气质联用法定量分析白念珠菌中甾醇含量

目的 建立气质联用法(GC-SIM-MS)测定白念珠菌中羊毛甾醇和麦角甾醇的含量.方法 白念珠菌经离心、皂化、提取出甾醇部分后溶解于环己烷中,采用HP-5毛细管柱进行气相色谱分析,柱温:程序升温150～ 320℃,起始温度150℃,按10℃/min升至300℃,再按20℃/min升至320℃;检测器温度270℃;进样口温度270℃;载气:氦气1 ml/min;质谱检测器:EI离子源,电力电压70 eV;SIM Scan;the selected ions:3.00～ 17.50 min,275,386;17.50 ～ 19.00 min,363,396;19.00～ 30.00min,411,426;进样量:lμl;无分流比.结果 羊毛甾醇和麦角甾醇线性关系良好(r分别为0.999 8和0.999 5),回收率在91.2％ ～117.3％ (RSD＜2.5％),最低检测限分别为18.29 ng/ml和68.13 ng/ml,日内及日间精密度良好(RSD均小于1.2％).结论 本方法准确、灵敏、专属性强,结果可靠,为抗真菌药物研究提供了有力的工具.     

气质联用技术定量研究TTS-12对白念珠菌甾醇合成途径的影响

目的:研究天然产物TTS-12对白念珠菌甾醇生物合成途径的影响。方法:用微量液基稀释法测定TTS-12对不同真菌的最低抑菌浓度。采用气相色谱-质谱法测定白念珠菌经TTS-12作用前后麦角甾醇、羊毛甾醇的含量。结果:TTS-12对白念珠菌、新型隐球菌具有抑制作用。对照组白念珠菌麦角甾醇、羊毛甾醇含量为(53·2±4·8)%、(3·5±0·6)%;TTS-12作用后,麦角甾醇、羊毛甾醇含量为(5·6±0·8)%、(16·5±3·2)%。结论:TTS-12可能作用于白念珠菌细胞膜麦角甾醇合成途径,抑制麦角甾醇的生物合成而发挥抗真菌活性。     

电子轰击离子化气相质谱法测定人类血浆中的丙卡特罗(英文)

目的:建立一种简便灵敏的气相质谱法用于测定丙卡特罗的血药浓度。方法:采用电子轰击离子化气相质谱法,以丙咪嗪做内标,样品采用液-液萃取、衍生化处理,分离柱为毛细管柱,进样器和接口温度分别为280℃和250℃,载气(氦气)流速为0.8 mL·min~(-1),进样口选择脉冲不分流模式,离子源和四极杆的温度分别为230℃和150℃。结果:测定方法的检测限为5 ng·L~(-1);线性范围为10-10000 ng·L~(-1);日内(n=5)和日间(n=5)变异系数均小于10％,平均回收率为99.1％±1.3％。结论:本方法灵敏、简便,可用于丙卡特罗的药代动力学研究。     

气固顶空色谱法测定植入用缓释氟尿嘧啶中环己烷

目的:测定植入用缓释氟尿嘧啶中环已烧残留量。方法:研碎供试品,置针管中于60℃保温作气固顶空平衡,顶空气以气相色谱法测定,氢焰检测器,SE-30固定相,柱温80℃。结果:方法的精密度RSD为2.8％,回收率为101.4％,10～110ng·mL~(-1)范围内线性良好,检出限为3.4ng·mL~(-1)。结论:为类似难溶性固体药物的有机溶剂残留量检测提供了可靠的方法。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定人体血浆中扑尔敏的浓度

目的:建立一种测定人体血浆中扑尔敏浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法:取人体血浆1.5 mL,加内标右美沙芬后,用三氯甲烷提取,取其有机相于60℃水浴挥干,剩余物加流动相复溶,并用乙酸乙酯洗涤,取水相20μL进样。流动相为0.025mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢铵(用磷酸调pH为3.5)-乙腈(70:30),色谱柱为Diamonsil ODS C_(18)柱(5μm,4.6mm×150mm),检测波长为200 nm,流速为1.0mL·min~(-1),柱温为室温。结果:本方法线性范围为0.5～16ng·mL~(-1),,r=0.998 7,最低检测限为0.25ng·mL~(-1),方法回收率为96.6％～108.0％,日内RSD为4.1％～5.9％,日间RSD为4.6％～5.9％。结论:本方法灵敏度高,特异性强,重现性好,可用于人体血浆中扑尔敏浓度的测定。     

