经皮肾穿刺输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗鹿角状肾结石57例疗效分析

目的:观察经皮肾穿刺输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术在治疗鹿角状肾结石中的疗效。方法:总结分析应用经皮肾穿刺造瘘输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗鹿角状肾结石57例的临床资料。结果:48例鹿角状肾结石治疗一期碎石成功,一期碎石成功率达84.2%,其中5例个别肾盏内残留结石,3周后配合ESWL碎石,1个月后结石排净。9例因术中出血较多,视野不清,留置肾造瘘管,延期碎石。2周后经造瘘管再行气压弹道碎石术,结石全部取净,术后结石总取净率为91.2%。结论:经皮肾穿刺输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗鹿角状肾结石具有安全性高、创伤小、并发症少、病人恢复快及疗效确切等优点。     

输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术联合ESWL术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的:探讨输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石联合体外震波碎石术 (ESWL )治疗复杂肾结石的临床疗效。 方法 :采用经皮肾穿刺微造瘘术和输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术联合 ESWL 术治疗复杂性肾结石 5 0例。结果 :本组5 0例患者中 ,有 12例结石取尽。其中行一次取石 6例 ,二次取石 18例 ,三次取石 6例 ,3例改为开放手术。 结论 :经皮肾穿刺微造瘘术和输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术联合 ESWL 术治疗复杂性肾结石具有创伤小、并发症少的优点 ,值得在临床中推广应用     

经皮肾输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石

目的 探讨经皮肾输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效.方法 回顾2年来128例经皮肾输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效.结果 128例均一次经皮肾穿刺造瘘成功,其中C臂透视下穿刺68例;B超引导下穿刺30例;30例盲穿.所有结石均一次性击碎,通过输尿管或造瘘孔排除.结论 经皮肾输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术处理输尿管上段结石效果确定,值得推广.     

经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗上尿路结石60例报告

目的:探讨经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗上尿路结石的方法及疗效.方法:采用经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石处理肾和输尿管结石60例.结果:60例均成功施行一期碎石术,其中1次取石47例,2次取石13例,5例有小碎石残留,配合体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗成功.结石总取净率91%,平均单侧手术时间约80 min,平均出血量60 ml,术后平均住院时间8天,所有病例均无明显并发症发生.结论:经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗上尿路结石具有创伤小、并发症少、疗效好、恢复快、可反复进行、结石清除率高等优点,值得推广应用.     

经皮肾镜气压弹道、超声碎石治疗肾、输尿管上段结石

目的：总结B超引导建立皮肤肾脏通道，经皮肾镜气压弹道、超声碎石治疗肾、输尿管结石的临床价值。方法：在B超引导下经皮肾穿刺造瘘，并将通道扩张至F21，从造瘘通道插入肾镜到结石处，用气压弹道碎石、超声碎石将结石击碎，并将碎石吸出：结果：138例患者均一期成功建立皮肤肾脏通路，138例患者中有131例为一期取净结石；7例肾多发结石或铸形结石患者结石残余，经体外震波碎石（ESWL）或软性肾镜取石后治愈。结论：经皮肾镜气压弹道、超声碎石术疗效佳、损伤小，安全性较高，可作为治疗肾、输尿管上段复杂结石的重要方法。     

经皮肾穿刺造瘘输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石

目的 分析上尿路结石患者经皮肾穿刺造瘘输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术的疗效及并发症的预防和处理.方法 对86例行经皮肾穿刺造瘘输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术的上尿路结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 86例患者中76例(88%)成功Ⅰ期取净结石,平均住院时间13 d.8例行Ⅱ期手术,其中5例系因通道建立后出血较多,视野不清,予留置造瘘管;3例因有结石残留.另外2例结石残留1个月后行体外震波碎石.平均尿液转清时间 2.5 d,平均肾造瘘管留置时间5.5 d.结论 经皮肾穿刺造瘘输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石具有高效、安全的特点,结石清除率高,值得临床推广应用.     

