异体脱钙骨关节联合自体带血管骨膜移植的实验研究

１６只新西兰大白兔做成一种大的骨关节缺损模型。缺损处用带血管骨膜与同种异体脱钙骨关节联合移植。结果：（１）带血管骨膜与同种骨关节联合移植产生良好的功能性新骨，但新生骨稍短于原骨缺损的长度；（２）原关节软骨迅速发生了坏死并被纤维结缔组织替代。     

骨关节病损的显微外科治疗进展

四肢骨、关节缺损、骨不连及骨坏死的显微外科治疗始于本世纪７０年代〔１〕。近年来，随着显微外科技术的发展，对骨关节缺损、骨不连、骨坏死的显微外科治疗增添许多方法，新的骨瓣供区不断被发现。带血管蒂的骨瓣、骨膜瓣，因其供血量大，旋转范围大，临床应用日趋广泛...     

吻合血管的同种异体骨关节移植的免疫反应

近 3 0年来 ,随着显微外科技术的不断发展 ,吻合血管的骨移植在修复重建外科作用也日益重要 ,特别是在因外伤、恶性骨肿瘤切除以及先天性骨缺损引起的大段骨关节缺损治疗中的作用优势明显。吻合血管的自体骨关节移植因其缺乏抗原性 ,愈合过程类似于骨折而受到外科医师的青睐 ,但自体骨关节来源有限 ,且有供骨区损伤的问题 ;目前多采用同种异体骨关节移植 ,而非血管化的同种异体骨关节移植修复缺损时 ,常因病理骨折、骨不连接、感染、移植骨吸收等并发症而不理想〔1〕。吻合血管的同种异体骨关节移植 ,作为血管化的骨关节移植有供源广、形状…     

带血管骨膜中央包裹与脱钙骨基质联合移植修复长段骨缺损的实验研究

首次提出带血管骨膜中央包裹与同种脱钙骨基质（ＤＢＭ）联合植骨修复长段骨缺损的新方法，通过Ｘ线片，骨矿质测定及组织学观察等手段研究表明，该方法可较快速地一期修复长段骨缺损。重点介绍了手术方法。认为：带血管骨膜中央包裹与同种ＤＢＭ联合植骨后，两者有机结合，相互促进，发生“中心爆炸”式的成骨方式，克服了长段骨缺损中间部分难以修复这一棘手问题。该手术方法，可为临床治疗长段及特长段骨缺损提供依据。     

带血运骨膜管移植和骨充填物修复桡骨长段缺损的研究

目的：探讨联合应用带血运骨膜管移植和骨充填物治疗兔桡骨长段缺损的效果。方法：实验分两部分，分别选用幼兔和成年兔各40只，根据填充物的不同分为4组，将兔双侧桡骨干中段切除3cm制成骨长段缺损模型，保留切骨段骨膜，重新重原缝合后作带血运骨膜管移植模型，左侧分别用自体骨，同种异体脱钙骨，磷酸三钙陶瓷和羟基磷灰石进行填充，右侧不行任何填作为对照。观察3个月。通过X线片，髓强度，骨密度和组织学检查等方法，了解骨缺损的修复效果。结果：幼兔术后6周，所有实验组双侧的骨缺损均得到修复，术后12周，磷酸三钙陶瓷和羟基磷灰石组桡骨抗弯曲强度较差与自体骨组、同种异体脱钙骨组和对照侧比较具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）；骨愈合为膜内成骨和软骨成骨，以膜内成骨为主，成年兔；各组实验侧骨缺损修复率分别为：自体骨组50％；同种异体脱钙骨组40％；磷酸三钙陶瓷和羟基磷灰石组为30％。对照侧骨缺损修复率为42．5％，结论：幼兔单行单血运骨管移植或结合应用骨充填物均可有效修复骨长段缺损，但置换较慢的骨充填物不利于再生骨强度的恢复，成年兔带血运骨膜移植联合应用骨填充物不能有效修复骨长段缺损。     

