86.47)；采用最大似然估计法校正后的灵敏度和特异度分别为80.13%(95%CI：66.81.93.46)和85.80%(95%CI：84.20～87.41)。表明在复杂抽样情况下，逆概率权重法能够有效校正存在证实偏倚的灵敏度和特异度     

全球化与跨文化压力及其对健康的影响

结果表明HPV自检法的真实灵敏度和特异度分别为83.53%(95%CI：74.23～89.93)和85.86%(95%C1：84.23～87.36)。随机抽样结果显示,传统方法计算的灵敏度和特异度分别为90.48%(95%C1：80.74-95.56)和71.96%(95%C1：68.71～75.00),采用逆概率权重法校正后的灵敏度和特异度分别为82,25%(95%CI：63。11-92.62)和85。80%(95%C1：85。09～86.47);采用最大似然估计法校正后的灵敏度和特异度分别为80.13%(95%CI：66.81.93.46)和85.80%(95%CI：84.20～87.41)。表明在复杂抽样情况下,逆概率权重法能够有效校正存在证实偏倚的灵敏度和特异度     

逆概率权重法在诊断试验评价证实偏倚中的应用

如何估计和校正筛查或诊断试验中存在的证实偏倚，文中通过宫颈癌筛查实例，采用逆概率权重法R软件CompareTesl：s校诈其灵敏度和特异度，利用随机抽样方法生成新数据，将逆概率权重法计算的灵敏度和特异度，与传统计算方法以及最大似然估计方法计算得到的灵敏度和特异度进行比较。结果表明HPV自检法的真实灵敏度和特异度分别为83.53%(95%CI：74.23～89.93)和85.86%(95%C1：84.23～87.36)。随机抽样结果显示，传统方法计算的灵敏度和特异度分别为90.48%(95%C1：80.74-95.56)和71.96%(95%C1：68.71～75.00)，采用逆概率权重法校正后的灵敏度和特异度分别为82，25%(95%CI：63。11-92.62)和85。80%(95%C1：85。09～86.47)；采用最大似然估计法校正后的灵敏度和特异度分别为80.13%(95%CI：66.81.93.46)和85.80%(95%CI：84.20～87.41)。表明在复杂抽样情况下，逆概率权重法能够有效校正存在证实偏倚的灵敏度和特异度。     

血清皮质醇鉴别亚健康状态价值评价

目的评价血清皮质醇用于鉴别亚健康状态的价值。方法以首都医科大学附属宣武医院体检中心的体检人群作为研究对象,进行问卷调查,采集静脉血检测血清皮质醇和儿茶酚胺,以潜类别数为2拟合潜在分类模型,利用EM算法对潜类别概率和潜类别下各指标的条件概率进行估计,计算各指标的灵敏度与特异度并确定判断界值。结果模型的CAIC为67.02,AIC为28.14,这2个指标都比较小,说明模型拟合较好。3个评价指标中,血清皮质醇的诊断价值最高,灵敏度与特异度分别为0.778 1(95%:0.747 4~0.808 8)与0.964 4(95%CI:0.950 7~0.978 1),判定的界值为179 ng/m L。亚健康问卷的灵敏度与特异度分别为0.7363(95%CI:0.703 7~0.768 9)和0.701 7(95%CI:0.667 9~0.735 5),判定的界值为25分。血清儿茶酚胺灵敏度和特异度分别为0.602 5(95%CI:0.566 3~0.638 7)和0.522 3(95%CI:0.485 3~0.559 3)。结论血清皮质醇是用于判定亚健康状态的一个较好的指标,而亚健康调查问卷更适合用于亚健康人群的筛查。     