经皮肾输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石

目的探讨经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石取石术(M PCNL)治疗复杂性上尿路结石的临床疗效。方法对22例复杂性上尿路结石患者在B超或X线C臂引导下经皮肾穿刺造瘘,并将穿刺通道扩张到F 16~18,从通道插入输尿管镜到结石处,用气压弹道碎石机碎石,冲出碎石片。结果22例患者,11例一期取净结石,6例1周后二期取净结石,2例1个月后二期取净结石,3例肾盏内有小块结石残留,经体外冲击波碎石后治愈。结论M PCNL疗效好,创伤小,可反复经肾穿刺通道取净结石,可作为肾、输尿管上段复杂结石的首选疗法,与ESW L结合疗效更佳。     

经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗75例上尿路结石

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗上尿路结石的疗效。方法 2006年1月至2008年12月治疗上尿路结石75例,采用经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石,联合体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）治疗。结果手术时间为30～180min,平均110min,出血量为80～500mL,平均270mL,术后平均住院时间6～8d,75例均成功实行一期碎石术,其中1次取石59例,2次取石16例,7例有小碎石残留,配合ESWL治疗成功。结石总排净率为90.6%,结石最小排净率79.2%。结论经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗上尿路结石具有结石排净率高,创伤较小,手术并发症少的特点,是上尿路结石较为理想的微创治疗方法。     

经皮肾镜联用气压弹道碎石和超声碎石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石18例

目的总结经皮肾镜联用气压弹道碎石和超声碎石治疗肾、输尿管上段结石的临床价值。方法在B超引导下经皮肾穿刺造瘘，并将通道扩张至F21，从造瘘通道插入肾镜到结石处，用气压弹道碎石联合超声碎石将结石击碎，并将碎石吸出。结果18例患者中有15例为一期取净结石；3例肾多发结石或铸形结石息者结石残余，经体外震波碎石（ESWL）或软性肾镜取石后治愈。结论经皮。肾镜联用气压弹道碎石和超声碎石术疗效佳、损伤小，安全性较高，可作为治疗肾、输尿管上段复杂结石的重要方法。     

经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗肾脏复杂性结石

目的：探讨肾脏复杂性结石更安全、高效的治疗方法。方法：应用经皮肾微造瘘输尿管气压弹道碎石术治疗肾脏复杂性结石31例。结果：31例经皮肾微造瘘手术均顺利完成，22例结石取尽，8例结合碎石术排净，1例尚有少量残留结石，结石清除率为96.8%，均无严重并发症。结论：经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术具有创伤小、安全高效和恢复快的优点，是治疗肾脏复杂结石的良好方法之一。     

输尿管镜下碎石术选择性治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石

目的探讨输尿管镜下碎石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的术式选择方法。方法对187例单侧嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者,根据结石的大小、输尿管梗阻情况、肾积水轻重、肾盂肾盏发育情况,选择不同的手术方法。62例采用MPCNL治疗;125例采用URL治疗,其中33例术后辅助ESWL治疗。结果MPCNL组术后3天结石清除率952％（59／62）,术后1个月结石清除率100％（62／62）;URL组术后3天结石清除率36．8％（37／125）,显著低于MPCNL组（p〈0,01）,术后1个月结石清除率98．4％（123／125）,与MPcNL组相比差异无显著性（p〉0．05）。结论MPCNL治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石有较高的结石清除率,URL效果稍差,但通过对不同情况的结石进行选择,配合ESWL可明显提高疗效。     

Day care percutaneous renal surgery--is this viable?

Pros and cons of Percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) versus Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL) have often been highlighted when one discusses on the management of renal stones. An oft quoted point is that PCNL entails a prolonged hospital stay whereas ESWL sessions are day surgical in nature. However, PCNL has superior stone clearance rate as compared to ESWL especially for lower pole stones. In addition, PCNL is more suitable for large bulk stones and when ancillary procedures are required e.g. endopyelotomy. The first 50 cases of successful tubeless PCNL were reported by Bellman et al in 1997. The remarkable recovery of patients in their series encouraged them to employ this technique as their technique of choice for the majority of their cases. A similar technique was employed on endopyelotomy by Liang et al and they concluded that this was a safe, less morbid and effective technique. We report our first case of tubeless PCNL.     