股骨干骨不连的显微外科修复

股骨干骨不连是骨科常见疾患,为长管骨三大好发骨不连之一,缘于局部血供受损、骨端内固定失当或创伤感染等.视病因之不同,疗法亦当各异,但植骨术却是最常用措施之一,尤当修复缺损性骨不连者更列为首选.传统植骨疗效欠佳,采用带血管的骨移植手术本身创伤大,难度高,且有失败之虞.我们曾创用带骨膜蒂的股骨干前外侧面骨膜瓣移位术,可供修复股骨干任何部位骨不连,所不足者,该骨膜瓣移位范围有限,而又不便携带松质骨以充填缺损区[1-2].鉴于临床不同需求,本文介绍4种带血管蒂骨、骨膜瓣移位术,为修复股骨干不同部位骨不连提供有效术式,具有方法简便、手术创伤小等优点[3-8].现将该系列组织瓣的解剖与临床概述如下.     

吻合血管的同种异体骨、关节移植

吻合血管的同种异体骨体骨关节移植在治疗大段骨关节缺损有着较大的应用前景,也是目前修复重建外科、骨移植领域的研究重点。本就吻合血管的同种异体骨关节移植的抗原性、排斥反应、免疫抑制剂的作用,冷冻的影响等方面研究现状作一综述。     

带血管的骨膜瓣和比目鱼肌瓣联合移植治疗骨折并骨外露软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用带血管的骨膜瓣和比目鱼肌瓣联合移植，覆盖骨折并骨外露软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 用带血管的腓骨膜瓣包绕骨折端，骨膜瓣的外周再用比目鱼肌内侧半肌瓣覆盖，修复软组织缺损。临床应用19例。结果 术后2个月有明显的骨痂生长，骨折线模糊，4～6个月骨折线消失，骨折愈合，肌瓣全部成活，仅有其中4例远端边缘小部分坏死，经换药处理，创面愈合。结论 应用带血管的骨膜瓣和比目鱼肌瓣联合移植治疗难治性骨折并骨外露软组织缺损，是一种较为有效的手术方法。     

异体下颌骨移植再血管化的三维结构观察与骨代谢研究

为了观察同种异体骨移植后再血管化的过程，用６只家兔制作下颌骨缺损模型，并用冷冻异体下颌骨移植修复缺损。采用血管铸型法，制备移植骨再血管化模型，立体地观察新生血管与周围组织的关系，并用放射性核素骨显像显示的骨生长代谢作为对照。结果显示：移植骨的新生血管可在骨膜下沿骨吸收通道长入移植骨，骨生长代谢较旺盛。表明，宿主软组织血管直接长入移植骨为再血管化的主要模式之一。     

长段同种异体骨与自体带血管组织组合治疗大段骨缺损的总结

目的 通过研究血管化及促进骨愈合的方法,解决大段异体骨移植骨吸收、骨不连及再骨折等并发症.方法 对四肢10 cm以上长段骨缺损21例,采用钢板、外固定架等常规方法将大段异体骨与自体骨固定,同时采用异体骨与自体血管束、带血供骨或骨膜组合的方法,使异体骨血管化,达到促进骨愈合、防止异体骨溶解、吸收等并发症作用.其中4例采用局部血管束植入一侧断端;4例采用带血管髂骨块嵌入长段骨中部;2例带血管髂骨植入一侧骨断端;2例带血管腓骨嵌入中部;6例带血管骨膜植入一侧断端;另外血管束或骨膜加骨块组合植入3例.结果 21例中经一次治疗骨性愈合14例,经二次手术痊愈6例,失败1例.出现骨吸收、不愈合及再骨折等并发症7例,合并感染4例.经随访功能、外观满意.结论 采用自体带血管骨(膜)与同种异体骨组合移植治疗长段骨缺损,可改善大段异体骨移植的骨吸收、骨不连等并发症,有利于骨折的早期愈合.为治疗长段骨缺损较为理想的方法.     

