The posterior cruciate ligament arthroscopic evaluation and treatment

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is an anatomically and biomechanically complex structure. PCL injuries are reported to occur in 1–40% of acute knee injuries, with isolated PCL tears less common that PCL tears combined with other ligament injuries. Diagnosis of PCL injuries requires a high index of suspicion, careful physical examination, imaging studies, and systematic arthroscopic evaluation. Surgical reconstruction is recommended for acute PCL tears combined with other ligament or structural injuries, and when there is a negative tibial step off in an isolated PCL tear. Isolated acute PCL tears with a positive tibial step off or flat tibial step off may be treated with rehabilitation and observation and reconstructed later if symptomatic. Arthroscopic techniques of PCL reconstruction are becoming more refined and reproducible and may increase the predictability of this surgery. Carefully documented pre- and postoperative evaluations are required to judge the effectiveness of PCL reconstructive procedures.     

膝后内侧入路金属空心螺钉治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的疗效分析

目的:探讨膝后内侧入路金属空心螺钉治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的疗效。方法:自2007年2月至2012年3月共收治36例后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折患者,男28例,女8例;年龄16~57岁,平均35岁。均为新鲜闭合性骨折,屈膝90°位后抽屉试验阳性,后沉征阳性。患者均摄膝关节X线片,发现胫骨平台后侧有撕脱骨块,均取膝后内侧入路,用金属空心螺钉固定,术后指导功能锻炼。采用Lysholm膝关节功能评分评价疗效。结果:所有病例成功完成手术,并获随访,时间6~36个月,平均12个月。术后3个月骨折部位均愈合。根据Lysholm膝关节评价标准,优30例,良4例,可2例,平均(92.2±3.8)分。结论:膝后内侧入路金属空心螺钉治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折能较大限度恢复关节功能,是一种安全、简单、有效的手术方法。     

经膝后正中小切口可吸收螺钉固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折

目的:探讨经膝后正中小切口可吸收拉力螺钉固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的方法和临床疗效。方法:对2007年1月至2011年12月应用可吸收螺钉治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的50例患者资料进行回顾性分析。其中男38例,女12例;年龄18~62岁,平均36.8岁;病程1~52周。术中采用膝关节后正中小切口,注意保护血管神经。术后通过物理检查、Lysholm及IKDC评分来评价手术疗效。结果:术中无断钉,术后无感染、窦道形成、骨折块移位等并发症发生,仅1例切口愈合延迟。随访6~42个月,平均30个月,终末随访时患者均获骨性愈合。2例因未及时复诊出现膝关节活动受限。50例术膝后抽屉试验及Lachman征为阴性或Ⅰ度阳性。术后Lysholm评分高于术前,术后优42例,良5例,中3例。术后IKDC评分高于术前,术后IKDC评分A级41例,B级9例。结论:可吸收螺钉是治疗膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折安全有效的方法,可使患者免除二次手术,而采取后正中后小切口创伤小,能够缩短手术时间和减少血管神经损伤。用可吸收拉力螺钉治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折需要严格掌握手术适应证。     

关节镜下经膝后外侧附加入口复位内固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折

目的 探讨关节镜下经膝后外侧附加入口复位内固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折的手术方法。方法 关节镜下应用Inside-out技术建立膝关节后外侧附加入口。通过此入口放置保护性套管并整复移位的骨块后,经套管钻入导针以临时固定骨块。若透视显示骨折解剖复位且导针定位满意,经导针拧入带垫片的自攻空心松质骨螺钉直接内固定撕脱骨块。术后配合激进的康复训练。结果 1例骨块移位11 mm且伴翻转未能在镜下复位,术中转为后路切开手术,其余10例均在关节镜下完成手术。手术时间63～98 m in,平均87.3 min,无一例腘窝区神经、血管损伤。10例术后X线片显示骨折解剖位整复且螺钉和垫片位置好,术后4～7周恢复正常的关节活动度及行走步态,查体示伤膝的后抽屉试验阴性;术后3个月X线片显示骨折均已愈合;术后5个月6例双侧对照的Computer KT-2000测试显示健、患侧胫骨后移之差均〈1.2mm（0.3～1.2 mm）。结论 关节镜下Inside-out技术可安全地建立膝后外侧附加入口,经此入口可对移位的后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折施行关节镜下复位及带垫片的自攻空心松质骨螺钉直接内固定。     