标准通道与微通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石的疗效对比

目的对比标准通道与微通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石的疗效。方法选取2010年1月～2011年12月收治的肾结石患者共160例,随机分为标准通道组和微通道组,每组80例,其中标准通道组采用标准通道经皮肾镜取石术,微通道组采用微通道经皮肾镜取石术。对两组患者的手术时间、冲水量、结石清除率、手术并发症等指标进行比较。结果标准通道组患者的手术时间、冲水量明显少于微通道组(P<0.01);两组术中或术后出血明显需要输血治疗者分别为3例和5例,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);标准通道组的一期结石清除率明显高于微通道组(P<0.05);标准通道组患者出现术中高热、血培养细菌阳性情况明显少于微通道组(P<0.05)。结论标准通道经皮肾镜碎石取石术具有手术时间短、清石效率高、低冲水量、低压灌注及感染率低等优点,值得推广。     

B超引导下标准通道经皮肾镜取石术与开放手术取石术的疗效比较

目的比较B超引导下标准通道经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)与开放手术取石术治疗肾结石的临床疗效。方法将492例肾结石患者,按照2∶1的配对分组方法分为PCNL组328例和对照组164例,PCNL组行B超引导下标准通道经皮肾镜取石术,对照组采用开放手术取石术,分别观察两组手术时间、术中出血、伤口大小、术后情况、手术并发症及动脉血流动力学变化等指标,并进行比较分析。结果治疗组术后1个月结石清除率为89.3%,显著高于对照组的78.0%(P<0.01);PCNL组手术时间短于对照组,术中出血量少于对照组,伤口小于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。术前、术后1个月及术后3个月两组肾主动脉、段间动脉、叶间动脉R I值等动脉血流动力学指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。PCNL组肾结石伴肾功能不全患者术后3个月的肾功能好于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 B超引导下标准通道经皮肾镜取石术的并发症发生率低,对伴有肾功能不全结石患者术后近期肾功能均无明显影响,是一种创伤小、安全性高、恢复快的治疗手段。     

微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗肾结石21例体会

目的：探讨微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术（mini-PCNL）治疗肾结石的安全性及有效性。方法：回顾性分析接受mini-PCNL治疗的肾结石患者21例的临床资料。结果：21例患者中,并发肾积脓1例,先行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,1周后行二期mini-PCNL．其余20例均行一期穿刺取石,均为单通道穿刺取石,一期结石清除率95．2％;其中术后5例有残余结石,残余结石发生率为23．8％;术中术后有明显出血1例：手术平均时间2小时;平均住院时间12天;随访3～12个月,1例结石复发。结论：采用mini-PCNL治疗肾结石安全可行,疗效确切,具有创伤小,出血少,结石清除率高,恢复快,可反复操作等优点。     

侧卧位微创经皮肾穿刺碎石术联合输尿管镜碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的探讨侧卧位微创经皮肾穿刺碎石术联合输尿管镜碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析采用侧卧位微创经皮肾穿刺碎石术联合输尿管镜碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石78例患者的临床资料,观察疗效。结果 75例采用侧卧位微创经皮肾穿刺碎石术联合输尿管镜碎石术手术顺利,3例肾穿刺不成功改为开放手术,肾穿刺成功率为96.15%(75/78)。75例手术者中,62例行1次穿刺取石,13例行2次手术取石。1次取净结石55例,2次取净结石9例;单通道取石57例,多通道取石18例;结石取干净64例,残留结石11例,结石取净率为85.33%(64/75)。结论侧卧位微创经皮肾穿刺碎石术联合输尿管镜碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石,安全有效,患者耐受性好,是临床治疗复杂性肾结石的理想方法。     

输尿管软镜取石术与经皮肾镜取石术治疗2~3 cm肾结石的有效性和安全性分析

目的 比较经皮肾镜和输尿管软镜取石术在治疗2~3 cm肾结石中的作用。 方法 回顾性分析50例2~3 cm肾结石病人的病例资料，行经皮肾镜取石术（percutaneous nephrolithotomy，PCNL）的病人设为PCNL组，行输尿管软镜取石术（flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy，FURL）的病人设为FURL组，每组25例。分析2组结石清除率手术时间输血率血红蛋白下降量术后住院时间等。 结果 FURL组和PCNL组的结石清除率分别为72.00%和80.00%，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。PCNL组的手术时间明显短于FURL组（P < 0.01），PCNL组的血红蛋白下降量和术后住院时间明显大于FURL组（P < 0.01），2组病人的结石清除率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2组病人的输血率、术后发生尿路感染率和二期手术或行ESWL率差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05） 结论 FURL和PCNL均是治疗2~3 cm肾结石的有效方法，与PCNL相比，FURL失血更少，恢复时间短。     

