实时三维超声心动图评价原发性高血压患者左室重构的研究

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)以评价原发性高血压左室霞构患者左室功能及质量的情况.方法 对30例正常人、30例无左室肥厚(NLVH)及33例高血压伴左室肥厚(LVH)患者进行常规二维超声检查及RT3DE检查,测量左室质量指数(LVMI)、左室舒张末容积(LVEDV)、左室收缩末容积(LVESV)及左室射血分数(LVEF).同时,用组织多普勒(TDI)技术测量左室舒张功能参数Ea,Aa及Ea/Aa.结果 LVH组LVMI、LVEDV、LVESV明显高于NLVH组及正常对照组(P<0.05),而LVEF、Ea/Aa降低(P<0.05).高血压病患者IVMI与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.654,P<0.05).LVH组LVEF低于大样本正常范围低值,但两者间差异无统计学意义.结论 RT-3DE可以评估原发性高血压病患者心脏的功能及结构.对于伴有心力衰竭的原发性高血压病患者,联合LVMI和LVEF进行评估左室收缩功能可能有更重要的临床意义.     

实时三维超声心动图技术评估心衰患者左室收缩不同步的临床应用价值

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动技术(RT-3DE)评估慢性心力衰竭(心衰)患者左室收缩不同步性的临床价值.方法 选择32例慢性心衰患者和32例正常对照,应用RT-3DE和组织多普勒技术(tissue doppler imaging,TDI)分别获取两组的心尖四腔观、两腔观、左室长轴观的TDI图像和左心室的RT-3DE全容积图像,应用Qlab软件分别计算出RT-3DE全容积图像的QRS起点到16节段最小收缩容积时间标准差(Tmsv16-SD)的百分数标准差(Tmsv16-SD%)和TDI图像心室壁基底段和中间段12节段的收缩达峰时间(Ts)的标准差(Ts-SD).结果 患病组的Tmsv16-SD%明显高于对照组(8.6±4.5 vs 1.3±1.6,P<0.01),患病组的T16-SD%与左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)成负相关(r=-0.89,P<0.01).患病组的Ts-SD明显高于对照组(31.6±5.1 vs 14.5±5.3,P<0.01),患病组的Ts-SD与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.69,P<0.01).所有受检者Tmsv16-SD%和Ts-SD有很好的相关性(r=0.76,P<0.01);RT-3DE和Simpsons双切面法测量的LVEF呈高度相关性(r=0.93,P<0.001).结论 RT-3DE可以定量分析心衰患者左室收缩不同步性,为心肌再同步化治疗患者的筛选提供了一种新技术.     

急性心肌梗死首次发作后左室非同步运动对左室功能早期改变的影响

目的探讨急性心肌梗死患者左室非同步运动是否可作为左室射血分数(LVEF)降低的一个独立影响因素。方法急性心肌梗死首次发作患者(梗死组)47例,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后2~4 d,实时三维超声心动图观测左室舒张末容积(LVEDV)、左室收缩末容积(LVESV)、LVEF及左室非同步指数(SDI)。体检健康者35例作为对照组。结果与对照组比较,梗死组LVESV、SDI增高,LVEF减低(均P0.01),SDI与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.948,P0.01)。多重线性回归分析,与LVEF相关的因素有体质量、心电图ST段改变、冠状动脉病变条数、LVEDV、LVESV及SDI。结论患者体质量、心电图ST段异常、冠状动脉病变条数、LVEDV、LVESV及SDI均可作为可作为评估、预测左室功能的重要指标,尤以心电图ST段异常及SDI影响较大。     

组织同步显像技术评价心力衰竭患者左室非同步化运动与左室收缩功能

目的 应用组织同步显像技术(TSI)评价充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者左室非同步化运动及左室收缩速度与射血分数(LVEF)之间的相关性.方法 对照组 35例及CHF患者30例,应用TSI技术获得心尖四腔心、两腔心及心尖左室长轴切面12节段的收缩期达峰值时间(Tp)及峰值速度(Vp),并计算Tp标准差(Tp-SD)及左心室同一壁内2个节段间Tp的差值(Tp-diff).Simpson双平面法测左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室收缩末容积(LVESV)及舒张末容积(LVEDV).结果 与正常组相比,CHF患者Tp、Tp-SD及Tp-diff延迟、Vp降低(P<0.01),并且Vp与LVEF之间具有显著相关性(r= 0.69,P<0.01).结论 TSI能方便、敏感地评价CHF患者的非同步化运动,并可通过Vp反映左室收缩功能.     

解剖M型超声人工智能模型测量儿童左室收缩功能的研究

目的 研究智能测量左室收缩功能的解剖M型超声心动图人工智能(AI)模型。方法 从现有儿童心脏病超声心动图库中选择400例不同年龄段及不同心血管疾病的儿童超声心动图解剖M型图像进行人工标测，建立AI模型。另外纳入100例年龄和病种与训练集相匹配的儿童病例的解剖M型图像作为测试集，对模型进行测试。分析AI模型与有经验超声医师相比测量左室收缩功能相关参数的准确度和一致性。结果 AI模型与超声医师测量的左室射血分数(LVEF)绝对值差7.09%±5.86%(62.21%±12.38%vs 65.77%±13.02%)。超声医师测量LVEF1的观察者内差异绝对值是9.30%±7.97%,观察者间是8.10%(2.0%,8.75%)。AI模型测量的LVEF与超声医师测量的LVEF1高度相关(r=0.780,P<0.001)。AI模型与超声医师测量的其余左室相关参数同样高度一致，包括左室舒张末容积(LVEDV,r=0.978)、左室收缩末容积(LVESV,r=0.977)、左室舒张末内径(LVEDD,r=0.983)、左室收缩末内径(LVESD,r=0.963)、左室短轴缩短率(FS,r=0....     

