公众实施心肺复苏急救技能意愿的分析

目击者实施心肺复苏(CRP)急救技能的频率低下[1],是造成院前心肺复苏成功率极低的主要原因.影响目击者实施CPR的因素主要是对CPR的掌握和实施CPR的意愿.对CPR的掌握是实施自救互救的基础,但公众实施CPR的意愿如何?障碍因素是什么,国内少见相关研究,国外文献提示公众实施CPR意愿并不高[2-5],而且各国的影响因素不尽相同.所以在普及CPR的同时,受训者的急救意愿也理应受到同样的关注.本研究针对杭州6个市辖区特殊人群实施CPR急救技能的意愿及影响因素进行调查研究,试图为提高公众CPR意愿,最终提高目击者的现场施救率而探寻相应干预措施积累有益经验.     

临床护理实习生心肺复苏知识、技能与实施意愿调查

目的：了解临床护理实习生心肺复苏( cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)理论知识和技能掌握情况以及院外实施心肺复苏意愿,为开展心肺复苏培训提供参考依据。方法采用“临床护理实习生心肺复苏调查问卷”与“单人徒手心肺复苏行为操作考核评分表”对某三甲医院176名护理实习生进行心肺复苏知识、技能掌握与现场实施心肺复苏意愿调查。结果临床护理实习生总体对CPR基础知识掌握较好,CPR技能掌握有待提高,不同学历护理实习生对CPR理论知识和技能掌握差异有统计学意义( P<0.05),护理实习生对陌生人和亲近人实施CPR意愿差异有统计学意义( P<0.05),对同一对象实施人工呼吸与胸外心脏按压意愿差异有统计学意义( P<0.05)。结论护理实习生CPR技能有待提高,学校和医院需进一步加强对护理实习生CPR培训与复训,找出现场施救的障碍因素,提高护理实习生院外实施CPR的意愿。     

军队老干部心肺复苏知识和培训意愿的调查

目的通过对老干部心肺复苏知识与培训意愿的调查,为进行心肺复苏知识与技能培训提供参考。方法采用自制问卷调查表随机对320名疗养员进行心肺复苏知识与培训意愿的调查。结果54．87％的老干部心肺复苏知识知晓率低：80．19％的老干部所在干休所和社区未开展心肺复苏急救知识培训;分别有52.92％和62．01％的老干部表示愿意参加和有必要学习心肺复苏。希望获取心肺复苏知识途径：医生护士讲解居首;老年人对家属的急救意愿较高,而对路人意愿较低。影响急救意愿的因素依次为：担心抢救动作不对,怕引起纠纷和怕传染疾病;有心血管病史者和无心血管病史者学习和实施心肺复苏的态度有显著性差异。结论老干部缺乏心肺复苏知识,应在老干部中开展心肺复苏培训,以便在紧急情况下,能够自救互救,挽救生命,同时起到推广作用。     

非医学院校大学生心肺复苏知识认知及需求情况调查

目的了解非医学院校大学生对心肺复苏知识的认知现状与需求情况,探讨普及其心肺复苏知识的可行性方法。方法采用随机分层抽样方法,对徐州市581名非医学院校大学生进行问卷调查,调查内容包括：CPR相关知识,影响其获取CPR知识的主要因素,对CPR知识的需求、希望培训的方式及施救意愿。结果非医学院校大学生心肺复苏知识认知水平较低;自身获取此类知识的意识较低为主要影响因素;93．5％的学生希望专业的培训,84．3％的学生选择理论讲解结合模拟操作的培训方式。结论非医学院校大学生对心肺复苏知识的掌握状况不佳,需多途径提高其急救意识,结合其感兴趣的培训方式,开展心肺复苏知识和技能的培训,进一步普及非医学院校大学生急救知识和救助能力。     

急救口咽吹气管及其应用

在心肺复苏操作时,一般在畅通呼吸道、判断病人不存在呼吸后,即应作口对口人工呼吸。而凡有机会作现场心肺复苏的第一线医务人员和其他急救人员,在作心肺复苏的人工呼吸时,也可应用一随时随身携带的急救口咽吹气管(见附图)。     