经皮肾镜取石术治疗合并肾结核之上尿路结石的临床分析

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石合并肾结核的可行性。方法行经皮肾镜术后确诊的肾结核病人4例,肾结石3例,肾结石合并输尿管上段结石1例;术前可疑肾积脓2例,行结核相关检查,结果提示阴性。4例患者均行经皮肾镜碎石取石术,术中发现肾内均有不同程度积脓,予吸净脓液,用超声碎石取石,术毕取病理活检。结果术后病理结果提示肾结核3例,随访1~2年,病情治愈,肾盂黏膜慢性炎症1例,术后肾造瘘通道反复流脓,抗结核治疗半年后行患肾切除,术后病理报告为肾结核。结论结核合并结石并非经皮肾镜手术的绝对禁忌证,结合有效抗结核治疗,行经皮肾镜取石术可有效缩短病程,保留肾功能。     

Blood pressure changes following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and other forms of treatment for nephrolithiasis

Hypertension has been reported as a possible sequela of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). To evaluate this issue as well as the risk of hypertension following other current non-ESWL treatment options for urolithiasis (percutaneous nephrostolithotomy [PCNL], combined PCNL and ESWL, ureteroscopy, and spontaneous stone passage), detailed blood pressure measurements were made in 961 patients at least 1 year after treatment. All follow-up blood pressures were measured with random-zero blood pressure devices. This study includes 731 patients who received ESWL only (with an unmodified lithotriptor), 171 patients treated with ureteroscopy or spontaneous stone passage (control subjects), 25 patients who received PCNL only, and 34 patients treated with both ESWL and PCNL. In patients who received ESWL only, the annualized incidence of hypertension (2.4%) did not differ significantly from that in control patients (4.0%). Among patients who received ESWL, no correlation was found between the incidence of hypertension and unilateral vs bilateral treatments, the number of shock waves administered, the kilovoltage applied, or the power (number of shock waves times kilovoltage). However, there was a significant rise in diastolic blood pressure after treatment with ESWL (0.78 mm Hg), but not in the control group (-0.88 mm Hg). The long-term significance of this change in diastolic blood pressure following ESWL is unknown and requires further study.     

Complication and safety of ultrasound guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 8 025 cases in China

Background Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) was mostly performed with fluoroscopy and/or ultrasonography. The safety and feasibility of PCNL performed totally under ultrasound are not clearly defined. Therefore, we introduce the 9-year experience of 8 025 ultrasound guided PCNL procedures from multiple centers in China performed by the same surgeon, to evaluate the feasibility and security of this technique.

Methods From September 2004 to August 2013, 8 025 cases, 4 398 males (54.8%) and 3 627 females (45.2%), whose age ranged from 6 months to 85 years old, with upper urinary tract stones, underwent PCNL in our center and the supported hospitals. Puncture site selection and channel dilation were all guided using only Doppler ultrasound. Single stones were treated in 1 356 cases, there were 2 817 cases of multi stones, and 3 852 cases of staghorn calculi. The pre- and post-operative imaging data, the intraoperative findings, operation time, perioperative complications, and related parameters were recorded.

Results All procedures were successful. No patients died during the operation. Average operation time was 42 minutes (range 10 to 168 minutes), 4 cases converted to open surgery, and 2 patients lost the diseased kidney due to refractory bleeding in the early stage of the PCNL. Ninety-four (1.2%) patients received blood transfusions and 20 (0.25%) patients needed highly selective renal artery embolization. Fifteen (0.19%) patients had a pleural injury. 5 457 (68%) cases were completed by a single tract and 2 568 (32%) cases added more tracts. The mean stone size (longest diameter) was 2.8 cm (range 1.2 to 26.5 cm). The final stone-free rate was 85.5%. Residual stones occurred mainly in patients with renal dysfunction, medullary sponge kidney, and complete staghorn calculi with a slim calyceal neck.

Conclusions X-ray free Doppler ultrasound guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy is feasible and safe in a variety of cases of renal and/or upper ureteral stones. The probability of radiation hazard and adjacent organ injury is low. The morbidity from major complications was reduced remarkably after special training. It is worthy of wider use compared with fluoroscopy in patients with special kidneys (e.g. solitary kidney, spinal deformity, ectopic kidney) and in infants.