肝脏移植术后胆道并发症的防治

目的探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治方法。方法回顾性分析我院2002年6月至2006年9月完成的160例肝移植资料,其中行胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术10例、胆管-胆管端端吻合术150例。术后超声、CT、MRI、胆道造影和血清学检查了解移植肝形态、血流动力学及肝功能。98例随访2～48个月。结果发生胆道并发症24例（18%）,其中因肝动脉狭窄或栓塞引起的胆漏、胆道狭窄和肝内局限性坏死7例（5例经溶栓及内支架介入治疗后恢复、2例因肝功能衰竭并感染死亡）;胆道狭窄8例（6例经再次手术和ERCP及PTCD胆道内、外支撑等介入治疗恢复、2例胆管消融并发胆管炎死亡）;胆漏7例（6例经再次手术或超声引导下穿刺置管引流治愈、1例保守治愈）;胆道铸型2例（均经再次手术治愈）。结论供肝的质量和完整的动脉采集及胆道黏膜的保护,精细的动脉和胆管吻合是预防肝移植术后胆道并发症的关键。肝动脉溶栓、ERCP及PTCD胆道内支撑等是治疗胆道并发症的有效手段。     

经ERC介入治疗肝移植术后胆管狭窄

目的探讨经ERC介入治疗肝移植术后胆管狭窄的效果。方法收集2005年1月至2007年6月我院收住的肝移植术后胆管狭窄的60例患者的相关资料,归纳分析ERC介入治疗的效果。结果患者就诊的症状主要为胆道梗阻和胆管炎表现。60例胆管狭窄的ERC介入治疗治愈率为55%（33/60）,好转率为30%（18/60）,总有效率为85%（51/60）。吻合口型、肝外型、肝内型及肝内外混合型BS的介入治疗治愈率分别为100%（6/6）、63.6%（7/11）、27.2%（3/11）及53.1%（17/32）。结论肝移植术后胆管狭窄既有特征性表现,又有多样性表现,已成为肝移植术后再次就诊的主要原因,经ERC介入治疗是肝移植术后胆管狭窄的首选。但目前肝移植术后胆管狭窄总体疗效尚不是很理想,治疗效果与其类型密切相关,吻合口型疗效最好,肝外型次之,肝内外混合型和肝内型疗效较差。     

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目的 探讨原位肝移植(OLT)术后胆道狭窄(BS)的介入治疗方法和疗效。方法 1993年1月至2003年5月，应用经皮肝穿刺胆道造影(PTC)、经十二指肠镜逆行胆道造影(ERC)或经T管窦道胆道球囊扩张术、内支架术或引流术治疗7例OLT术后BS。结果 7例中2例经PTC胆道介入治疗3次，2次成功；5人经ERC胆道介入治疗13次，均成功；1例经T管窦道胆道引流3次，均成功。6例治愈，治愈率达85．7％。1例长期携带肝内胆管引流管，术后13个月死于肝功能衰竭。结论 经PTC、ERC或T管窦道胆道球囊扩张术、内支架术或引流术是OLT术后BS的有效介入治疗方法。     

肝移植术后肝脓肿的诊治体会（附8例报道）

目的探讨肝移植术后肝脓肿的临床特点和治疗手段,以改善其预后。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院1999年4月到2013年9月期间收治的8例肝移植术后肝脓肿病例的临床资料,总结其临床特点、诱发因素、治疗方法及预后转归。结果 387肝移植患者术后发生肝脓肿8例,发生率为2.07%,主要诱因为各种胆道并发症、肝动脉并发症等。其主要的治疗方法包括使用敏感抗生素、减少或停用免疫抑制剂、超声引导下的脓肿穿刺引流、胆管狭窄球囊扩张成形术、经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术（PTCD）、留置胆管支架、经内镜鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）及肝病灶切除术。8例患者均获访,随访时间3-59个月,中位数为23个月;其中4例治愈,1例好转,3例死亡。结论肝动脉和胆道并发症是肝移植术后肝脓肿发生的重要诱因,积极预防、治疗胆道和肝动脉并发症是减少肝移植术后肝脓肿发生和改善其预后的关键。     

原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防与诊治

目的　探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防、诊断和治疗。　方法　对 1993年 4月～2 0 0 1年 11月我科实施的 12 3例肝移植患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。　结果　 12 3例肝移植患者中11例通过胆道造影确诊为肝移植术后胆道并发症 ,9例治愈 ,1例好转 ,死亡 1例。胆道并发症发生率为 8 9% ( 11/ 12 3) ,与胆道并发症相关的死亡率为 0 8% ( 1/ 12 3) ,与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率为4 2 % ( 5 / 119) ,与肝动脉供血相关的胆道并发症发生率为 1 6 % ( 2 / 12 3)。热缺血时间 >3min、冷缺血时间 >8h组胆道并发症发生率明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。　结论　保存性损伤和缺血性损伤是肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要原因。修肝时应维护肝外胆管的血供和警惕变异胆管的存在。改进T管置管方法可显著降低与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率。术后早期胆道造影有助于及时诊断胆道并发症。介入技术是胆道并发症的主要治疗手段。     