非医学类本科生心肺复苏知识认知与需求分析及培训模式探讨

目的 了解非医学类本科生心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)急救知识需求和认知现状,探索并建立相应培训模式.方法 对湖北省某大学非医学类211名本科学生CPR急救知识认知和需求情况进行问卷调查.结果 (1)被调查者中,97.2%有强烈的CPR学习意愿和培训需求,98.6%表示愿意在掌握CPR急救知识和技能后成为"第一目击者"实施现场急救,而曾参与CPR急救知识和技能培训者仅占9.0%.(2)本组学生对各项CPR知识和操作技能掌握率2.4%～48.3%,其中打开气道方法 、现场环境评估、人工呼吸、复苏指标、救护新概念的掌握率均不足5%.结论 大学生对CPR知识需求强烈但相关知识缺乏,大学生是普及CPR技术不能忽视的群体;为确保CPR培训效果,施训人员应专业化,训练要突出操作性和培训多样化、系统化.     

心肺复苏提示/反馈装置的研究进展和应用现状

正心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)是对心搏骤停患者的主要施救方式,研究~([1])表明高质量的CPR可以提高心搏骤停患者的存活率。《2015美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指南》~([2])(以下简称《指南》)再次强调了实施高质量心肺复苏的必要性和重要性。但大量研究~([3-7])表明,在培训或临床实践中心肺复苏并不能完全符合《指南》要求,而心肺复苏提示/反馈装置的出现旨在帮     

院内分层次模拟情景心肺复苏培训模式及效果研究

目的探讨院内分层次模拟情景心肺复苏(CRP)培训模式的应用价值。方法依据岗位职责和专业水平不同,将医院全体职工分为三个层次:临床科室医护人员、医技科室医护人员、行政及后勤人员;以"国际心肺复苏和心血管急救指南"为标准,对其制定不同要求、不同情景模式的分层次理论及技能培训,比较经传统模式与分层次模拟情景模式培训后理论及技能考核成绩、院内急救反应时间、开始心肺复苏时间及抢救成功率。结果与传统培训模式相比,采用院内分层次模拟情景CPR培训模式,理论及技能考核成绩合格率显著升高(P<0.01),院内急救反应时间和开始心肺复苏时间显著缩短(P<0.05),抢救成功率显著提高(P<0.05)。结论分层次模拟情景CPR培训可有效提升院内各层次人员综合技能,提高心脏骤停抢救成功率,为各级医院CPR培训提供一种新的模式。     

企业员工对心肺复苏认知度及现场实施急救意愿的调查

[目的]了解企业员工对成人心肺复苏（CPR）指南相关知识的认知度、掌握CPR技术情况、接受相关培训和对工友等陌生人实施CPR技术的意愿,探讨有效提高公众急救意识和CPR技能的方法,为开展全民急救培训提供有效的培训方式.[方法]采用自行设计的调查问卷对5家企业的800名员工进行现场调查.[结果]被调查者仅有8.5%接受过CPR培训或熟悉CPR技术,其中只有3.5%知道2010年版CPR国际新指南的改变;96.5%表示愿意参加CPR培训;现场有陌生人倒地时,73.5%选择只拨打急救电话,而选择进行现场急救的仅占16.4%;但当倒地的是朋友或亲人时则有91.8%选择拨打急救电话并进行急救.[结论]企业员工对CPR的知晓率不高,多不具备CPR急救技能,对陌生人现场施救的意愿较低,但大多愿意参加CPR培训,因此应对企业员工开展有效的CPR培训,提高员工现场实施CPR的意愿和能力.     

企业员工对心肺复苏认知度及现场实施急救意愿的调查

[目的]了解企业员工对成人心肺复苏(CPR)指南相关知识的认知度、掌握CPR技术情况、接受相关培训和对工友等陌生人实施CPR技术的意愿,探讨有效提高公众急救意识和CPR技能的方法,为开展全民急救培训提供有效的培训方式。[方法]采用自行设计的调查问卷对5家企业的800名员工进行现场调查。[结果]被调查者仅有8.5%接受过CPR培训或熟悉CPR技术,其中只有3.5%知道2010年版CPR国际新指南的改变;96.5%表示愿意参加CPR培训;现场有陌生人倒地时,73.5%选择只拨打急救电话,而选择进行现场急救的仅占16.4%;但当倒地的是朋友或亲人时则有91.8%选择拨打急救电话并进行急救。[结论]企业员工对CPR的知晓率不高,多不具备CPR急救技能,对陌生人现场施救的意愿较低,但大多愿意参加CPR培训,因此应对企业员工开展有效的CPR培训,提高员工现场实施CPR的意愿和能力。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."