带线锚钉结合骨桥内固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的疗效分析

目的 分析带线锚钉结合骨桥内固定治疗后交叉韧带（posterior cruciate ligament, PCL）胫骨止点撕脱骨折的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2017年6月利用带线锚钉结合骨桥内固定治疗的26例（26膝）PCL胫骨止点撕脱骨折病人的临床资料。其中,男22例,女4例;年龄为17~39岁,平均31岁;病程为1~8 d。术后1年通过后抽屉试验评价膝关节功能;比较其术前术后的膝关节Lysholm评分和Tegner评分。结果 术后1年复查X线,所有病人骨折完全愈合,均未出现感染,后抽屉试验转为阴性。手术前、后的Lysholm评分分别为（24.08±9.50）分、（97.60±1.04）分;Tegner评分分别为（3.15±0.92）分、（8.60±0.32）分;术后分值均显著优于术前,两者比较,差异均有统计学意义（t=2.165,P=0.038;t=2.304,P=0.027）。结论 利用带线锚钉结合骨桥内固定修复PCL胫骨止点撕脱骨折临床效果良好。     

膝关节镜手术专用导向器的试制及临床应用

目的：探讨我院自行试制的膝关节镜专用滑臂式导向器用于前交叉韧带(ACL)和后交叉韧带(PCL)重建的临床效果。方法：回顾分析1996年7月--2000年2月应用滑臂式导向器定位，在关节镜下行ACL、PCL重建，随访超过18月患52例，其中ACL重建组33例，PCL重建组19例，重建材料均用深低温冷冻异体跟腱移植，术前及术后18月用Lysholm-Ⅱ评分评定膝关节功能及患运动水平。结果：根据膝关节功能评分(Lysholm-Ⅱ评分)ACL重建组：术前平均48分(36--62分)，术后18月平均86分(58--98分)，优良率90．9％(30／33)。PCL重建组：术前平均56分(42--64分)，术后18月平均84分(56--94分)，优良率89．5％(17／19)。结论：滑臂式导向器定位准确，使用方便，用于关节镜下ACL、PCL重建可获得良好的临床效果。     

后交叉韧带重建中股骨侧复合固定技术的生物力学研究

目的探讨股骨侧＂锐角效应＂及复合固定技术对后交叉韧带重建术后移植物的影响。方法50例猪膝关节,随机分为5组,以猪的屈趾肌腱作为移植重建后交叉韧带。移植物固定方法分别采用：EndoButton、可吸收界面螺钉（螺钉分别固定在移植物前上方及后下方）、复合固定（EndoButton联合小号界面螺钉）且螺钉固定在移植物后下方。在移植物与骨道边缘之间放置压敏片,并对其施以352N的负荷作用来测定其与骨道边缘之间压强。然后再对各移植物施以屈服负荷,记录各组压强值及屈服负荷。结果各组间的压强值以及屈服负荷间的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。其中,复合固定组压强值（3.28±0.22）Mpa低于其他各组,但是屈服负荷（470±55）N大于其他各组。并且,螺钉固定在后下方压强值（3.22±0.13）Mpa明显小于前上方固定（3.49±0.27）Mpa。结论应用复合固定技术重建后交叉韧带,可以减小＂锐角效应＂,并且复合固定技术固定强度大于单纯皮质外固定及单纯界面螺钉固定。     