同种异体骨关节移植修复长段骨关节缺损

目的 评价同种异体骨关节移植修复长段骨关节缺损后的临床效果。方法 １９９１年９月￣１９９７年１１月对侵袭性或恶性骨肿瘤瘤段切除后长段骨关节或骨干缺损３６例,创伤性长段骨缺损２例,采用低温冷冻或冻干同种异体骨关节或骨干移植物修复。结果 术后早期３８例均未发生明显的免疫排异反应。随访１年５个月￣７年５个月,平均４．２年,存活３１例,优良率达７４．１９％。结论 低温冷冻或冻干的同种异体骨或骨关节移植物抗     

复合骨移植修复骨肿瘤切除后大段骨关节缺损

目的 报道复合骨移植修复骨肿瘤切除后大段骨关节缺损的临床疗效。方法 2001年1月-2002年12月应用带监测皮岛的自体腓骨与大段同种异体深低温冷冻骨关节复合移植修复骨肿瘤切除后大段骨关节缺损10例。结果 10例均得到随访，随访时间5～24个月。移植的自体腓骨长度最长28cm，最短15cm。8例在术后3个月即有影像学骨性愈合，10例均于术后半年完全负重和邻近关节自由活动，术后超过1年的5例均已拆除内固定，术后1年均完全愈合。结论 带监测皮岛的自体腓骨与大段同种异体深低温冷冻骨关节复合移植是修复骨肿瘤切除后大段骨关节缺损的有效且可靠的方法，可用于骨肿瘤保肢术中。     

Allogeneic grafts for bone tumor: 21 cases of osteoarticular and segmental grafts

We treated 21 aggressive and malignant bone tumors by wide resection and replacement with deep-frozen osteoarticular and segmental (intercalary and block) allografts. Radiologic and histologic studies showed a gradual accretion of new bone on the graft trabeculae, sometimes with total creeping substitution. Substantial resorption of grafted condylar bone occurred in 3 of 14 cases. One of them ended with arthrodesis; in the other 2 the result after augmentation autografts was fair. Radiographically, a gradual joint surface destruction was observed in all the osteoarticular grafts after 5 years, not correlating with joint function, however. Biopsies showed some cartilage regeneration. Each patient underwent, on an average, two operations. Function after osteoarticular grafts at 3-16 years was excellent in 1 case, good in 4, fair in 6, and poor in 1 case; 2 cases were too recent for evaluation. Function 3-12 years after segmental grafts was excellent in 3 cases and poor in 3 cases (1 amputation due to nonunion, 1 amputation due to recurrence, and 1 prosthetic replacement due to recurrence); 1 case was too recent for evaluation. We conclude that an allograft is an acceptable alternative in the reconstruction of large tumor defects. However, it still presents unsolved immunologic and preservation problems, which make the prognosis guarded.     

初治骨关节结核患者外周血T细胞亚群特点及临床意义

目的 探讨初治骨关节结核患者外周血T细胞亚群特点、与临床观测指标的关系及抗结核治疗对患者细胞免疫状况的影响。方法 采用单平台流式细胞术检测骨关节结核患者治疗前和治疗后1-2个月T细胞亚群的绝对数及百分比，并与恶性骨肿瘤患者和健康人比较。结果 初治骨关节结核组CD4及CD8T细胞绝对数较健康对照组低（P〈0．01）。骨关节结核患者在治疗1-2个月后CD4T细胞百分比升高（P〈0．05）。青年组CD8T细胞绝对数和百分比显著高于中年组和老年组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），CD4／CD8显著低于中年组及老年组（P〈0.01）。T细胞亚群各参数与PPD反应直径、红细胞沉降率和C反应蛋白之间无显著相关性（P〉0．05）。脊柱结核合并脓肿组CD4／CD8较低，CD8T细胞百分比较高（P〈0．01）。结论 初治骨关节结核患者存在细胞免疫缺陷，以中老年组更明显。脊柱结核是否形成脓肿与CD8T细胞有关。初治骨关节结核患者经1～2个月化疗后，细胞免疫状况改善，是病灶清除术的有利时机．     

Allogeneic grafts for bone tumor. 21 cases of osteoarticular and segmental grafts

