活自水鱼体表检出O139群霍乱弧菌

目的了解奉贤区海水产品中霍乱弧菌的污染状况，为霍乱防治工作提供实验依据。方法依据《霍乱防治手册》第5版进行霍乱弧菌分离培养、生化及血清学鉴定，同时用PCR方法进行检测。结果从活白水鱼体表检出1株O139剪群霍乱弧菌。结论本次检出的1株O139势群霍乱弧菌为流行株，具有引起流行和大流行的潜力，因此要加强对海水产品的主动监测，预防霍乱的散发和暴发流行。     

活白水鱼体表检出O139群霍乱弧菌

目的 了解奉贤区海水产品中霍乱弧菌的污染状况,为霍乱防治工作提供实验依据.方法 依据<霍乱防治手册第5版进行霍乱弧菌分离培养、生化及血清学鉴定,同时用PCR方法进行检测.结果 从活白水鱼体表检出1株O139剪群霍乱弧菌.结论 本次检出的1株O139剪群霍乱弧菌为流行株,具有引起流行和大流行的潜力,因此要加强对海水产品的主动监测,预防霍乱的散发和暴发流行.     

肇庆市水产品中首次检出霍乱弧菌

目的：了解肇庆市零售水产品中霍乱弧菌的污染状况，为改善当前霍乱防治工作提供实验依据。方法：依据国标方法，对2004年7—8月采自肇庆市水产品批发市场、零售市场和酒店的水产品进行霍乱弧菌的分离、生化及血清学鉴定。结果：共采集水产品样品65件，水体样品22件。从样品中检出霍乱弧菌9株，其中分离自蛙8株，养殖水1株；8株为01群Ehor霍乱弧菌稻叶型91，1株为O1群Eltor霍乱弧菌小川型91。结论：该次肇庆市水产品检出的霍乱弧菌均为非流行株，但仍需加强对水产品的主动监测，预防霍乱流行株的出现而导致霍乱的散发和暴发流行。     

一起市售水产品霍乱弧菌污染的调查分析

目的通过对1起市售水产品中霍乱弧菌污染的调查分析,为霍乱防治提供科学依据。方法按照《霍乱防治手册》[1](第6版),对市售水产品、相关环境、重点人群进行霍乱病原菌检测。结果共采样88件,其中市售水产品样61件,相关环境样25件,人肛拭样2件。检出5株O139群霍乱弧菌产毒流行株,阳性率5.7%,其中从水产品样中检出3株,阳性率为4.9%;从环境样中检出2株,阳性率为8.0%,人肛拭样未检出。结论该次水产品检出的霍乱弧菌为流行株,应加强对海(水)产品的风险监测,采取联防联控的防治策略,预防食源性霍乱的暴发流行。     

四川省2005年霍乱分子流行病学特征

目的：分析四川省2005年霍乱弧菌分子特征,以及霍乱暴发疫情分离的菌株与菌株之间,疫情分离的菌株与海、水产品监测分离的霍乱弧菌之间的遗传相关性,查找霍乱传染来源,为预测疫情和制定防治措施提供依据.方法：利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测O139群霍乱弧菌特异性编码脂多糖基因（LPS）和霍乱毒力基因（ctxAB）;脉冲场凝胶电泳对菌株进行分子分型,所得结果以BioNumerics V4.0软件UPGMA方法进行聚类分析.结果：所试16株霍乱弧菌14株LPS阳性,为O139群霍乱弧菌;另2株为O1群稻叶型霍乱弧菌.2株稻叶型霍乱弧菌和1株O139群霍乱弧菌ctxAB阴性,其余13株菌均具有ctxAB,为产毒株.对16株菌以NotⅠ酶切后PFGE可分为5个型别.O139群霍乱弧菌优势流行株与从甲鱼分离的O139群霍乱弧菌PFGE型别一致,且同为产毒株.结论：甲鱼等海、水产品被O139群霍乱弧菌污染情况严重,甲鱼中分离的O139群霍乱弧菌与霍乱疫情分离菌株之间高度同源,被污染的甲鱼可能是本年度食源性霍乱暴发的主要传染来源之一,海、水产品的监测是近期霍乱防控的重点.     

