武汉市1498名孕产妇艾滋病母婴传播知识调查结果分析

近年来,中国艾滋病流行正处于快速增长期,艾滋病流行已从高危人群转向普通人群[1],感染者中妇女和儿童的比例逐渐增大[2],随着育龄妇女感染艾滋病病毒人数的增加,通过母婴传播导致婴儿感染艾滋病的人数必然会快速增加,据报道,母婴传播已成为15岁以下儿童感染艾滋病的最主要途径[3].     

大学生艾滋病宣传教育存在的问题与教育模式探索

据联合国艾滋病规划署(UNAIDS)报道,截至2007年12月,全球AIDS/HIV感染者为3 300万,其中15～49岁感染者为3 080万[1].至2007年10月,我国艾滋感染者总人数约223 501例,其中艾滋病人约62 838例,因艾滋病死亡人数约22 205例,20～39岁HIV感染者占70.0%[2].因此,大学生艾滋病宣传教育迫在眉睫.     

艾滋病检测策略的变化

据世界卫生组织(WHO)和联合国艾滋病规划署(UNAIDS)估计,截止2007年12月,全球估计艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者和艾滋病(AIDS)病人存活人数达3320万(3060万～3610万);2007年新感染的HIV感染者为250万(180万～410万).在美国大约有25万HIV感染者并不清楚自己的感染状态[1].     

流动人口艾滋病感染状况及其控制

我国自1985年发现第一例艾滋病患者以来,经历了传人期、局部流行期,现在已经进入了快速增长期[1].<中国艾滋病防治联合评估报告(2007年)>中披露,截止到2007年10月底,全国已累计报告感染者22.35万人,死亡人数为2万余例.艾滋病已经成为影响我国人民身体健康的重要疾病之一.我国人口众多,经济发展不平衡,如果艾滋病控制不力,艾滋病的流行将成为国家性灾难[2].近年来流动人口中艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者人数不断增多,已对全人群艾滋病防治构成严重威胁.     

宝鸡市2007-2016年学生艾滋病疫情特征分析

艾滋病是严重危害人类健康的传染病之一,也是目前全球青少年的第二大死亡原因.全球估计约有3 860万名艾滋病病毒感染者,其中50%以上是15~24岁青少年,15岁以下的儿童230万,每天有6 000名15~24岁的青少年感染HIV,青少年正成为受艾滋病危害最严重的群体之一[1].2015年1-10月全国共报告2 662例学生艾滋病感染者和病人,比2014年同期增长27.8%,学生群体中近年出现的艾滋病感染者人数上升,主要是由男男同性性行为引起的[2-3].本研究通过分析陕西省宝鸡市2007年1月至2016年3月间学生病例卡片核心信息,了解该市学生艾滋病病例感染分布状况,为今后有针对性的对校园男男同性恋者开展宣教干预提供依据.     

艾滋病网络快讯

截止2003年12月,联合国艾滋病规划署估计: 全球HIV感染者和艾滋病患者生存人数共4000万(3400～4600万),其中成人3700万(3100～4300万);儿童250万(210～290万)。 2003年新感染HIV人数共500万(420～580万),其中成人420万(360～480万);儿童70万(59～81万)。 2003年HIV感染者和艾滋病患者死亡人数共300万(250万～350万)。     

福建省艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者死亡病例分析

<正>艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染的、危害性极大的传染病。近年来,在法定传染病死亡病例中,艾滋病的死亡人数一直高居前列[1]。2011年中国艾滋病疫情估计的结果显示,估计当年艾滋病相关死亡人数2.8万人,艾滋病病例报告数据显示,我国每年新发现的AIDS患者以及由HIV感染者转化为AIDS患者的人数均呈现上升趋势,每年报告的HIV感染者和AIDS患者死亡人数也逐年上升[1]。福建省1987年报告第一     

全球艾滋病流行现状

根据世界卫生组织和联合国艾滋病规划署统计,截止到2000年底,全球仍存活的成人和儿童艾滋病病人和HIV感染者共计3610万。2000年新感染人数530万(包括60万例15岁以下儿童)。男性与女性感染比例基本相等。男性15～49岁艾滋病病人和HIV感染者人数为1820万。     

潜江市男男性行为人群艾滋病知晓率及高危性行为调查分析

男男性行为人群(MSM)是感染和传播艾滋病的重点人群[1].2007年底卫生部、联合国艾滋病署和世界卫生组织联合对中国艾滋病疫情进行评估表明,2007年5万新发感染者中,男男性传播占12.2％[ 2].2008年潜江市在常规监测中首次确认男男同性恋者感染艾滋病,近年来逐步深入监测发现男男同性恋艾滋病感染人数快速增长.     

绍兴市涉外中专学生AIDS知识水平分析

据世界卫生组织统计,全球有HIV感染者和艾滋病的人数,成人2100万(其中男性1220万,女性880万),儿童80万,总计2180万人.东南亚国家艾滋病感染人数正呈几何级数上升.预防艾滋病已成     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.