多靶点毁损治疗老年期痴呆合并精神障碍患者的疗效分析

目的 探讨立体定向下多靶点毁损手术对老年期痴呆合并精神障碍患者精神症状的改善及智力状况的影响.方法 在CT定位下,应用脑立体定向技术对18例病人进行颅内多靶点毁损治疗.按全国精神外科协作组织于1990年制定的评定方法及量表进行疗效评定.结果 18例患者术后随访12～36个月,精神测评结果:显著进步9例,进步6例,无效3例,有效率83.3%,术后简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、社会功能量表(SDSS)、阳性症状量表(SAPS)评分较术前均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而术后简易智力状况检查(MMSE)与术前比较统差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 立体定向下多靶点毁损术是治疗老年期痴呆所致严重精神障碍有效方法,且并发症少,对患者智力无影响.     

选择性多靶点毁损治疗难治性精神病：154例报告

目的探讨脑立体定向下选择性多靶点毁损术对难治性精神病的临床治疗效果。方法对154例难治性精神病应用现代脑立体定向技术对颅内的多个靶点进行选择组合射频毁损治疗。术后随访6～24个月。应用临床疗效总评量表（CGI）、简明精神病症状分级评定量表（BPRS）、社会功能量表（SDSS）、阳性症状量表（SAPS）、魏克斯勒儿童智力量表（WISC）和临床记忆量表（CMS）对治疗效果进行评价。结果154例经CGI评定总有效率为90％（优22例，显著进步68例，进步50例，无变化14例）。手术前后BPRS分别为68．86±14．40和32．40±8．66；SAPS为26．54±2．28和9．96±2．54；SDSS为15．82±1．20和8．62±1．60，均有明显差异（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）；CMS、WISC检测术前与术后无显著差异。本组术后均无严重并发症和后遗症。结论脑立体定向技术微创、安全，是难治性精神病的有效治疗方法；根据不同的症状设计不同的靶点组合，对提高疗效、降低并发症有较大意义。     

选择性多靶点毁损治疗难治性精神病(附56例报告)

目的探讨立体定向选择性多靶点毁损术治疗难治性精神病的临床效果。方法应用脑立体定向技术对56例难治性精神病进行颅内多靶点射频毁损治疗。术后随访3￣15个月,采用临床疗效总评定量表(CGI)简明精神病评定表(BPRS)、社会功能量表(SDSS)、阳性症状量表(SAPS)、韦氏智力量表(WISC)评价治疗效果。结果CGI评定为有效51例(91.1%);其中优8例,显著进步36例,进步7例;无变化5例。BPRS评分术前68.66±14.20,术后34.40±8.86;SAPS评分术前27.52±2.49,术后9.98±2.52;SDSS评分术前15.62±1.20,术后8.68±1.62,均有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。WISC手术前、后无显著性差异。术后无严重并发症和后遗症。结论立体定向技术微创、安全,是难治性精神病的有效治疗方法。根据不同的症状设计不同的靶点组合,对提高疗效、降低并发症有较大意义。     

立体定向多靶点联合射频毁损术治疗难治性精神病

目的 探讨脑立体定向多靶点联合射频毁损手术在治疗难治性精神病中的作用。方法 对10例难治性精神病患者应用立体定向技术对颅内杏仁核、内囊前肢、扣带回等部位进行多靶点组合射频热凝治疗。应用简明精神病评定量表(brief psychiatric rating scale，BPRS)、社会功能量表(social disability screening schedule，SDSS)、韦氏智力量和临床记忆量表对治疗效果进行评定，并随访病人6个月～1年。结果 10例患者中治愈2例，显著进步3例，进步2例，无变化3例。手术前后BPRS、SDSS量表检查有显著差异，临床记忆量表测验、韦氏智力测验病人脑功能变化与术前无显著差异。结论 立体定向多靶点联合射频毁损手术是治疗难治性精神病的有效治疗方法，根据不同症状设计不同靶点组合做到手术计划个体化，对提高疗效、降低并发症有较大意义。     