2006年鸭绿江水及水产品中检出霍乱弧菌报告

〔目的〕通过对鸭绿江水及水产品中O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌检测,了解霍乱弧菌在其中的存活及菌型分布情况,为制定防治措施提供依据。〔方法〕采集鸭绿江水及水产品进行霍乱弧菌分离培养,血清学诊断符合O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌者,按国标法进行系统菌株鉴定。〔结果〕从216份(江水189份、水产品27份)标本中检出9株O1群霍乱弧菌,全部为江水中检出,总检出率为4.17%。其中稻叶型2株,占22.2%;小川型7株,占77.8%。〔结论〕检出的9株O1群霍乱弧菌均属非流行株,江水中霍乱弧菌的检出率高于水产品的检出率。总检出率较高,提示在今后霍乱监测中,鸭绿江水应继续作为重点。     

汕头市外环境霍乱弧菌污染状况分析

目的对汕头市海水产品及水体霍乱弧菌污染情况进行分析,为制定防治措施提供依据。方法采集汕头市外环境海水产品和水样,用常规的细菌培养方法分离霍乱弧菌。结果从采集的1114份海水产品及水体样本中共检出14株霍乱弧菌,其中分离自青蛙7株、甲鱼2株、鱼类2株、甲壳类1株、水体2株,均为O1群ElTor型。2005年和2006年海水产品的霍乱弧菌检出率分别为2.3%和1.0%,水体的霍乱弧菌检出率均为0.5%。噬菌体-生物分型多达9种,检出时间集中在7～12月份。结论汕头市外环境中存在O1群ElTor型弧菌,均为非流行株,但污染种类较多,噬菌体-生物分型较广,存在季节性分布,提示仍需加强监测,预防霍乱的散发和爆发流行。     

2003～2007年厦门市海沧区外环境中霍乱弧菌监测结果分析

[目的]了解水体和水产品霍乱弧菌污染情况。[方法]2003～2007年,厦门市海沧区5～10月采集水产品和水体,检测O1群霍乱弧菌和O139群霍乱弧菌。[结果]5年合计,从922份水体中检出3株霍乱弧菌,从1040份水产品中检出6株霍乱弧菌。9株霍乱弧菌均为O1群,其中小川型4株、稻叶型5株,均为霍乱弧菌肠毒素CT阴性的无毒株。[结论]厦门市海沧区外环境中的霍乱弧菌主要是O1群非流行株。     

衡阳市2006年水产品霍乱弧菌调查报告

目的：了解衡阳市水产品中霍乱弧菌的污染状况，为进一步预防衡阳市霍乱制订措施提供实验依据。方法：依据《霍乱弧菌手册》（第五版）进行霍乱弧菌分离培养、生化及血清学鉴定。结果：共采集水产品593份，污水36份，从甲鱼肛样中检出2株O139霍乱弧菌，1株稻叶型霍乱弧菌，从甲鱼内脏中检出1株O139群霍乱弧菌。结论：2006年5-10月份衡阳市水产品霍乱弧菌监测，阳性率较低，只检测出4株且均从甲鱼中来，但仍需对外来甲鱼进行监测，预防霍乱在衡阳市发生。     

2010年常德市水产品霍乱弧菌监测结果分析

目的及时发现水产品中的霍乱弧菌,防止在人群中发生霍乱暴发流行。方法定期对常德市城区各类水产品市场进行采样,及时送实验室检测,对检测出的霍乱弧菌进行毒株鉴定。结果水产品采样检测1 530份,检出霍乱弧菌39份,阳性率2.55%;其中O139群霍乱弧菌阳性样20份,O1群稻叶型阳性样18份,O1群彦岛型阳性样1份。结论水产品确实携带有霍乱弧菌,可以引起霍乱。     

Preferential association of the heat-stable enterotoxin gene (stn) with environmental strains of Vibrio cholerae belonging to the O14 serogroup

Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups have the capacity of causing epidemic and pandemic cholera but are infrequently found in the environment. The other serogroups are abundant in aquatic environments but do not possess the virulence genes necessary for causing the disease. Of the 559 environmental strains of V. cholerae, collected during different periods from environmental samples in Calcutta, 9 (1.6%) harboured the heat-stable enterotoxin gene (stn). Six of the 9 strains belonged to the O14 serogroup. Thus, V. cholerae strains carrying the stn gene revealed preferential association with the O14 serogroup. Three of the six strains harboured the tcpA gene of the E1 Tor type, which is an unusual feature among environmental V. cholerae strains. A strain that possessed the E1 Tor type tcpA also had the CTX prophage. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed that the stn gene positive O14 strains of V. cholerae were not clonal.     