中国五城市流动育龄妇女人工流产风险因素研究

目的了解流动育龄妇女人工流产现状段危险周素,为有针对性的改善流动育龄妇女人工流产服务及利用提供借鉴。方法利用2005年中同5城市流动人口生殖健康调查数据,对4687例流动育龄妇女的人口学特征、外出工作生活特征和避孕情况进行描述分析,采用多因素logistic回归模型分析人口学特征、外出工作生活特征和避孕情况与流动育龄妇女人工流产风险暴露的关联。结果<30岁和30～39岁年龄组人工流产发生风险分别是40,49岁组的2.2I倍(95CI：1.47—3J34)和2.38倍(95%CI,：1.53—3.70);受教育程度越高,其发生人工流产的风险越高,小学、初中、高中/中专及以上的流动育龄妇女发生人工流产的风险分别是未上学者的2.15倍(95%CI：1.15—4.03)、2.47倍(95%CI：1.33—4.57)、2.6I倍(95%CI：1.34—5.11)。流入地打工年数在2—4年及≥5年组人工流产发生风险分别是<2年组的2.62倍(95%C!：1,83.3.76)和7.78倍(95%CI：5.63,10.75)：流动育龄妇女与配偶共同居住的人工流产风险是不与配偶共同居住者的1.49倍(95qoCI：1.05～2.11);从事家政保洁业.餐饮娱乐业和批发零售业者人工流产风险分别是从事办公室文员的5.82倍(95%C,：1.73一t9 59)、5.07倍(95%Ch l 59—16.ts)和4.37倍(95%d：1.37-13.92)。结论流动育龄妇女的人口学特征、外出工作生活特征等均可增加人工流产风险,血有针对性开展对流动育龄妇女健康教育。     

开滦集团职工糖尿病人群代谢综合征患病率调查

目的调查糖尿病人群的MS患病率。方法以2006年7月至2007年10月参加体检的开滦集团职工中的9275例糖尿病人群(FPG>一7，0mmol／L或<7.0mmollL及已确诊为糖尿病或正在使用降糖治疗)为研究对象。采用中国高血压防治指南2010修订版中定义的MS诊断标准，按照年龄、性别分层，分析该人群中MS的患病情况，用多因素logistic回归分析MS的影响因素。结果9 275例糖尿病人群中6 105例患有MS，患病率为65.8%，其中女性为70.O%，男性为64.9%。青年、中年、老年组MS患病率59.7%、66.O%、68.8%。各年龄组男性患病率分别为61.4%、64.9%、67.o%，女性患病率分别为50.3%70.7%、78.8%，不同年龄组患病率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。青年组MS患病人群中，女性以WC异常率最高，为100.0%，男性以血脂异常率最高，为86。3%。在中老年MS患病人群中，无论男性、女性均以血压异常率最高，达96，0%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，青年组人群中，吸烟增加MS发生风险(OR-----1.89，95%C／：1.09～3.28)，中老年人群中，男性发生MS的风险较低(OR=O.77，95%CI：0.67～0.89；OR=O.48，95%CI：O，35～o，66)。结论糖尿病人群中女性MS患病率高于男性；MS的患病率随年龄增长呈升高趋势；吸烟可能增加MS患病风险。     

乳腺X线摄影技术应用于人群筛查准确性的Meta分析

目的 对全球X线摄影技术运用于乳腺癌筛查的准确性研究进行Meta分析。方法 在Medline、Embase、Cochrane和中国学术期刊网全文数据库（CNKI）文献库中，通过疾病名称、筛查干预、结果指标等关键词整合进行检索。截至2015年6月4日，共检索获得1 167篇文献。根据纳入和排除标准筛选，主要摘录筛查试验中的真阳性、假阳性、假阴性、真阴性的“四格表”数据。采用QUADAS量表进行文献质量评价。利用综合受试者工作特征（SROC）分析方法判断研究间的阈值效应并计算曲线下面积（AUC），采用双变量混合效应模型对X线摄影技术在所有人群和乳腺致密的亚组人群中筛查的灵敏度及特异度进行Meta分析；对样本量大于10万的亚组进行敏感性分析。利用Q检验和I2统计量分析文献异质性，以漏斗图和线性回归方法检验发表偏倚。结果 最终纳入文献48篇（欧洲地区及美国38篇、亚洲地区8篇、大洋洲地区2篇），总样本量为8 551 873例，筛查开展时间为1975-2013年，对象起止筛查年龄大部分在40～75岁。分析得出，X线摄影技术用于乳腺癌筛查的AUC为0.95（95% CI：0.93～0.97），总体灵敏度为0.81（95% CI：0.77～0.84），总体特异度为0.96（95% CI：0.94～0.96），敏感性分析提示该结果稳定。其中对乳腺致密人群的亚组分析显示，X线摄影技术的合并灵敏度和特异度分别为0.74（95% CI：0.61～0.83）和0.93（95% CI：0.89～0.96）。漏斗图和线性回归结果显示纳入研究不存在发表偏倚。结论 X线摄影作为乳腺癌筛查技术具有较高灵敏度和特异度，但对乳腺致密女性的筛查准确性降低。     

