Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations |
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| Authors: | Berkan Guleyupoglu Pedro Schestatsky Dylan Edwards Felipe Fregni Marom Bikson |
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| Institution: | 1. Neural Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA;2. Department of Internal Medicine, Universida de Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, CAPES, Brazil;3. Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;4. Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;5. Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA;6. Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA;g Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute and the Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES. |
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| Keywords: | Electrosleep Electroanesthesia Electronarcosis TCES CET CES TCET EA ES EN tDCS HD-tDCS tES ECT FEAST NET tPCS Electrostimulation tRNS Limoge Interferential Stimulation tACS Historical Dosage Contemporary Electrotherapy Cranial Transcerebral Transcutaneous History Direct Alternating Pulsed |
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