The pharmacodynamics of 2 x the effective dose to produce 95％ twitch depression of cisatracurium administrated by priming technique in children

目的 观察2×95％的有效药物剂量(ED95)采用预注给药对儿童顺式阿曲库铵药效学及气管插管条件的影响.方法 39例2～10岁美国麻醉医师学会分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级行择期手术的患儿被随机分为3组,每组13例;D组(2×ED95单次剂量组)单次静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵100 μg/kg;Y组(2×ED95预注组)先静脉预注顺式阿曲库铵10 μg/kg,5 min后注入余量90 μg/kg;S组(3×ED95单次剂量组)单次静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵150 μg/kg.麻醉诱导用咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg、芬太尼2μg/kg、丙泊酚2～4 mg/kg及相应剂量顺式阿曲库铵.采用肌肉松弛监测仪对尺神经进行连续4个成串刺激(TOF)监测.记录各组起效时间[肌肉松弛药注射完毕至第1个肌颤搐反应高度(T1)消失为最大抑制时间]、阻滞维持时间(肌肉松弛药注射完毕至T1恢复到5％的时间)、临床作用时间(肌肉松弛药注射完毕至T1恢复到25％的时间)、体内作用时间(肌肉松弛药注射完毕至T1恢复到95％的时间)及恢复指数(T1从25％恢复到75％的时间);观察预注间期(预注量注射完毕至注入余下剂量前的5 min)TOF的变化.结果 3组间年龄、性别构成、体重及气管插管条件评估分级间的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05),Y组预注间期TOF值为1,无变化.S组的起效时间显著短于D组和Y组(P值均＜0.05),但D组与Y组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).S组的阻滞维持时间、临床作用时间、体内作用时间均较D组和Y组显著延长(P值均＜0.05),D组与Y组间差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).3组间恢复指数的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).结论 2×ED95剂量顺式阿曲库铵以10 μg/kg为预注剂量、90 μg/kg为余量应用于儿童麻醉诱导无明显优势.无论预注与否,2×ED95剂量的效果均不及3×ED95.     

东莨菪碱对氯胺酮镇痛、催眠作用及半数致死量的影响

目的 观察东莨菪碱对氯胺酮镇痛、催眠作用及其半数致死量(LD50)的影响.方法 40只昆明种小鼠分为空白组、S+NS组(氢溴酸东莨菪碱注射液4.5 mg/kg+0.9%氯化钠溶液0.04 mg/10g)、K+NS组(盐酸氯胺酮注射液20 mg/kg+0.9%氯化钠溶液0.15 mL/10 g)、S+K组(盐酸氯胺酮注射液4.5 mg/kg+氢溴酸东莨菪碱注射液20 mg/kg),每组10只.采用小鼠热板法、热甩尾法及扭体法观察氢溴酸东莨菪碱对盐酸氯胺酮小鼠镇痛作用的影响;同样给药方法,盐酸氯胺酮剂量增至60 mg/kg,观察氢溴酸东莨菪碱对氯胺酮小鼠催眠作用的影响.尾静脉注射4.5 mg/kg氢溴酸东莨菪碱3 min后,腹腔注射盐酸氯胺酮,采用序贯法测定和研究东莨菪碱对小鼠氯胺酮LD50的影响作用并计算95%可信区间(CI).结果 热板法、甩尾法实验中,S+NS组与空白组间5、10、20、30 min时的HPPT的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05),这两组在5、10 min时的HPPT均显著低于S+K组(P值分别＜0.05、0.01).扭体法实验中,空白组、S+NS、K+NS的扭体次数分别为(56±11)、(60±6)、(33±5)次,均显著高于S+K组的(8±5)次(P值均＜0.01).催眠实验中,S+NS组与空白组的潜伏期、睡眠时间的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05);与空白组、S+NS组相比,S+K组的潜伏期显著缩短(P值均＜0.01),睡眠时间显著延长(P值均＜0.01).NS+K组的LD50、95%CI分别为259.9、195.7～345.5 mg/kg,S+K组的LD50、95%CI分别为320.1、214.1～478.0 mg/kg,两组间的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).结论 东莨菪碱可增强氯胺酮的镇痛、催眠作用并且不增加其毒性.     

