吸烟行为对男性慢性精神分裂症患者临床结局的影响分析

目的探讨吸烟行为对男性慢性精神分裂症患者的临床结局的影响。方法选取在我院接受长期住院治疗的男性慢性精神分裂症患者95例,根据患者是否吸烟,将这95例患者分为吸烟组(n=65)和非吸烟组(n=30)。使用住院护士观察量表(NOSIE)评价患者的精神状况和日常状况,采用连续作业测验(CPT)对患者进行测试,评价两组患者的认知功能。采用阳性和阴性症状量表评价两组患者的精神症状。结果 NOSIE量表结果显示,吸烟组患者的社会能力、社会兴趣、总积极因子和总分显著高于对照组(P0.05),吸烟组患者的精神病因子、迟缓因子、总消极因子显著低于非吸烟组患者(P0.05),根据尼古丁依赖系数,进一步将吸烟组患者分为重度尼古丁依赖组和轻度尼古丁依赖组,CPT测验结果表明,重度尼古丁依赖组患者的CPT正确反应数显著高于轻度尼古丁依赖组和非吸烟组(P0.05),而轻度尼古丁依赖组和非吸烟组患者的CPT正确反应系数差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。吸烟组患者的PANSS总分和阴性症状量表评分显著低于非吸烟组患者(P0.05)。吸烟组患者绝望情绪得分低于非吸烟组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论吸烟是一种会给人体健康带来多种危害的行为,但是对慢性精神分裂症患者的认知功能和精神分裂症状可能具有一定的改善作用。     

首发吸烟精神分裂症患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶、认知功能及临床特征研究

目的 研究首发吸烟精神分裂症患者的血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平、认知功能及临床特征,探索吸烟与精神分裂症的关系.方法 调查70例首发的男性精神分裂症患者的吸烟状况和临床资料,Fagerstrom尼古丁依赖量表(FTND)评定吸烟患者尼古丁依赖程度,词汇流畅、视觉再生、数字广度、连线试验A和B、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)5项神经心理测验评测认知功能,化学发光法检测血清NSE水平.结果 ①首发男性精神分裂症患者吸烟率为57.14%(40/70),75%(30/40)吸烟患者在起病前已吸烟,吸烟患者的发病年龄(24.87±6.45)岁低于非吸烟患者(30.86±7.39)岁(t=3.54,P<0.01);②吸烟与非吸烟患者各认知功能比较无差异;③吸烟患者的血清NSE水平(17.57±8.70)ng/ml高于非吸烟患者(12.68±4.21)ng/ml(t=2.83,P<0.01),并与FTND分呈正相关(r=0.39,P=0.011).结论 吸烟可能是精神分裂症的环境易感因素之一.     

男性慢性精神分裂症患者吸烟与精神病理症状关系的研究

目的 探讨吸烟是否可以减少抗精神病药物的副作用,缓解精神分裂症的阴性症状.方法 共纳入376例男性慢性精神分裂症患者,其中吸烟者和非吸烟者各188例,使用Fagerstrom尼古丁依赖量表(FTND)检查尼古丁依赖严重程度.采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS),锥体外系副作用量表和异常不自主运动量表(AIMS)评定患者的精神症状和不良反应.结果 男性慢性精神分裂症吸烟患者PANSS的阴性症状分和帕金森症状分比不吸烟患者显著减少(P=0.008;P=0.02),而吸烟和非吸烟者在PANSS的阳性症状分、一般精神病理症状分和总分以及异常不自主运动量表(AIMS)均无显著性差异(所有P>0.05).结论 吸烟能显著改善慢性精神分裂症的阴性症状,并减轻药物所致的锥体外系副作用,结果支持吸烟是精神分裂症"自我治疗假说".     