青岛地区成年人体重变化和糖尿病发病率相关性研究

目的 评估青岛地区糖尿病发病率, 以及体重变化等危险因素对糖尿病发病的影响。方法 研究对象源自2006 年建立的青岛地区35～74 岁成年人糖尿病前瞻性队列。共有1 294 名基线未诊断糖尿病者参加2009－2011 年的随访调查。糖尿病诊断依据WHO/国际糖尿病联盟2006 年标准。运用多因素logistic backward 回归分析, 评估危险因素对糖尿病发病率的影响。结果 经过4 年随访调查, 有120 名新发糖尿病病例, 累积糖尿病患病率为11.8%。与正常人群相比, 新确诊糖尿病患者年龄较大, 年龄校正的BMI、WC、SBP和TC明显增加（P＜0.05）。年龄、居住农村、基线体重和体重变化是糖尿病发病的独立危险因素。多因素logistic 回归调整的糖尿病发病风险比（RR值）分别为1.45（95%CI：1.13～1.87）、1.93（95%CI：1.12～3.34）、1.46（95%CI：1.05～2.03）和1.49（95%CI：1.18～1.88）。与体重稳定的者相比, 体重减少＞5%和BMI＜28 kg/m²的人群, 糖尿病发病降低67%（RR＝0.33, 95%CI：0.11～0.97）；但BMI＞28 kg/m² 者中增加了糖尿病发病危险, 并随体重变化而不同（P＜0.01）。基线调查时WC和体重增加者也表现出相同的变化趋势。结论 进一步证实肥胖在糖尿病发展中的作用, 基线时的BMI和体重增加是预测糖尿病发病的独立危险因素。     

中国成年人红肉摄人量对体重指数、体重及超重危险性影响的多水平纵向研究

目的分析中国成年人红肉摄入量对BMI、体重及超重危险的影响。方法利用开放式队列研究“中国健康与营养调查”在1991--2009年问至少参加过-轮调查的18 006名成年人(其中男性占47.5%), 应用三水平(社区-个人-调查时间)混合效应模型分析红肉摄入量对BMI、体重变化和超重(BMI≥24kg/m2)危险的影响。采用连续3天24小时膳食回顾方法评价成年人平均每日红肉摄入量。结果中国成年人高红肉摄入量-般是年轻、收入水平和受教育程度高、体力活动水平低、总能量摄人高及有吸烟和饮酒习惯者。三水平混合效应线性模型显示成年人红肉摄入量与BMI、体重的变化呈正相关。在调整其他因素(年龄、收入水平、受教育程度、吸烟、饮酒、体力活动水平、城市化程度和总能量摄入水平)后, 与不进食红肉男女性相比, 红肉摄入水平最高组的男性BMI值分别增加了0.17 kg/m2(95%C1：0.08-0.26, P<0.0001)和0.12 kg/m2(95%CI：O.02～0.22, P<0.05), 体重分别增加了5969(95%CI：329。864, P<0.0001)和4009(95%CI:164～636, P<0.0001)。进-步调整基线BMI值后, 三水平logistic模型显示, 与不进食红肉的成年人相比, 最高红肉摄入水平的男女性发生超重的相对危险分别是1.21(95%CI：1.01～1.46, P<0.05)和1.18(95%CI:1.01～1.37, P结论较高的红肉摄人量可增加BMI和体重, 并增加发生超重的危险。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.