丁香挥发油化学成分的研究

目的:用气相色谱-质谱法对广东饶平及印度尼西亚产丁香挥发油进行化学成分的分析。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法从2种丁香中提取挥发油。采用不同类型的毛细管柱进行分析,找出最佳分析条件,用归一化法测定其百分含量,并用气相色谱-质谱法对化学成分进行鉴定。色谱条件:SE-54毛细管柱(25 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm),柱温90℃(5 min)11℃·min~(-1)170℃(3min)4℃·min~(-1) 230℃(30 min);分流进样,分流比1:50;进样温度280℃,FID检测器,温度为280℃。结果:广东饶平产丁香共鉴定了22个成分,占挥发油总成分的84％以上;印度尼西亚产丁香共鉴定了26个成分,占挥发油总成分的83％以上。结论:本方法稳定可靠,重现性好,适用于中药挥发油的化学成分分析。     

HPLC-MS同时测定4种新型抗抑郁药物的血药浓度

目的:建立一种快速灵敏的同时测定血浆中氟西汀、西酞普兰,帕罗西汀及文拉法辛浓度的 HPLC-MS 方法,监测这4种药物的血药浓度,为临床用药提供依据。方法:以氟伏沙明作为内标,样品碱化后固相萃取,用 MACHEREY-NAGEL C_(18)反相色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm,Germany)进行分离,以乙腈-缓冲盐(30 mmol 醋酸铵和0.6‰甲酸)(65:35)为流动相,柱温40℃,流速0.85 mL·min~(-1)。采用质谱电喷雾电离源(ESI)将样品离子化,选择性离子监测(SIM)准分子离子峰。结果:氟西汀、西酞普兰、帕罗西汀,文拉法辛及内标氟伏沙明在9 min 内完全分离;各物质在5～1000 ng·mL~(-1)时线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9964;萃取回收率均大于73.2%;方法回收率均大于95.0%;最低检测浓度:氟西汀0.5 ng·mL~(-1)、西酞普兰0.3 ng·mL~(-1)、帕罗西汀0.3 ng·mL~(-1),文拉法辛0.1 ng·mL~(-1);日内日间变异系数均小于15%。结论:本方法简便快速,灵敏准确,可用于血药浓度的临床监护、中毒分析,药物动力学以及代谢机制的研究。     

气相色谱法测定柴荆注射液中正己酸和胡薄荷酮含量的研究

目的:测定柴荆注射液中正己酸和胡薄荷酮的含量以控制产品质量。方法:采用HP-50+石英毛细管柱(相当于OV-17),以苯甲醇为内标物,程序升温:初始温度60℃,保持6 min,然后以5℃·min~(-1)升温至110℃,保持3 min,再以30℃·min~(-1)升温至250℃,保持25 min。汽化室温度:260℃;检测器:FID检测器;检测器温度:280℃;载气:氮气。结果:正己酸及胡薄荷酮线性范围分别为0.018～0.09 mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997)和0.022～0.11mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 7),精密度实验的RSD(n=5)均为4.8％,重复性实验的RSD(n=5)分别为1.0％和4.0％,平均回收率(n=5)分别为98.6％(RSD=4.9％)和104.4％(RSD=4.3％)。结论:该方法准确、重现性好、简便、易行,可用于质量控制。     

兴安杜鹃中挥发油的气质联用分析

目的:用气相色谱-质谱法对兴安杜鹃挥发油进行成分分析。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法从兴安杜鹃中提取挥发油,然后经毛细管色谱柱进行分离,用归一化法计算含量。色谱条件:HP-1石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25μm),柱温条件:起始温度110℃(20 min)、4℃·min~(-1)140℃(7min)7℃·min~(-1)220℃(10 min):分流进样.分流比1:60:进样口温度280℃;MS检测器。结果:挥发油中共鉴定出29个化合物,占挥发油总量的93.01％。主要成分是:α-石竹烯(26.07％),α-律草烯(17.36％),α-芹子烯(8.06％)β-芹子烯(7.05％),γ-杜松烯(4.82％),δ-杜松烯(3.90％),杜松烯(2.28％),α-松油醇(1.51％),檀香醇(1.12％)。结论:本法可靠,可用于测定从兴安杜鹃中提取的挥发油。     

高效液相色谱法测定脂质体中盐酸柔红霉素的含量

目的:测定脂质体中盐酸柔红霉素的含量。方法:以C_(18)色谱柱为分析柱,乙腈-0.02 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钠溶液-三乙胺(34:66:0.3,磷酸调pH为4.0)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),于检测波长233nm下进行检测,进样量50μL。结果:在2.51～25.10μg·mL~(-1)范围内,盐酸柔红霉素对照品的峰面积(A)与其浓度(C)呈现良好的线性关系(r=0.9993)。最低检测限40ng·mL~(-1)。低、中、高3种浓度平均回收率为100.8％,103.4％,102.2％(n=5); RSD分别为0.49%,0.42％,1.9％。日内、日间RSD(n=5)分别为1.1％～1.6％和0.60％～1.5％。结论:本法用于测定脂质体中盐酸柔红霉素的含量快速、简便、专属性较高。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.