霍乱流行区江河霍乱弧菌污染的监测和消除研究

目的：全面掌握霍乱流行区江河段霍乱弧菌污染的状况并评价消除污染的措施及其效果。方法：于198年5月4日－7月1日对流行区A、B、C河流按每隔300－500米设立取水点，每2－3天采样1次；1998年7月－2001年12月对13个曾反复阳性点按月进行霍乱弧菌监测。采取对下水道污水消毒，拆除沿江两岸厕所和人群查源等措施以消除污染。结果：1998年4月28日－6月1日在流行区29个取水点检出霍乱弧菌。毒力测定人源株以中等毒力为主（68．8％），而水源株以弱毒为主（66．7％）。1998年7月至2001年12月采水796份，均未检出霍乱弧菌，24份水样L型菌，非可培养状态也为阴性。结论：该流行区江河段遭受一时性霍乱弧菌污染，1998年6月2日以后已彻底消除，未发生水型传播疫情，1998年8月－2001年12月，该区域也未再有霍乱病例发生，表明消除措施效果显著，也证明当地霍乱疫情系输入性。     

海、水产品中污染霍乱弧菌的鉴定和分子特征分析

目的 了解调查年份不同种类海、水产品中分离的霍乱弧菌的血清学分型、噬菌体-生物分型及毒力因子携带情况,分析海水产品污染状况与疫情的关系,为疫情预测和制定防治对策提供参考。方法 应用血清学分型及噬菌体-生物分型方法分析所分离菌株的生物表型,应用PCR方法检测毒力基因的携带情况。结果 检测的64株菌株中0139型菌株占48．44％（31／64）,01群小川型占31．25％（20／64）,01群稻叶型占20．31％（13／64）;01群噬菌体-生物分型显示均为非流行株;对61株菌毒力基因检测结果显示：0139霍乱弧菌毒力基因的检出率（83．33％）远高于01群小川型霍乱弧菌（15．38％）和01群稻叶型霍乱弧菌（11．11％）。结论 0139型霍乱弧菌主要存在于甲鱼、甲鱼养殖水及甲壳类海水产品中,而且多为产毒株,这些海、水产品是预防和控制霍乱疫情的重要环节。     

Comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping for subtyping of Vibrio cholerae O139 isolated in Thailand.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of Cpo I-digested genomic DNA and ribotyping (Bgl I) were applied to 60 Vibrio cholerae strains including 48 V. cholerae O139 from Thailand to compare their value in differentiating strains of the present V. cholerae O139 epidemic. PFGE patterns were divided into groups A and B representing five and four subtypes, respectively, while ribotyping showed four different patterns. PFGE group B subtypes were only presented among O139 isolates from Thailand, whereas four O139 strains from Bangladesh and India showed identical PFGE group A subtypes observed in O139 isolates from Thailand. Two nontoxigenic O139 isolates from Thailand showed different and unique PFGE types as did five V. cholerae non-O139 isolates containing a gene virulence complex found in V. cholerae O139. These results indicate that PFGE (Cpo I) can resolve recent evolutionary divergence within V. cholerae O139 and offers a useful supplementary tool for following the progressing V. cholerae O139 epidemic.     

2010年湖南省霍乱弧菌病原学特征及溯源分析

目的分析2010年湖南省霍乱弧菌分离株的病原学特征,比较霍乱疫情分离株与常规监测分离株之间的克隆相关性,追溯传染源。方法对疫情与监测分离到的42株霍乱弧菌进行常规生物分型和PCR检测毒力基因,对23株代表株进行药敏试验,对18株代表株通过脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)获得电泳图谱,利用BioNumerics软件对图谱进行聚类分析,探讨菌株间的相关性。结果 2010年从湖南省霍乱疫情中分离10株霍乱弧菌均为O139群,ctxA阳性率100%。常规监测分离霍乱弧菌32株,其中O1群15株,全部为ctxA阴性株;O139群17株,ctxA阳性率94.11%。23株霍乱弧菌耐药结果显示强力霉素、复方新诺明的耐药率分别为47.83%、56.52%,发现1株对诺氟沙星、环丙沙星耐药。PFGE方法显示有5种脉冲场凝胶电泳图谱,相似率在82%~100%之间,甲鱼中分离的O139群霍乱弧菌与霍乱疫情分离菌株之间高度同源。结论湖南省霍乱弧菌存在紧密相关的流行克隆群;被O139群霍乱弧菌污染的甲鱼很可能是湖南省霍乱疫情发生的主要传染来源,海、水产品的监测是霍乱防控的重点;要密切关注对诺氟沙星、环丙沙星的耐药变化。     