Isolated avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament

Summary Avulsion injuries of the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee are relatively infrequent. Most authors recommend primary operative repair, but there have been only a few series with documented results.Twenty-three patients with an isolated avulsion type injury of the PCL were operated on in our department during the last 15 years.The diagnosis was made by clinical examination and imaging studies (X-ray, MRI). The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the difficulty or ease of the posterior open exposure for the general surgeon as well as to reaffirm the value of surgical repair and rigid fixation of the avulsed PCL     

Arthroscopic Posterior Cruciate Ligament Augmentation Using an Autogenous Hamstring Tendon Graft and the Posterior-Posterior Triangulation Technique

We describe a modification of the currently practiced arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction techniques. We augmented the injured PCL with quadrupled autogenous hamstring tendon grafts using the arthroscopic posterior-posterior triangulation method and a single-incision transtibial approach. The tibial drill guide was introduced through the anteromedial portal and positioned onto the fossa for the PCL on the tibia under arthroscopic guidance from the posterolateral portal. The femoral tunnel was made 10 mm posterior to the articular cartilage of the medial femoral condyle by use of the anterior cruciate ligament Beath pin (Arthrex, Naples, FL) introduced through the far-inferior anterolateral portal. The tendon graft was positioned in the knee joint by use of the tibial and femoral double-folded silk loops that traversed the bony tunnels. The graft was fixed by use of bioabsorbable Intrafix screw systems (DePuy Mitek, Raynham, MA) at both the ends. The arthroscopic posterior-posterior triangulation method provides adequate exposure of the posterior knee compartment; this allows for convenient instrumentation and safe and accurate placement of the bony tunnels with preservation of the PCL remnants. We believe that retention of the remnant PCL fibers is biologic and contributes to earlier healing and strengthening of the tendon graft.     

股骨单隧道内分叉双束纤维重建后交叉韧带的实验研究

目的在人膝关节标本上行股骨单隧道分叉双束纤维重建后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL),探讨其术式的优缺点。方法应用力学试验机对14侧捐赠新鲜冷冻人膝关节标本进行生物力学测试,男12侧,女2侧;年龄20～31岁。标本股骨段长20cm,胫骨段长20cm。首先测量PCL完整时胫骨后移距离和交叉韧带的应变(完整组,n=14);然后切断PCL(切断组,n=14),测量胫骨受力时的后移距离后,再将标本随机分为两组:单束重建组(n=7)和分叉双束重建组(n=7),分别测量屈膝0、30、60、90和120°5个角度时胫骨后移距离和移植韧带的应变。结果胫骨受到100N后向力量,完整组在不同屈膝角度下,胫骨向后移位1.97±0.29～2.60±0.23mm,前外束和后内束纤维交替紧张松弛。切断组膝关节明显松弛,胫骨向后移位达11.27±1.06～14.94±0.67mm,与完整组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);单束纤维重建组,在不同屈膝角度下胫骨向后移位1.99±0.19～2.72±0.38mm,移植韧带持续紧张。双束纤维重建组在不同屈膝角度下胫骨向后移位2.27±0.32～3.05±0.44mm,移植的双束纤维交替紧张,协同作用。组内比较:双束重建组在不同屈膝角度时胫骨向后位移差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而单束重建组在屈膝90°时与屈膝30、60和120°时相比,胫骨后移增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论股骨单隧道内分叉双束纤维重建PCL术在各屈膝角度均能有效防止胫骨后移,股骨单隧道单束重建术屈膝90°时后移较其他角度时增大。分叉双束重建PCL的两束纤维束交替紧张,生物力学特征更接近于正常PCL。     