吸烟的首发精神分裂症患者脑源性神经营养因子与精神症状认知功能关系的对照研究

目的探讨吸烟与非吸烟首发精神分裂症患者临床症状、认知功能与BDNF的相关性。方法符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第四版(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的首发精神分裂症住院患者81例,其中吸烟27例,非吸烟54例。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、威斯康星卡片分类(WCST)、重复性神经心理测查系统(RBANS)评估精神症状和认知功能,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清BDNF水平。结果吸烟组PANSS总分、阴性症状分、一般精神病理症状分均高于非吸烟组(t=2.5,2.0,2.0,P均0.05),吸烟组的正确应答数显著高于非吸烟组,吸烟组错误应答数显著低于非吸烟组(t=2.02,-2.26,P均0.05)。吸烟组患者血清BDNF水平为(8.8±4.6)μg/L,非吸烟组为(9.2±4.3)μg/L,两组比较差异不显著,无统计学意义(t=0.38,υ=83,P0.05);吸烟患者BDNF与患者总病程、PANSS总分、一般精神病理症状分呈显著正相关(r=0.66,0.54,0.54,P均0.05);与RBANS词汇回忆、故事回忆、图形回忆、编码测验分值、延时记忆因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.48,-0.45,-0.45,-0.53,P均≤0.05);非吸烟患者BDNF与PANSS中阳性症状分呈显著正相关(r=0.27,P0.05)。结论吸烟精神分裂症患者BDNF水平与精神症状可能存在相关性。     

不同性别慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能损害的比较

目的:探讨慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能损害的性别差异。方法:选择符合《美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准的慢性精神分裂症住院患者75例,其中男性组31例,女性组44例。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者临床症状;重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)检测患者认知功能。结果:控制年龄因素后,经协方差分析发现慢性精神分裂症患者RBANS总分两组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);女性组在视觉空间(F=13.32)、故事复述(F=7.40)、图画命名(F=8.14)、图形临摹(F=5.61)、线条定位(F=15.62)、数字广度测验(F=10.97)上得分比男性组低,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01)。相关分析发现RBANS总分与性别(r=0.27)、受教育年限(r=0.24)呈正相关(P均0.05);与年龄(r=-0.26)、病程(r=-0.24)、阴性症状(r=-0.42)、一般精神病理症状(r=-0.24)和PANSS总分(r=-0.40)呈负相关(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:慢性精神分裂症患者中女性认知功能受损较男性更为明显。     

利培酮合并赛来昔布治疗对精神分裂症首次发病患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨利培酮合并赛来昔布对精神分裂症首发患者认知功能的影响.方法 符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版诊断标准的精神分裂症首次发病(以下简称首发)住院患者90例,随机分到利培酮+赛来昔布组(研究组,46例)或利培酮+空白剂组(对照组,44例),观察治疗时间均为12周.认知功能评定使用阳性和阴性症状量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表、威斯康星卡片分类(WCST)、重复性神经心理测查系统(RBANS).结果 治疗第12周末,研究组PANSS总分及分量表分低于对照组(P均＜0.05);研究组HAMD评分低于对照组;两组患者RBANS测验总分及部分分量表评分均较基线明显提高,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);WCST部分因子分均较基线有明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);两组间各量表评分的差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).研究组男性患者的延时记忆量表分明显高于女性患者,差异有统计学意义(F=4.8;υ=1.0,38;P=0.03),且临床症状的改善与认知功能的提高存在显著相关性(P＜0.05).结论 利培酮具有改善首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的作用;赛来昔布对男性患者的延时记忆有改善作用.     

