前路减压植骨钢板内固定治疗脊髓型颈椎病（32例报告）

[目的]分析经前路减压椎间植骨融合结合钢板内固定治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效.[方法]2002年2月～2008年4月,本院对32例脊髓型颈椎病患者行颈前路减压椎间植骨融合钢板内固定术.术后对临床结果进行JOA 评分;观察并发症情况;1、2、3、6、9、12个月摄片,观察植骨融合效果.[结果]32例获得6～24个月(平均15个月)的随访.JOA评分,术后症状明显缓解和消失,由术前7～10分(平均8.6分)恢复至术后12～14分(平均12.8分);平均植骨融合时间12周,植骨融合率100 %;1例术后3 h颈部血肿形成,切开引流后,症状缓解;1例术后1个月螺钉松动,延长颈围外固定时间至术后6个月,固定节段融合.[结论]颈前路减压椎间植骨融合结合钢板内固定治疗脊髓型颈椎病疗效确切,可以有效解除脊髓前方所受的压迫;显著提高植骨融合率,临床疗效满意.     

脊髓型颈椎病前路减压内固定价值

目的：评价脊髓型颈椎病前路减压后应用内固定的价值。方法：对112例脊髓型颈椎病患者采用经前路减压、自体髂骨或钛质网笼植骨及AO颈椎带锁钢板内固定,获得随访104例,平均随访时间30个月,观察植骨融合率、融合节段间高度和颈椎生理曲度维持情况以及内植物并发症,并对神经功能恢复进行评价。 结果：94例单节段和两节段病变者术后3个月内获得牢固骨性融合,融合率为100％,10例三节段手术者融合率为80％,内植物并发症为2．9％（3／104）。全部病例术后椎间高度和生理曲度维持满意,JOA评分由术前平均10．3分提高到术后平均14．8分,平均改善率为67．2％。结论：脊髓型颈椎病前路手术后采用内固定可显著提高植骨融合率,并有效地维持椎间高度和颈椎生理曲度,有广泛的应用价值。     

ORION颈椎前路钢板在脊髓型颈椎病中的应用

目的：研究颈前路开槽式减压、自体髂骨移植及 Ｏ Ｒ Ｉ Ｏ Ｎ 颈椎前路钢板固定治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效。方法：对１６ 例脊髓型颈椎病患者采用经颈前路开槽式减压、自体髂骨移植及 Ｏ Ｒ Ｉ Ｏ Ｎ 颈椎前路钢板固定,术后行 Ｘ线检查,所有病例均获得随访。结果：全部病例神经系统症状均有不同程度的改善,术后３ 个月获得骨性融合,无１ 例发生钢板断裂或螺钉松动、滑脱。结论：脊髓型颈椎病经减压及植骨后辅以钢板内固定将使融合节段更加稳定,更有助于植骨节段的融合, Ｏ Ｒ Ｉ Ｏ Ｎ 颈前路钢板具备高度的内在稳定性,并有操作简便、安全、并发症少、生物相容性良好和不含磁性等优点,有助于脊髓型颈椎病的治疗。     

前路手术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效分析

目的总结颈椎前路减压，自体髂骨植骨或加钢板内固定治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床效果。方法对28例前路颈椎手术患者进行分析，19例患者常规颈椎前路减压植骨融合手术，9例加用钢板内固定，所有病例术后都行X线检查，21例进行3～12个月随访(平均6个月)。结果术后症状有明显缓减，脊髓功能明显恢复者占76．19％，术后6个月植骨融合率达到100％，无钢板断裂或螺钉松动、滑脱。结论前路减压植骨或钢板内固定是治疗脊髓型颈椎病满意而有效的治疗方法。     

颈前路显微外科手术治疗脊髓型颈椎病

[目的]探讨前路显微外科减压椎体融合钢板固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病。[方法]对61例病人实施颈椎间盘、后纵韧带及椎体后骨赘显微手术切除,保留终板,椎间融合器椎体融合,钢板固定手术。术后平均随访18.2个月。分析融合情况、融合节段的后突角度及神经功能状况。[结果]融合率100%。术后神经功能改善率(82.5±3.6)%,优良率73.7%。融合节段后突角度平均改善6.3°,有统计学意义(P<0.01)。[结论]颈前入路显微外科手术治疗1~2个节段椎间盘突出和(或)退行性骨赘引起的脊髓型颈椎病安全可行,近期疗效满意。保留终板的椎间融合器椎体融合加钢板固定手术能恢复和维持颈椎生理曲度,促进融合。     