不同剂量氯胺酮对右美托咪啶辅助镇静病人BIS影响

目的比较不同剂量的氯胺酮对右美托咪啶镇静期间脑电双频指数(BIS)的影响。方法选择80例择期硬膜外麻醉下行妇科手术的病人,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为K1、K2、K3组和生理盐水组(N组)。在硬膜外麻醉达到预定平面后,开始泵注负荷量(0.5μg.kg-1)右美托咪啶,继以0.5～1.0μg/(kg.h)的速度持续泵注,待BIS降至≤60并稳定10min后,K1、K2、K3组分别静注氯胺酮0.2、0.4和0.6mg/kg,N组给相同容量的生理盐水。记录各组给氯胺酮前及后0、3、6、9、12及15min时点的BIS、警觉/镇静(OAA/S)评分、心率(HR)和平均动脉压(MAP)。结果与静注氯胺酮前比较,K1组静注氯胺酮后各时点HR、MAP、BIS差异无显著意义(P0.05),OAA/S评分降低(F=3.66,q=4.472～5.367,P0.05);K2组给予氯胺酮后HR、MAP无明显变化(P0.05),BIS值在用药后3min明显升高(F=2.60,q=4.642,P0.05),6min时又恢复至用药前水平,OAA/S评分给予氯胺酮后明显降低(F=18.65,q=11.424,P0.05);K3组MAP给予氯胺酮前后无明显变化(P0.05),HR静注氯胺酮后不同时点均明显升高(F=7.46,q=5.530～7.604,P0.05),BIS值在静注氯胺酮后3～9min明显升高(F=10.39,q=5.280～6.865,P0.05),而OAA/S评分明显降低(F=71.36,q=22.350,P0.05)。与N组相比,K1组各时间点OAA/S评分、HR、MAP、BIS无明显差异(P0.05);K2组静注氯胺酮后3min时BIS明显升高(F=7.72,q=4.788,P0.05),0～15min时点的OAA/S评分明显降低(F=18.64～44.90,q=6.828～12.213,P0.05),而HR、MAP无明显差异(P0.05);K3组BIS在静注氯胺酮后3～9min时点明显升高(F=3.34～7.72,q=3.787～5.267,P0.05),在0～15min时点OAA/S评分明显降低(q=9.454～12.932,P0.05),而HR、MAP无明显变化(P0.05)。结论在右美托咪啶镇静期间单次小剂量应用氯胺酮时,BIS值不能反映病人的真正镇静深度,氯胺酮可显著加深病人的麻醉深度。     

下胸腰段硬膜外阻滞时氯胺酮对听觉诱发电位指数和双频指数的影响

目的　探讨听觉诱发电位指数 (外因输入自动回归指数 ,AAI)能否反映氯胺酮的麻醉作用。方法　选择 30例美国麻醉学会 (ASA)Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、在下胸腰段硬膜外阻滞下行择期手术的成年患者 ,按氯胺酮剂量不同随机均分为 3组 :0 .5mg/kg组、1.0mg/kg组和 2 .0mg/kg组。在硬膜外阻滞效果满意且预计监测时间内不再使用电刀后 ,持续监测AAI和双频指数 (BIS)。经手背静脉注射预定剂量氯胺酮 ,其中 0 .5mg/kg组和1.0mg/kg组监测 15min ,2 .0mg/kg组监测 2 0min。 结果　静脉注射氯胺酮后 ,AAI和BIS均出现不同程度的波动 ,且每个患者波动出现时间、波幅、持续时间差异明显。 3组间AAI和BIS的基础值、最大值、最小值和最大波幅的差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但同组AAI最大波幅与BIS最大波幅的差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。每 30秒取一平均值 ,则 3组之间AAI和BIS平均值的差异均无显著性。结论　AAI和BIS均不能准确地反映氯胺酮的麻醉作用     

右美托咪定对全麻气管插管时七氟醚半数有效量值的影响

目的 观察脑电双频谱指数(BIS)达60时右美托咪定对全麻气管插管时七氟醚半数有效量(ED50)值的影响.方法 ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级全麻患者60例,分为两组(n=30):Ⅰ组按序贯法吸入七氟醚全麻诱导,初始呼气末七氟烷浓度为2.0%,相邻浓度间隔比值为1.2,如果5 min内患者的BIS值达60,下一例患者所用七氟醚浓度将下降1个浓度间隔,而5 min内未达到BIS值60者,将七氟醚调整增加1个浓度间隔;Ⅱ组右美托咪定1 μg/(kg·h)静脉泵注10 min后改为0.6 μg/(kg·h)维持,继上述序贯法吸入七氟醚全麻诱导.记录患者清醒到意识消失时间、围插管期平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、BIS值,统计BIS值达60时两组七氟醚的ED50值.结果 BIS值达60时,Ⅰ组七氟醚的ED50为2.12%(95%置信区间 2.06%～2.57%),高于Ⅱ组的1.61%(95%置信区间 1.52%～1.70%)(P<0.05).Ⅱ组BIS值达60时意识消失时间(40.3±15.4)s,比Ⅰ组的(79.2±17.08)s缩短(P<0.05).Ⅰ组插管后MAP、HR高于插管前(P<0.05),Ⅱ组插管后循环稳定.结论 右美托咪定能够显著地降低全麻气管插管时七氟醚ED50值和血流动力学反应,缩短意识消失时间.     

