浙江沿海温岭地区帕金森病PINK1基因突变与多态性研究

目的 探讨浙江温岭地区帕金森病( Parkinson's disease,PD)患者PINK1基因突变和多态性分布特点,及其与PD的关系.方法 采用聚合酶链反应扩增200例PD组(早发性PD 112例、晚发性PD 88例)和220名相匹配的对照组(青年对照组68名、老年对照组152名)的PINK1基因1～8号外显子,并对扩增产物进行测序,斑点杂交法检测明确其基因型,计算其基因型频率和等位基因频率,并进行统计学分析.结果 未发现PD组和对照组出现PINK1基因外显子的缺失突变;在早发性PD组中有2例出现5号外显子杂合型突变(G12169A),发现该地区存在PINK1基因5号外显子G12164A,多态有G/G和G/A两种基因型,无A/A基因型,而G12101A多态有G/A和A/A两种基因型,无G/G基因型.PD组的PINK1基因5号外显子G12164A多态在A/A基因型频率84/200(42.0％)与对照组52/220(23.6％)相比有升高趋势(x2=4.034,P=0.045),在晚发性PD组中A/A基因型频率(40/88,45.5％)与老年对照组(32/152,21.1％)相比有升高趋势(x2=3.951,P=0.047),其余各组之间的等位基因频率比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 PINK1基因可能不是浙江温岭地区PD患者致病基因的突变热点;G12164A、G12101A连锁多态才是该地区晚发性PD患者的易患因素.     

新疆维吾尔族、汉族载脂蛋白E基因及尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子基因多态性与Alzhemier病的关系

目的 探讨新疆维吾尔族(维族)、汉族载脂蛋白E( ApoE)基因及尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子( PLAU)基因多态性与Alzheimer's病(AD)的关系.方法 应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)方法,检测209例很可能AD患者(AD组,汉族98例,维族111例)及220名正常对照者(NC组,汉族103人,维族117人)的ApoE基因及PLAU基因第6号外显子r2227564s基因型及等位基因频率.结果 AD组中,维族、汉族ApoE ε3/4基因型及ε4等位基因频率明显高于NC组;其与PLAU基因C/T基因型组合的频率明显高于NC组(均P＜0.05);具有ApoE ε3/3基因型的维族T/T基因型频率明显高于NC组(P＜0.05).结论 ApoE基因多态性可能与AD相关;PLAU C/T基因型可能增加具有ApoE ε3/4基因型及ε4等位基因者AD的发病风险;PLAU T/T基因型可能增加具有ApoE ε3/3基因型、ε3等位基因的维族AD的发病风险.     

帕金森病患者PINK1 LRRK2基因单核苷酸多态性分析

目的探讨PINK1基因rs45530340位点及LRRK2基因rs1491942位点单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)与淮海地区汉族人群晚发散发性帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)的相关性。方法收集152例晚发散发性PD患者和160例年龄和性别相匹配的健康对照者,入组者均来自淮海地区汉族人群。提取外周血全基因组DNA,应用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术扩增包含多态位点的目的基因片段,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳(AGE)检测PCR产物。对PCR产物分别用DNA限制性内切酶NlalV和SmlI进行酶切,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)、硝酸银染色检测酶切产物,采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)技术分析基因型,计算所有研究对象两个SNP位点的基因型频率和等位基因频率。结果 (1)PINK1基因rs45530340位点基因型和等位基因在晚发散发性PD组和正常对照组中的分布无统计学差异(基因型:χ2=1.572,P=0.456;等位基因:χ2=1.318,P=0.251)。(2)LRRK2基因rs1491942位点基因型和等位基因在晚发散发性PD组与正常对照组中的分布差异有统计学意义(基因型:χ2=6.802,P=0.033;等位基因C:χ2=7.448,P=0.006,OR=1.571,95%CI=1.135~2.176)。结论 (1)PINK1基因rs45530340多态位点可能不是淮海地区汉族人群晚发散发性PD患者的危险因素。(2)LRRK2基因rs1491942多态位点C等位基因可能是淮海地区汉族人群晚发散发性PD患者的危险因素。     