钢丝内固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折

目的:应用钢丝通过钻孔牵拉内固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折,评价疗效。方法:2003年1月至2009年6月,28例膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折患者,男19例,女9例;年龄16～55岁,平均35.3岁。X线检查示骨折移位:Ⅱ度10例,Ⅲ度18例。采用膝关节后内侧倒"L"形入路切开复位,以钢丝内固定治疗,术后可调节支具固定,术后2周在CPM辅助下膝关节被动伸屈训练,4周在支具保护下下地部分负重,术后6周拆除支具。结果:25例患者获随访,时间6～24个月,平均15个月。X线片示骨折复位满意,所有患者获得骨性愈合,膝关节稳定,Lachman试验阴性,未发生骨折不愈合和关节僵硬等并发症。伸膝活动度正常,屈膝活动度(136±12)°。采用Lysholm膝关节评分法评估,术前(41.80±6.16)分,术后6个月(94.10±8.26)分,术前术后比较,差异有统计学意义(t=26.667,P<0.01)。术后评定优22例,良2例,可1例。结论:应用膝后内侧倒"L"形入路以钢丝内固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折具有安全有效、内固定可靠、费用少等优点,可有效重建膝关节的稳定,恢复膝关节功能,是治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折较理想的选择。     

Arthroscopic reduction of posterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fracture using two cross-linked pull-out sutures: A surgical technique and case series

Surgical treatment of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial avulsion fracture is challenging due to the deep-seated location of the lesion with complex adjacent anatomy and usually with small-sized bone fragment. We introduce a novel arthroscopic reduction technique using two cross-linked pull-out sutures (2XLPOS) through triple bone tunnels in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial avulsion fracture.Posterior trans-septal portal was established following the four standard arthroscopic portals. Bilateral margins of the PCL with 1～2?mm margin from the border were penetrated using suture hook. Fiberwire sling tied with a No. 0 PDS knot was introduced anterior to the PCL by the two posteriorly pulled shuttle sutures. Three bone tunnels were drilled in the inferomedial, inferolateral, and apex edge of the avulsed tibial crater. Each end of the Fiberwire was drawn out through the inferomedial and inferolateral bone tunnel, respectively. Two ends of the No. 0 PDS were drawn out through the apex tunnel by the same manner. Fiberwire was tied on the anteromedial aspect of the proximal tibia with one strand of the No. 0 PDS placed underneath the Fiberwire knot. And, the No. 0 PDS loop was tied to complete cross-linking of pull-out construct.Arthroscopic reduction of PCL tibial insertion avulsion fracture using 2XLPOS technique was performed in eleven patients. Mean range of motion at the first postoperative year was 126.8°. Mean Lysholm score, Tegner activity scale, and IKDC was 69.2, 4.2, and 58.1, respectively. Posterior instability decreased from mean 12.6?mm preoperatively to 3.2?mm at 1-year postoperative follow up. Radiographic union of the fracture site was confirmed in 11 cases. Our new surgical technique yielded good clinical and radiological outcome, and we consider it is unique in utilizing two cross-linked sling type pull-out suture constructs and triple bone tunnels for their passage.     

A follow-up study of arthroscopic combined reconstruction of anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments with allograft patellar tendon

Objective： To evaluate the therapeutic effect of combined reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament （ ACL ） and posterior cruciate ligament （ PCL ） simultaneously by using allograft patellar tendon under arthroscopy. Methods： From May 2003 to November 2005, 10 cases of ruptured ACL and PCL were fixated with compressed screws and reconstructed under arthroscopy with allograft patellar tendon simultaneously. The clinical results were evaluated according to IKDC, Lysholm, and Tegner clinical rating scales. Results. All patients were followed up for 12-30 months （mean： 18 months ）. At the last follow-up, there was no knee extension limitation and knee flexion was between 120° and 135°, with an average of 128.38°. The Lysholm score of the 10 cases was 66. 5 ± 5. 6 before operation and 89.8 ± 3.4 at last follow up. The difference was statistically significant （ P 〈 0.01 ）. The average Tegner activity score decreased from 6.9 ± 1.7 （ range ： 4-9 ） before injury to 5.5 ± 1. 6 （rang： 2-9） at the follow-up （P=0.53）. At the end of follow-up, IKDC score was graded as A in 4 cases （40.0 % ）, B in 5 （50.0 % ）, and C in 1 （10.0%）. Of the 10 patients, 8 returned to the same sports level as before injury and 2 were under the level. Conclusion. Arthroscopic combined reconstruction of ACL and PCL with allograft patellar tendon has the advantages of minimal trauma in surgery and reliable satisfactory outcome.     