实时三维超声心动图评价QRS时限对心力衰竭患者左心室收缩同步性的影响

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)分析并评价ORS时限对心力衰竭(心衰)患者左心室收缩同步性的影响.方法选取34例左室射血分数(LVEF)≤35%的心衰患者,其中QRS时限正常者(A组)20例,QRS延长者(B组)14例,分别行二维及三维超声心动图检查,获取二维LVEF、左室舒张未内径(LVIDd),三维所测收缩末容积(LVESV)及舒张末容积(LVEDV)、LVEF及校正的16节段不同步指数(Tmsvl6-sd/RR),各组问结果进行分析对比.结果 A组二维参数LVIDd、LVEF与B组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),三维参数中LVESV、LVEDV、LVEF及Tmsv16-sd/RR.B组略高于A组,但差异亦无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论实时三维超声心动图可定量评价整体左室收缩的同步性,QRS时限的长短对左室各节段机械收缩的同步性并无显著影响.     

实时三维超声心动图评价冠心病左室重构及心功能的研究

目的应用实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）定量评价冠心病患者左室收缩功能和左室心肌质量状况。方法应用RT-3DE测量34例冠心病患者左室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、收缩末期容积（LVESV）、每搏量（SV）、射血分数（LVEF）和左室心肌质量（LVM）,各测值均与34例正常人对照。结果冠心病患者的LVEDV、LVESV、SV、LVM和左室心肌质量指数（VLMI）各测值明显大于正常对照组（P〈0.001）;LVEF明显小于正常对照组（P〈0.001）。LVM的增加与LVEDV的增大呈正相关（r=0.915）;LVEF与LVEDV、LVM呈负相关（r=-0.758,r=-0.731）。结论应用实时三维超声心动图能显示心腔立体结构,准确测量左室收缩功能和左室心肌质量,有效评价冠心病左室重构和心脏功能损伤。     

组织运动二尖瓣环位移自动追踪技术评价充血性心力衰竭患者左心室收缩功能

目的 探讨定量组织运动二尖瓣环位移技术(TMAD)对充血性心力衰竭患者(CHF)左心室收缩功能的评价作用.方法左心衰患者和健康志愿者各40例,二维测量左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、收缩末期容积(LVESV)和射血分数(LVEF).使用TMAD技术,测量二尖瓣环6个位点的收缩期最大位移(Ds)、最大位移达峰时间, 并将平均Ds与简化双平面Simpson法计算出的左心室射血分数(LVEF)进行相关分析.结果与对照组相比,HF组的LVEDd、LVEDV、LVESV均显著增加(P<0.01),LVEF显著减低(P<0.01).HF组二尖瓣环6个位点DS比正常组显著减低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).HF组二尖瓣环6个位点DS的达峰时间与正常对照组相比显著增加(P<0.01).正常组二尖瓣环6个位点平均Ds与LVEF呈显著正相关(r＝0.853,P<0.01),HF组二尖瓣环6个位点平均Ds与LVEF呈正相关,但较正常组低(r=0.419,P<0.05).结论 TMAD作为一种新技术成为简单、准确、客观地评价心力衰竭患者左心室收缩功能的新途径.     

心室射血分数自动测量法评价心肌梗死患者左室整体收缩功能的可行性研究

目的探讨心室射血分数自动测量(Auto EF)法评价心肌梗死患者左室整体收缩功能的可行性和重复性。方法选取我院心肌梗死患者(心肌梗死组)和健康体检者(健康对照组)各35例,应用Auto EF法测量左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、收缩末期容积(LVESV)及射血分数(LVEF);并与传统双平面Simpson’s法比较,分析其相关性;随机选取20例心肌梗死患者行Auto EF重复性研究。结果 70例研究对象中,68例(97%)完成Auto EF测量,其中43例(63%)为完全自动,25例(37%)需手动校正;Auto EF测量时间为(59.28±13.13)s,少于Simpson’s法[(96.67±8.26)s],差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);68例总体Auto EF与双平面Simpson’s法测量LVEDV、LVESV、LVEF均有高度相关性(r分别为0.947、0.971、0.974,P<0.01);心肌梗死组和健康对照组中,两法所测LVEDV、LVESV和LVEF差异均无统计学意义,且有良好相关性,但心肌梗死组相关系数均较健康对照组偏低;在观察者自身和观察者间,Auto EF法测定心肌梗死患者LVEF均有良好的一致性。结论 Auto EF法能够简便、及时和快速测量左室容积和LVEF,且经验依赖性较小。     

超声心动图评价心脏再同步化治疗对心力衰竭患者左心室重构逆转的指标选择

目的 利用超声心动图探讨左心室重构逆转参数是否可以成为评价充血性心力衰竭(心衰)患者心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)术后短期疗效的重要指标.方法 对26例心衰伴有室壁运动不协调患者进行CRT治疗,分别于术前及术后1个月、3个月行超声心动图检查,测量舒张末期左房内径(LADD)、左室内径(LVDD)、左室舒张末容积(LVEDV)、左室收缩末容积(LVESV)和左室射血分数(LVEF),比较起搏治疗前后各参数的变化.结果 术后1个月、3个月LADD、LVDD、LVEDV、LVESV均较术前显著减小,LVEF较术前显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).而且这些参数的改善与患者活动度成正比,与夜间心率成反比,其中左房、左室内径及容积变化较LVEF提高与患者心功能改善的相关性更为显著.结论 左室重构逆转参数可以成为评价CRT术后短期疗效的重要指标,其中部分患者左房、左室大小和容积指标较LVEF更为敏感.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.