谷胱甘肽硫转移酶Pi基因多态性与Alzheimer病的关系

目的研究谷胱甘肽硫转移酶Pi(GSTPi)基因多态性与Alzheimer病(AD)的关系。方法 AD患者48例,按1:2匹配选择与AD患者同性别、同年龄、同文化程度、无血缘关系、认知功能正常、身体健康的96例老人作为正常对照,外周血提取基因组DNA,聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术检测GSTPi基因第5外显子rs1695位点和第6外显子rs1138272位点基因型。结果 rs1695位点存在A/A、A/G和G/G三种基因型;rs1138272位点存在C/C和C/T两种基因型,未发现T/T型。AD组和对照组rs1695位点基因型分布差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但AD组等位基因G的频率(32.3%)明显高于对照组(21.9%)(P=0.05)。AD组和对照组rs1138272位点基因型分布及等位基因频率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。GSTPi基因染色体单体型G/T(即rs1695位点为等位基因G,rs1138272位点为等位基因T)的频率,AD组(9.1%)明显高于对照组(2.4%),差异无统计学意义(P=0.01)。结论 GSTPi基因rs1695位点等位基因G和rs1138272位点等位基因T可增加AD发生的危险,尤其rs1695位点等位基因G可能与AD发病关系更大。     

a2-巨球蛋白基因多态性与帕金森病的相关研究

目的探讨α2-巨球蛋白(α2-macroglobulin,A2M)基因外显子18上5个碱基的插入/缺失(Ins/D)多态、外显子24上缬氨酸/异亮氨酸(V/I)多态与帕金森病(PD)发病风险间的关系.方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法,在66例PD患者、190名健康老人中观察A2M两种基因多态的分布,并通过比值比(OR)对两种A2M多态与PD作相关分析.结果 (1)PD患者中A2M外显子24上缬氨酸等位基因的频率(9.1%)明显高于正常老人(3.9%,χ2=5.19,P=0.023);而且PD患者V/I杂合子基因型的频率(18.2%)亦明显高于对照组(6.8%,χ2=7.15,P=0.008),并使患PD的危险性增加2.97倍(95%可信区间为1.38、6.58).(2)A2M外显子18上Ins等位基因在PD患者中的频率(99.2%)虽明显高于正常对照(96.2%,χ2=3.99, P=0.046),但相关分析未揭示其与PD的相关性(OR=5.18,95%可信区间0.83、32.15;χ2=3.09,P>0.05);且基因型在两组间分布差异亦无显著意义(χ2=3.23,P>0.05).结论 A2M外显子24上V等位基因可能是PD发病的风险因子,而外显子18上Ins等位基因则可能与PD发病无明显相关.     

α2-巨球蛋白基因多态性与帕金森病的相关研究

目的　探讨α2 巨球蛋白 (α2 macroglobulin ,A2M)基因外显子 18上 5个碱基的插入 /缺失(Ins/D)多态、外显子 2 4上缬氨酸 /异亮氨酸 (V/I)多态与帕金森病 (PD)发病风险间的关系。方法　采用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性 (PCR RFLP)方法 ,在 6 6例PD患者、190名健康老人中观察A2M两种基因多态的分布 ,并通过比值比 (OR)对两种A2M多态与PD作相关分析。结果　 (1)PD患者中A2M外显子 2 4上缬氨酸等位基因的频率 (9 1%)明显高于正常老人 (3 9%,χ2 =5 19,P =0 0 2 3) ;而且PD患者V/I杂合子基因型的频率 (18 2 %)亦明显高于对照组 (6 8%,χ2 =7 15 ,P =0 0 0 8) ,并使患PD的危险性增加 2 97倍 (95 %可信区间为 1 38、6 5 8)。 (2 )A2M外显子 18上Ins等位基因在PD患者中的频率 (99 2 %)虽明显高于正常对照 (96 2 %,χ2 =3 99,P =0 0 46 ) ,但相关分析未揭示其与PD的相关性 (OR =5 18,95 %可信区间 0 83、32 15 ;χ2 =3 0 9,P >0 0 5 ) ;且基因型在两组间分布差异亦无显著意义 (χ2 =3 2 3,P >0 0 5 )。结论　A2M外显子 2 4上V等位基因可能是PD发病的风险因子 ,而外显子 18上Ins等位基因则可能与PD发病无明显相关。     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂基因多态性与血管性痴呆的关系