颈前路减压植骨融合钢板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病

目的 探讨颈前路减压自体髂骨植骨融合钢板内同定术在治疗脊髓型颈椎病中的应用价值.方法 75例脊髓型颈椎病患者,病变累及1个节段23例,2个节段46例,3个节段6例.经颈前路减压,单间隙为开窗式,余为开槽式.加自体髂骨植骨,加带锁钢板内固定.结果 平均随访12个月,植骨于术后4～5月完全骨性融合.术后恢复之椎间高度未发生丢失现象,颈椎生理曲度维持良好.无脊髓、血管损伤,无钢板、螺钉折断、滑脱等并发症,但有4例术后长期存在吞咽时异物感,有1例进食时有明显梗阻感.JOA评分由平均术前8.1分上升至术后14.1分.手术优良率夏为83.3%.结论 颈前路减压植骨融合钢板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病疗效可靠,宜使用低切迹颈前路钢板内固定. 个节段23例,2个节段46例,3个节段6例.经颈前路减压,单间隙为开窗式,余为开槽式.加自体髂骨植骨,加带锁钢板内固定.结果 平均随访12个月,植骨于术后4～5月完全骨性融合.术后恢复之椎问高度未发生丢失现象,颈椎生理曲度维持良好.无脊髓、血管损伤,无钢板、螺钉折断、滑脱等并发症,但有4例术后长期存在吞咽时异物感,有1例进食时有明显梗阻感.JOA评分由平均术前8.1分上升至术后14.1分. 术优良率夏为83.3%.结论 颈前路减压植骨融合钢板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病疗效可靠,宜使用低切迹颈前路钢板内固定. 个     

颈椎前路钢板在脊髓型颈椎病前路手术中的作用

目的 评价内固定在脊髓型颈椎病前路减压中的作用。方法 143例脊髓型颈椎病患者经前路减压后自体髂骨植骨，带锁钢板内固定。获得随访病例132例，随访时间平均20个月，观察术后神经功能恢复情况，植骨融合率，椎间高度及颈椎生理曲度恢复情况。结果 单节段与两节段病变者术后3月均获得骨性愈合，融合率为100％，16例3节段病变者融合体为81．3％，内固定并发症为5／132(3．8％)。术后椎间高度与生理曲度均获得满意重建。JOA记分平均改善率65．8％。结论 在脊髓型颈椎病前路减压手术中应用带锁钢板内固定可有效维持椎间高度和生理曲度，并有助于后路间接减压。     

颈椎前路手术治疗脊髓型颈椎病疗效分析

目的分析经前路减压椎间植骨融合结合钢板内固定治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效。方法对35例脊髓型颈椎病行颈前路减压椎间植骨融合钢板内固定术。结果 35例均获得随访,随访时间8～60个月,平均18.5个月。JOA评分由术前7～10分(平均8.2分)恢复至术后12～15分(平均13.7分),疗效显著(P0.05),植骨在12～16周内获得骨性融合。结论颈前路减压椎间植骨融合结合钢板内固定治疗脊髓型颈椎病疗效确切,可以有效解除脊髓前方所受的压迫、显著提高植骨融合率,临床疗效满意。     

前路手术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的分析

目的评价颈前路手术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的术后疗效及并发症。方法33例患者中,14例行多节段椎间盘摘除、植骨前路钢板固定;19例行椎体次全切除长条植骨前路钢板内固定。结果术后平均随访19个月。33例术前JOA评分2~14(8·88±0·64)分,术后最终随访时8~16(14·10±0·39)分,差异有显著性(P<0·01)。优良21例,好转11例,加重1例。术后改善率10%~93%,平均61%。结论对于多节段脊髓型颈椎病不伴有连续性后纵韧带骨化的患者,前路减压植骨融合内固定有显著疗效。     

Orion颈椎接骨板在颈前路减压植骨融合术中的应用

目的 应用Orion颈椎接骨板防止颈前路减压植骨术后植骨块脱落及增强植骨块的稳定性。方法 分析29例脊髓型颈椎病患者行颈前路减压植骨融合Orion颈椎前路接骨板系统内固定术后的临床疗效及X线检查结果。结果 随访3～48个月，平均随访13个月。所有病例在术后3～4个月椎体间植骨融合全部达骨性愈合，未见螺钉松动及钢板断裂等并发症。JOA评分由术前平均6．8分恢复至术后平均15．3分。结论 Orion颈前路钢板系统具有操作简便、安全、并发症少、内固定牢靠等优点，是一种理想的颈前路内固定方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.