2001-2009年衡阳市霍乱流行特征及监测结果报告

目的通过对衡阳市霍乱疫情及监测结果分析,了解衡阳市霍乱流行规律和霍乱弧菌在水体及食品的污染情况,为霍乱防控工作提供科学依据。方法对收集的疫情报告、现场调查、实验室检测和监测资料等进行统计分析。结果 2001-2005年衡阳市共发生28起霍乱疫情,发病82例,死亡2例,除2001年1起疫情为O1群外,其它均为O139群。1起疫情为水型暴发,其它暴发疫情的发生均与聚餐和人群生活习惯有关,均有食用甲鱼史。通过采取针对性措施,2006-2009年无病例发生。2005-2009年间每年均从市售涉水产品中检出霍乱弧菌,2006-2007年为O1群和O139群均有检出,2008-2009年以O1群为优势菌株;除2009年外,其它年份均有产毒株检出;霍乱弧菌对诺氟沙星、环丙沙星敏感率为100%。结论衡阳市涉水产品受到霍乱弧菌污染,且大多具有毒力基因,有引起霍乱暴发的危险。在霍乱防制工作中要重点加强对涉水产品的监测和农村集体聚餐的卫生指导管理。     

Molecular identification of pathogenicity genes and ERIC types in Vibrio cholerae O1 epidemic strains from Mozambique

The phenotypic and genotypic profiles of the V. cholerae strains causing the Mozambican 1997-8 epidemic were characterized to provide a reference for comparison with other epidemic strains. A total of 75 strains of V. cholerae O1 isolated in different provinces, were analysed. Strains were characterized by PCR for detecting toxin genes (ctxA, zot and ace), virulence associated genes (tcpA. nanH, hlyA and torR) and ERIC sequences. All V. cholerae strains were serotype O1, Ogawa, biotype El Tor. MIC testing showed a high proportion of strains multi-resistant to drugs (100% to cotrimoxazole and 52% to tetracycline) and susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. The isolates contained two intact copies of the CTX genetic element and all other genes tested. PCR of restricted DNA revealed two ERIC types: the first in provincial isolates, also predominant in other African epidemic strains, and the second in Maputo isolates (the national capital).     

Survival of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 with a common duckweed, Lemna minor, in artificial aquatic ecosystems

Cholera epidemics occur twice a year in Bangladesh. During epidemics, Vibrio cholerae O1 are isolated from patients, as well as from the surface water, but the bacteria disappear during inter-epidemic periods. Their reservoirs or sites of survival and multiplication during inter-epidemic period are still unknown. The present survival study in the laboratory explored the role of an aquatic plant, Lemna minor (duckweed), as a possible reservoir. L. minor was added to sea-salt solution at pH 8.5, containing V. cholerae. Survival of V. cholerae on L. minor, in water on which L. minor was floating, and in control water (without L. minor) was monitored at regular intervals. Survival of both environmental and clinical strains of V. cholerae was assessed by viable counts on thiosulphate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar. It was observed that both strains survived better on L. minor than in water on which L. minor was floating or in control water. It is suggested that plants may serve as an effective environmental reservoir for V. cholerae either through a non-specific association or by interaction with V. cholerae in commensal relationship.     

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated in Samutsakorn,Thailand before,during and after the emergence of V. cholerae O139.

Seventy clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from 1982-96 in Samutsakorn, a port city 30 km southwest of Bangkok where cholera occurs at low levels with regular seasonality, were characterized to investigate if there were any differences among the O1 strains isolated before, during and after the 0139 epidemic. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, ribotyping and southern blot hybridization with a cholera toxin probe (CT genotyping) demonstrated several genotypes among O1 strains isolated before the emergence of V. cholerae 0139. However, O1 strains isolated during and after the advent of 0139 showed identical ribotypes which were distinctly different from the types identified in strains isolated before the emergence of 0139. Ribotypes identified in strains during and after the advent of 0139 were also demonstrated by O1 strains isolated immediately before the emergence of 0139. Considering the seasonality of cholera in Samutsakorn, the identical ribotype and CT genotype and the closely related PFGE types shown by all O1 strains isolated during and after the appearance of 0139 is remarkable and suggest that the V. cholerae O1 strain may reemerge from an environmental source. A subgroup of V. cholerae O1 strains isolated before the emergence of the 0139 epidemic had a ribotype identical to a type demonstrated by 0139 strains isolated in Thailand. Our results support similar findings in Bangladesh and India that a distinct O1 strain appeared during the 0139 epidemic. However, compared with the apparent identical strain which replaced 0139 in Bangladesh and India, the emerged O1 strain in Samutsakorn showed a different ribotype and CT genotype.