精神分裂症超高危人群及首次发病患者的认知功能研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症超高危人群及首次发病患者认知功能损害特点。方法:运用精神分裂症认知功能成套测验-共识版(MCCB)和Stroop色词测验对精神分裂症超高危者(超危组)、首次发病患者(首发组)及正常对照者(正常组)进行认知功能评定,每组各20例。结果:3组间连线测试和霍普金斯词语学习测验修订版(HVLT-R)成绩差异无统计学意义;符号编码、简易视觉记忆测验-修订版(BVMT-R)、持续操作测验(CPT)成绩各组间差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);超危组成绩介于首发组与正常组。结论:精神分裂症患者发病前已出现认知功能损害,并可能随疾病发作进一步加重。     

首发精神分裂症与双相障碍及抑郁障碍认知功能比较

目的探讨首发精神分裂症、双相障碍及抑郁障碍患者认知功能差异。方法纳入首发精神分裂症患者61例,双相障碍患者57例,抑郁障碍患者48例,另设正常对照59名。所有研究对象采用重复性神经心理测查系统(Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status,RBANS)评估认知功能,首发精神分裂症组采用阳性和阴性症状量表(positive and negative syndrome scale,PANSS)评定精神病性症状,双相障碍组、抑郁障碍组采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)评估抑郁和焦虑症状,贝克—拉范森躁狂(Bech-Rafaelsen mania scale,BRMS)量表评估躁狂症状。结果 4组对象的RBANS总分(F=5.18,P0.01)、即刻记忆(F=4.09,P0.01)、言语功能(F=9.53,P0.01)、注意(F=3.87,P=0.01)、延时记忆(F=9.86,P0.01)因子得分差异具有统计学意义,其中首发精神分裂症、双相障碍组RBANS总分低于对照组(P0.01),首发精神分裂症、双相障碍、抑郁障碍组即刻记忆、言语功能、延时记忆得分低于对照组(P0.05),双相障碍组言语功能得分低于首发精神分裂症组(P0.01),首发精神分裂症组注意得分低于抑郁障碍及对照组(P0.01)。结论首发精神分裂症、双相障碍、抑郁障碍患者均存在认知功能损伤,首发精神分裂症认知功能缺陷重于抑郁障碍,轻于双相障碍。     

吸烟对于精神分裂症患者一级亲属认知功能的影响

目的探讨精神分裂症患者一级亲属吸烟行为对其认知功能及精神症状的影响。方法将符合条件的123例精神分裂症患者一级亲属,分为吸烟组和非吸烟组,使用认知评定量表评估吸烟者的认知功能,使用精神病风险症状量表(SOPS)、阳性和阴性综合征量表(PANSS)、蒙哥马利抑郁量表(MADRS)、功能大体评定量表(GAF)评估总体的精神症状。结果非吸烟组的符号编码、简易视觉记忆测验-修订版(BVMT-R)、STROOP-单词评分明显高于吸烟组(P0.01);连续作业实验(CPT)正确反应数-2D、3D、4D,以及CPT平均反应时-2D、3D、4D的评分非吸烟组明显好于吸烟组(P0.05或P0.01)。SOPS阴性因子分吸烟组较非吸烟组低(P0.05);除了PANSS阳性分数以外,PANSS阴性分、PANSS一般病理分、PANSS总分吸烟组较非吸烟组低(P0.01或P0.05);蒙哥马利抑郁量表非吸烟组较吸烟组的评分高(P0.05);GAF量表评分显示吸烟组的大体功能评分较非吸烟组的大体功能评分高,功能好(P0.05)。结论吸烟对于精神分裂症患者一级亲属的认知功能是有害的。     

伴发脂代谢异常的男性精神分裂症患者认知功能研究

目的探讨合并脂代谢异常的慢性男性精神分裂症患者认知功能缺损特征。方法对48例伴有脂代谢异常（合并组）及41例无脂代谢异常（单纯组）的持续服用氯氮平超过2年的慢性住院精神分裂症患者进行阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、重复性成套神经心理状态测验（RBANS）及不良反应量表（TESS）评定,以了解其认知功能缺损情况。结果（1）两组之间PANss总分、各因子分及TESS总分均差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;（2）伴有脂代谢异常患者组在RBANS测验中,视觉空间因子分低于单纯组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论伴有脂代谢异常慢性精神分裂症患者存在更严重的认知功能损害,其以视觉空间记忆损害更明显。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.