二次手术治疗难治性精神病的临床体会

目的探讨立体定向多靶点手术治疗难治性精神病失败的原因及二次手术的治疗效果。方法对23例已行立体定向手术治疗的效果欠佳的难治性精神病患者,分析原因,再次行立体定向多靶点组合毁损手术治疗。应用CGI、WISC、BPRS、PNSS精神病评定量表对治疗效果进行评定。结果 23例患者中,显著进步15例,进步5例,无变化3例。手术前后量表评分有显著差异(P<0.05)。无智商损害等严重并发症和后遗症发生。结论二次多靶点定向毁损治疗难治性精神病,仍效果显著。     

立体定向脑内多靶点毁损治疗慢性精神分裂症远期疗效随访

目的：分析立体定向脑内多靶点毁损治疗慢性精神分裂症１８例远期疗效。方法：行脑内多靶点毁损后经６～１０年随访，经综合疗效评定标准及有关量表（ＢＰＲＳ）测定。结果：１８例中随访疗效属良好４例，进步７例，无效７例，有效率６１％。结论：手术治疗对部分症状改善令人满意，强调术后配合综合治疗以巩固疗效     

立体定向双侧多靶点联合损毁治疗难治性精神病210例

目的探讨立体定向双侧多靶点联合损毁对难治性精神病的临床疗效。方法立体定向下经CT、电阻抗和微电极电生理核团定位,对210例难治性精神病患者,采用杏仁核、内侧隔区、扣带回等多靶点组合射频热凝治疗。术后6个月,应用临床疗效总评量表（CGI）、简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）和阳性和阴性综合量表（PANSS）进行疗效评定。结果依据减分率标准,210例患者中,显著进步160例,进步42例,无变化8例。手术前后量表评分有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论多靶点组合的立体定向技术设计和亚核团的准确定位,对提高难治性精神病疗效,降低并发症有较大意义。     

二次多靶点定向手术治疗难治性精神病的体会

目的 探讨立体定向多靶点手术治疗难治性精神病失败的原因及二次手术的治疗效果.方法 对18例已行立体定向多靶点手术治疗的难治性精神病患者,手术效果欠佳,分析原因,结合第一次手术靶点及目前核心症状,再次在立体定向基础上,进行杏仁核、内囊前肢、扣带回、隔核等多靶点组合,进行核团射频热凝手术治疗.应用CGI、WISC、BPRS、PNSS精神病评定量表对治疗效果进行评定.结果 依据减分率标准,18例患者中,显著进步12例,进步5例,无变化1例.手术前后量表评分有显著差异(P＜0.05).无智商损害等严重并发症和后遗症发生.结论 多靶点定向毁损治疗难治性精神病失败后,再次手术仍效果显著.     

MRI定向下核团毁损术治疗难治性精神分裂症

目的 应用MRI定向下核团毁损术治疗难治性精神分裂症,并对其疗效及并发症进行评估.方法 采用MRI定向下脑内单靶点或组合靶点射频毁损术治疗38例难治性精神分裂症,术后6月依据全国精神外科协作组1990年标准对疗效进行评价.手术前后应用简明精神量表BPRS及各因子分评价手术效果.结果 38例患者术后6月恢复8例,显著进步15例,进步12例,无效3例,加重0例,有效率92.1%;15例次术后出现早期一过性并发症,均在术后2周内恢复.术后简明精神量表BPRS总分及焦虑忧郁、缺乏活力、思维障碍、激活性、敌对猜疑等因子分均明显下降,术前、术后有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 MRI定位下核团毁损术治疗难治性精神分裂症效果显著,精确,安全.     

立体定向多靶点联合毁损治疗难治性精神病

目的探讨立体定向下多靶点联合毁损脑内核团治疗难治性精神病的效果。方法对82例难治性精神病患者，根据临床表现、诊断分类实施立体定向不同靶点组合毁损治疗。结果本组82例患者经颅内多靶点联合毁损后，显效28例，有效40例，无效14例，总有效率为82．9％（68／82），术后智力均无变化。术后并发症包括高热4例，小便失禁12例，缄默9例及摸索7例，经对症处理后2～21d恢复。结论立体定向多靶点联合毁损是治疗难治性精神病行之有效的治疗方法。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]