原位肝移植术后肝脓肿的原因和处理

目的：探讨原位肝移植术(OLT)后肝脓肿的病因及治疗选择。 方法：分析4年间行OLT 558 例术后1~18 个月发生肝脓肿10 例(1.8％)的原因。结果：7 例为术后胆道并发症，2 例为肝癌复发灶射频消融术（RFA）后，1 例为不明原因感染。主要临床表现有发热、肝功能损害、低蛋白血症和贫血等。诊断主要根据临床表现及超声或CT 检查。治疗方法主要包括脓肿抽吸引流、PTCD胆道内外引流、抗感染和支持治疗及再次肝移植。 10 例中6 例通过肝脏穿刺引流治愈，2 例通过再次肝移植治愈，2 例死于脓毒血症；治愈率为80.0％。结论：OLT 后发生肝脓肿地原因复杂，可能与胆管吻合口狭窄或梗阻、胆道缺血坏死、肝癌复发灶介入治疗、肝动脉血栓或狭窄和激素冲击治疗等有关。OLT 后肝脓肿的预后较差，早期诊断和治疗是关键。     

肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的介入治疗和再移植时机

目的探讨肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄(HAS)的介入治疗效果和再次肝移植的时机。方法回顾性分析2 0例原位肝移植术后HAS患者的临床资料。所有病例经数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊,均行血管内介入治疗。其中6例接受了再移植。介入治疗方法包括经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)和支架植入术。结果早期HAS(移植后4周内)8例,介入治疗后肝功能好转6例,1例肝功能恶化及时再移植存活,另1例因肝衰竭死亡。1 2例晚期HAS中1例介入后于术后3 8 d死于严重感染和多器官衰竭;5例因肝功能反复异常、胆道缺血型狭窄和反复胆道感染而接受再移植,再移植围手术期死亡1例。2 0例平均随访13个月,2例分别因原发性肝癌和严重胆道感染死亡;3例出现肝动脉再狭窄并再次动脉内介入治疗成功。共出现缺血型胆道病变8例(4 0.0%)并行胆道介入治疗,5例肝功能改善。早期HAS和晚期HAS的1年和2年累计生存率分别为8 7.5%,4 3.8%和8 1.5%,5 4.3%,两组无统计学差异(P=0.9 7 6)。结论肝移植术后HAS未引起严重肝功能损害时,首选介入治疗,但缺血型胆道病变发生率较高。再次肝移植是治疗肝移植术后HAS导致不可逆性肝功能损害时的惟一有效手段     

原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治

目的　探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治方法。方法　回顾性分析 1 3例原位肝移植中术后4例胆道并发症的临床资料 ,对其余 9例未发生胆道并发症的经验进行总结。结果　胆道并发症发生率30 .7% ,3例治愈 ,1例死于肝动脉血栓形成引起的胆总管吻合口漏。结论　早期胆漏常发生于吻合口 ,可采用胆总管重新吻合 (端端吻合或胆肠吻合 )治疗 ,手术操作中避免胆管缺血可有效预防吻合口漏。肝动脉血栓形成预后差。不放置T管可避免与T管有关的并发症。吻合口狭窄可采用介入治疗或手术治疗。     

肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后肝动脉并发症治疗方式与时机的选择.方法 总结2003年10月至2007年3月中山大学附属第三医院肝脏移植中心25例肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的临床资料,分析介入溶栓、经皮腔内血管成形(PTA)、支架植入和再次肝移植对肝动脉并发症预后的影响.结果 本组患者肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成(hepatic artery thrombosis,HAT)5例,2例患者因肝功能衰竭行再移植治疗,术后均存活;3例接受介入溶栓治疗后,1例肝功能恢复正常,1例死亡,1例再次出现HAT,并再次移植术后因多器官功能衰竭死亡.术后1个月内出现肝动脉狭窄(hepatic arterystenosis,HAS)者12例,因肝功能衰竭行再移植2例;支架植入10例(治疗后因胆道缺血性改变行再移植4例);6例再移植患者存活4例,因颅内出血和感染死亡2例.术后1个月后出现HAS者8例,行肝动脉支架植入5例,肝功能好转.因胆道缺血性改变接受再移植1例.另外2例行保守治疗,情况稳定未作处理.结论 肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的治疗应根据并发症采用个体化的治疗方案.HAT的治疗以再次肝移植为主,HAS以介入治疗为主,一旦出现胆道缺血性改变,应及时行再次肝移植.     

肝移植术后胆管狭窄介入治疗的疗效评价

目的 评价原位肝移植（OLT）术后胆管狭窄（BS）介入治疗的疗效。方法 回顾分析2003年10月至2006年1月本中心53例OLT术后BS介入治疗的疗效。53例BS患者共接受经十二指肠镜逆行胆管造影（ERC）介入治疗107次，包括鼻胆管引流术68次、球囊扩张及胆管内支架术26次和胆管造影术13次。其中9例患者接受经皮肝穿刺胆管造影（PTC）介入治疗11次，包括PTC2次、PTCD7次、球囊扩张术3次及胆管内支架术1次。1例行经“T”管置管引流术。结果 ERC手术成功率为88、8％（95／107），鼻胆管引流术成功率为94％（64／68），胆管内支架术的成功率为88．5％（23／26）。PTC手术成功率为81．8％（9／11），PTCD成功率为100％（7／7），胆管支架术成功率为100％（1／1）。53例BS的介入治疗治愈率为28，3％（15／53），好转率为41、5％（22／53）。吻合口型、肝外型、肝内型、肝门型及弥漫型BS介入治疗的治愈率分别为66．7（4／6）、66．7％（10／15）、50％（1／2）、0（0／7）及0（0／22）。结论 目前OLT术后BS介入治疗的疗效尚不理想。介入治疗的疗效与BS类型密切相关，吻合口狭窄、肝外型和肝内单发型BS的疗效较好，肝门型和弥漫型BS的疗效较差。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.