We treated 21 aggressive and malignant bone tumors by wide resection and replacement with deep-frozen osteoarticular and segmental (intercalary and block) allografts. Radiologic and histologic studies showed a gradual accretion of new bone on the graft trabeculae, sometimes with total creeping substitution. Substantial resorption of grafted condylar bone occurred in 3 of 14 cases. One of them ended with arthrodesis; in the other 2 the result after augmentation autografts was fair. Radiographically, a gradual joint surface destruction was observed in all the osteoarticular grafts after 5 years, not correlating with joint function, however. Biopsies showed some cartilage regeneration. Each patient underwent, on an average, two operations. Function after osteoarticular grafts at 3-16 years was excellent in 1 case, good in 4, fair in 6, and poor in 1 case; 2 cases were too recent for evaluation. Function 3-12 years after segmental grafts was excellent in 3 cases and poor in 3 cases (1 amputation due to nonunion, 1 amputation due to recurrence, and 1 prosthetic replacement due to recurrence); 1 case was too recent for evaluation. We conclude that an allograft is an acceptable alternative in the reconstruction of large tumor defects. However, it still presents unsolved immunologic and preservation problems, which make the prognosis guarded.     

数字化骨库的建立及在骨肿瘤切除异体骨关节个体化重建中的应用

目的探讨数字化骨库建立的可行性,评价异体骨数字化对于导航下骨肿瘤切除异体骨重建的影响。方法采用CT扫描的方法,对骨库深低温冷冻保存的同种异体骨段进行扫描,通过三维重建建立数字化分析系统（数字化骨库）。利用数字化骨库,选择最佳匹配的骨关节重建材料,数据导人计算机导航系统,标定骨肿瘤切除和异体骨段的截骨范围,依据术前设计在导航下实施、监测。2009年11月至2011年11月,采用数字化骨库和导航辅助切除重建技术对6例关节周围恶性骨肿瘤进行治疗,患者平均年龄（27．2±9．1）岁,其中骨肉瘤3例,软骨肉瘤2例,尤文氏肉瘤1例;Enneking分期：ⅡA期2例,1IB期4例,术后评价肿瘤学结果和功能恢复情况。结果与常规异体植骨材料术前准备操作相比,数字化骨库建立后,大大缩短了异体骨关节材料的选配时间,同时明显地提高了选配的精确性。计算机导航辅助下进行肿瘤切除、异体骨关节切割以及关节力线监控,术中解剖注册点与CT三维虚拟影像匹配满意,注册误差（0．42±0．17）mm。术后影像显示肿瘤整块切除范围和异体骨关节截骨区域与术前计划完全一致,关节重建稳定,无肢体不等长和关节畸形。随访（19．3±0．7．1）个月,未见局部复发和远隔转移,无明显免疫排异反应,异体骨与宿主骨平均愈合时间（5．2±0．8）个月,无内固定松动、断裂和关节塌陷。MSTS93平均功能评分（26．2±4．1）分。结论数字化骨库的建立为术前选配同种异体骨材料提供了精细可靠的信息,结合计算机辅助导航,可以实现骨肿瘤切除异体骨关节重建的个性化设计要求,进一步提高保肢手术的安全性和效果。     

肢体大块骨缺损的大段同种异种骨关节移植

作者为３５例四肢恶性肿瘤切除后的骨缺损患者进行了大段同种异体骨移植重建，其中男性２３例，女性１２例。股骨下端和胫骨上端占６８．５％。骨肉瘤占４０％。所有病例均经术前、术后化疗。植骨材料来源于该院综合骨库。作者强调充分的术前准备，仔细选择匹配移植骨段，手术中注意设计骨膜油套和软组织袖套以利于骨愈合。本组病例随访５个月￣１０年，平均３年，其中无病存活者２５例，死亡６例，带病存活４例。部分患者于术后２年     

Retrospective review of osteoarticular infections in a pediatric sickle cell age group