Displaced avulsion fractures of the posterior cruciate ligament: Treated by stellate steel plate fixation

Background:

The open reduction with internal fixation is an effective approach for treatment of avulsion fracture of posterior cruciate ligament. The previously used internal fixation materials including hollow screws, absorbable screw, tension bands and sutures have great defects such as insufficient fixation strength, susceptibility to re-fracture, etc. Stellate steel plate is novel material for internal fixation which has unique gear-like structure design. We used stellate steel plate for treatment of displaced avulsion fractures of posterior cruciate ligament in this study.

Materials and Methods:

14 patients (9 men, 5 women; aged, 19–35 years; mean age, 28 years) with displaced avulsion fractures of the tibial insertion of the posterior cruciate ligament were retrospectively analyzed between June 2009 and June 2011. The mean duration from injury to the operation was 8.3 days (range 6–15 days). All the patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation of a stellate steel plate (DePuy, Raynham, MA 02767, USA). The Lysholm-Tegner knee function score criteria were used to analyze results.

Results:

The mean followup was 24.6 months (range 18–32 months). After 6 months, all the fractures healed and knee joint activity was normal, with no knee stiffness or instability. The Lysholm-Tegner scores were 97.1 ± 1.7 points at the final followup.

Conclusion:

Owing to its unique gear structure, the stellate steel plate design can effectively fix an avulsion fracture block and it is a simple operation with short postoperative rehabilitation time and firm fixation.     

Arthroscopic reduction and fixation of bony avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament of the tibia

Bony avulsion fractures of the posterior cruciate ligament of the tibia have commonly been treated by open reduction and internal fixation using the posterior approach. However, this approach, using the prone position, makes it difficult to investigate and treat other combined injuries of the knee joint. We report a case of posterior cruciate ligament avulsion of the tibia that was arthroscopically reduced and firmly fixed with two cannulated screws. The posterior sag was absent after the operation and the result was excellent. By arthroscopy, we got rigid fixation of the avulsed fragment for early rehabilitation, and detection of a concomitant injury was also possible.     

膝十字韧带移植重建术中韧带末端缝合固定的生物力学研究及临床应用

目的研究膝十字韧带移植重建术中韧带末端缝合固定的方法及固定强度。方法将24条带髌骨的髌韧带标本分为3组,对其末端分别采用Krackow双锁边缝合法缝合2针、3针,缝合材料为Ethilon缝线及直径0.4mm钢丝,对样本分别进行拉伸力学检测以比较强度,探讨最佳的缝合针数和方法并应用于临床。结果Krackow双锁边缝合法缝合2针,缝合点固定强度超过钢丝材料的破坏强度;用缝线缝合2针的强度达到80N以上,超过缝线材料的破坏强度;将第一针贯穿韧带缝合,不降低固定强度。根据实验结果,将改良的Krackow双锁边缝合法临床应用17例,加速了术后早期康复,取得良好效果。结论Krackow双锁边缝合法缝合2针或3针的固定强度差别不大,差异无显著性意义,第一针贯穿韧带,可减少缝线裸露但不降低固定强度,均超过缝合材料破坏强度。若想增加固定强度,应从改进缝合材料强度和增加缝线数目着手,此缝合法临床应用可加速康复,固定可靠。     

半腱肌肌腱重建膝关节后交叉韧带11例

膝关节后交叉韧带损伤是一种常见的创伤，传统的观点认为单纯后交叉韧带损伤无需手术治疗，故文献中关于修复后交叉韧带损伤的报道较少。……