目的 研究尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂(PLAU)基因多态性与血管性痴呆(VD)的关系.方法 采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测132例VD患者(VD组)和121例急性脑梗死患者(对照组)PLAU基因rs2227564位点的多态性,用Logistic回归分析其与VD发病的关系.结果 VD组PLAU基因rs2227564位点C/C基因型53例(40.1%),C/T基因型72例(54.5%),T/T基因型7例(5.4%),C等位基因频率为67.3%,T等位基因频率为32.7%;对照组PLAU基因rs2227564位点C/C基因型39例(32.2%),C/T基因型63例(51.9%),T/T基因型19例(15.9%),C等位基因频率为53.3%,T等位基因频率为46.7%;两组PLAU基因rs2227564位点的基因型和等位基因频率的差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05).Logistic回归分析显示,PLAU基因rs2227564位点C/C基因型是VD发病的危险因素(OR=1.281,95%CI:1.098～2.577,P=0.037).结论 PLAU基因多态性与VD的发病相关,PLAU基因rs2227564位点C/C基因型可增加VD患病的风险.     

缺血性脑血管病患者趋化因子受体CX3CR1基因T280M多态性的研究

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)患者趋化因子受体CX3CR1基因T280M的多态性及其频率。方法采用聚合酶链反应和限制性片段长度多态性方法检测165例ICVD患者(脑梗死85例,腔隙性脑梗死40例,短暂性脑缺血发作40例)与150名健康对照者(正常对照组)CX3CR1基因T280M的多态性,比较两组及ICVD亚组的基因频率。结果正常对照组CX3CR1基因T280M只有TT和TM基因型,ICVD组有TT、TM和MM3种基因型,两组间基因型的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);ICVD组M等位基因频率(8.7%)明显高于正常对照组(2.3%)(P<0.01);不同ICVD亚组之间基因型及M等位基因频率的差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论ICVD患者趋化因子受体CX3CR1基因T280M有MM基因型,并且M等位基因的频率明显增高,提示CX3CR1基因T280M多态性可能与ICVD有关。     

Parkin 基因多态性与散发性帕金森病关系的研究

目的探讨Parkin基因S/N 167多态性与散发性帕金森病(PD)的遗传易感性之间的关系.方法以120例散发性PD患者为研究对象,分为早发性PD组和晚发性PD组,120名正常人作为对照.采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增所需DNA片段,用限制性内切酶酶切技术测定所研究对象的基因型和等位基因.比较各组间基因型及等位基因频率的差异.结果 PD组与对照组S/N 167多态性等位基因频率无显著性差异(P>0.05);早发性PD组S/N 167多态性等位基因频率显著高于对照组和晚发性PD组(均P<0.05).结论Parkin基因S/N 167多态性可能是早发性PD的危险因素,其患PD的危险性较对照组增高1.69倍.     

铁调节蛋白2基因多态性与阿尔茨海默病及血管性痴呆的相关分析

目的 探讨铁调节蛋白2(IRP2)基因2616C/T多态性与阿尔茨海默病(AD)、血管性痴呆(VD)的关系.方法 用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术检测281例AD、60例VD患者及285名正常老年人的IRF2基因2616C/T多念性分布,并评定简易精神状态检查表(MMSE);将AD患者按临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)评分分为轻度痴呆组(CDR=1分,72例)和中重度痴呆组(CDR=2分或3分,209例),比较各组间IRP2基因2616C/T多态性.结果 (1)AD组与对照组基因型(χ2=2.46)及等位基因(χ2=2.17)总体分布差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而中重度AD组携带T等位基因的基因型频率(78.0%)高于对照组(69.8%;χ2=4.106,P<0.05),Logistic回归分析其中携带含T等位基因的基因型患者的比值比=1.62(95%可信区间=1.03～2.54).VD组携带含T等位基因型频率和T等位基因频率虽高于对照组,但未达统计学意义(P>0.05).(2)中重度AD患者T/T基因型频率(25.8%)和T等位基因频率(51.9%)高于轻度AD患者(分别为12.5%和40.3%),差异均有统计学意义(χ2=5.477和5.803,P<0.05).(3)携带T/T基因型的AD患者MMSE评分低于C/C基因型者(P=0.028)和C/T基因型者(P=0.014).结论 IRP2基因2616C/T多态性与中重度AD相关,而与VD可能无关联;T/T基因型可能是AD患者认知功能损害的危险因子.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。