Patients with sickle cell disease have been documented to be particularly susceptible to osteoarticular infections. Controversy exists concerning the bacteriology, etiology, and clinical presentation in differentiating osteoarticular infections from bone infarct. We retrospectively reviewed all cases from our institution over the past 22 years of osteoarticular infections in children who carry the diagnosis of sickle cell disease. Two thousand consecutive patient charts of children enrolled in the Pediatric Sickle Cell Clinic of our institution between 1973 and 1995 were evaluated. There were 14 cases of bone or joint infections (10 osteomyelitis, four septic arthritis). There was one case of multicentric osteomyelitis and one case of meningitis complicating the septic arthritis. There were nine male and five female patients with ages ranging from 6 months to 17 years (mean, 8.0). All patients were noted to have hemoglobin SS. The predominant presenting symptoms were pain (79% of cases) and swelling (71% of cases). The most frequent physical findings were fever >38.2 degrees C (71% of cases) and tenderness (86% of cases). Ninety-three percent of the children had a white blood count exceeding 15,000/mm3 (range, 7,900-32,300). Westergren sedimentation rates ranged from 14 to 89 mm/h with 93% of the children exceeding the normal value in our hospital. Cultures were positive in 75% of tissue biopsies, 58% of the blood cultures, and 70% of the bone or joint aspirates. The most common offending organism found in osteomyelitis was Salmonella (eight of 10 cases); however, no predominant organism found was identified in cases of septic arthritis. Radiographs and bone scans were of limited value in the differential diagnosis between osteoarticular infections and bone infarction. Early diagnosis and treatment of osteoarticular infections is key to satisfactory outcome. This study suggests that an ill-appearing patient with a fever >38.2 degrees C, pain, and swelling should prompt the physician to aspirate or biopsy the area and not rely on diagnostic studies that we found to be unreliable.     

Osteoarticular allograft reconstruction of post-traumatic defect of distal femur in a pediatric patient: A case report and literature review

Successful results of osteoarticular allografts in reconstruction of periarticular bone defect after tumor resection encouraged its utilization in post-traumatic defects. Here we describe a case of post-traumatic skeletal defect in a 4 year-old girl treated with osteoarticular allograft reconstruction. Due to severity of the associated soft tissue injury and contamination at presentation staged treatment with antibiotic spacer followed by the reconstruction was carried out. At the end of one year the patient achieved ‘Musculoskeletal tumor society‘ functional score of 27 points and radiographic score of 93%. Reconstruction immediately after healing of soft tissues prevented development of any varus or valgus deformity of the knee. Our case demonstrates utility of osteoarticular allograft in a pediatric post-traumatic skeletal defect.     

复杂性骨巨细胞瘤的外科治疗初步随访分析

目的提出复杂性骨巨细胞瘤的定义并回顾分析其治疗方法和结果，为减少其术后复发提供临床依据。方法2001年4月～2005年4月共治疗22例复杂性骨巨细胞瘤患者。男11例，女11例。年龄15～60岁。肿瘤位于股骨下段10例，胫骨上段5例，股骨近端2例，肱骨近端2例，髋骨2例和桡骨远端l例。所有患者按Campanicci’s分级，Ⅱ级4例，余均为Ⅲ级。行肿瘤边缘性切除或扩大性切除加大段同种异体骨与关节移植14例，肿瘤型人工关节置换8例。结果将骨巨细胞瘤已穿破骨皮质和／或侵犯至关节软骨下，已发生病理性骨折，瘤组织活检显示肿瘤细胞具有较强的侵袭性和肿瘤已有一次或多次复发定义为复杂性骨巨细胞瘤。所有患者获随访6～48个月，平均23个月。2例患者分别于术后8个月和11个月复发，分别经截肢和放射治疗后好转，复发率为9％。人工关节置换的关节功能优于同种异体骨移植；不带关节的同种异体骨移植的关节功能优于带关节的同种异体骨移植。所有移植的同种异体骨均获得不同程度的骨愈合。结论对定义为复杂性骨巨细胞瘤患者采用上述方法进行治疗，可获得较低的肿瘤复发率和一定范围的关节功能，是临床上治疗复杂性骨巨细胞瘤可采用的一种方法。