2×95%的有效药物剂量采用预注给药对儿童顺式阿曲库铵药效学的影响

目的观察2×95%的有效药物剂量(ED95)采用预注给药对儿童顺式阿曲库铵药效学及气管插管条件的影响。方法 39例2～10岁美国麻醉医师学会分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级行择期手术的患儿被随机分为3组,每组13例:D组(2×ED95单次剂量组)单次静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵100μg/kg;Y组(2×ED95预注组)先静脉预注顺式阿曲库铵10μg/kg,5min后注入余量90μg/kg;S组(3×ED95单次剂量组)单次静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵150μg/kg。麻醉诱导用咪达唑仑0.1mg/kg、芬太尼2μg/kg、丙泊酚2～4mg/kg及相应剂量顺式阿曲库铵。采用肌肉松弛监测仪对尺神经进行连续4个成串刺激(TOF)监测。记录各组起效时间[肌肉松弛药注射完毕至第1个肌颤搐反应高度(T1)消失为最大抑制时间]、阻滞维持时间(肌肉松弛药注射完毕至T1恢复到5%的时间)、临床作用时间(肌肉松弛药注射完毕至T1恢复到25%的时间)、体内作用时间(肌肉松弛药注射完毕至T1恢复到95%的时间)及恢复指数(T1从25%恢复到75%的时间);观察预注间期(预注量注射完毕至注入余下剂量前的5min)TOF的变化。结果 3组间年龄、性别构成、体重及气管插管条件评估分级间的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),Y组预注间期TOF值为1,无变化。S组的起效时间显著短于D组和Y组(P值均<0.05),但D组与Y组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。S组的阻滞维持时间、临床作用时间、体内作用时间均较D组和Y组显著延长(P值均<0.05),D组与Y组间差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。3组间恢复指数的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结论 2×ED95剂量顺式阿曲库铵以10μg/kg为预注剂量、90μg/kg为余量应用于儿童麻醉诱导无明显优势。无论预注与否,2×ED95剂量的效果均不及3×ED95。     

氯胺酮抗士的宁惊厥作用的研究及ED50的测定

目的 测定氯胺酮抗硝酸士的宁小鼠惊厥的ED50.方法 将昆明种小鼠随机分为6组,每组10只,分别腹腔注射生理盐水(NS)或氯胺酮24.5、35.0、50.0、71.4、102.0 mg/kg,5 min后分别腹腔注射硝酸士的宁1.5 mg/kg,观察小鼠的惊厥发生率、潜伏期、强直持续期和死亡率,用序贯法、点斜法测定氯胺酮抗硝酸士的宁小鼠惊厥的ED50.结果 与NS组比较,K50.0组、K71.4组和K102.0组惊厥发生率均降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),K35.0、K50.0、K71.4和K102.0组小鼠死亡率均降低(P<0.05或P<0.01), 各组惊厥潜伏期均延长(P<0.05或P<0.01),且呈剂量依赖性(r=0.9740,P<0.01).氯胺酮抗士的宁惊厥的点斜法ED50的95%可信区间是44.8～64.3 mg/kg.序贯法ED50的95%可信区间是39.3～74.8 mg/kg.结论 氯胺酮的抗士的宁小鼠惊厥ED50的95%可信区间分别为44.8~64.3 mg/kg和39.3~74.8 mg/kg,其机制可能与甘氨酸受体有关.     

麻醉诱导期罗库溴铵与不同剂量丙泊酚对脑电双频指数的影响

目的:探讨麻醉诱导期罗库溴铵与不同剂量丙泊酚对脑电双频指数(BIS)的影响。方法:选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级非头面部手术患者60例,随机均分为丙泊酚3个不同剂量组:A组(1 mg/kg)、B组(1.5 mg/kg)、C组(2 mg/kg)。在患者睫毛反射消失后,静注2倍ED95剂量罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,90 s后行气管内插管,分别记录丙泊酚诱导前即刻(T1)、静脉注射丙泊酚后即刻(T2)、静脉注射罗库溴铵即刻(T3)、插管后即刻(T4)的BIS。结果:与T1比较,T2～T4时3组BIS值均明显降低(P<0.05);与T2比较,T3、T4时A、B两组BIS值均明显降低(P<0.05)。与A组比较,T2、T4时B、C组BIS值均明显降低(P<0.05);与B组比较,T2时C组BIS值明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:麻醉诱导期罗库溴铵对脑电双频指数的影响与丙泊酚剂量有关,一定范围内与丙泊酚剂量正相关,而在深镇静水平下,则对BIS值无明显影响。     

氯胺酮咪达唑仑联合用药在小鼠快速实验的麻醉效果评价

目的 探讨氯胺酮及咪达唑仑单药及联合用药对于小鼠快速实验的麻醉效果.方法 6周龄雌性小鼠30只,随机分为氯胺酮单药组120.0 mg/kg(K组)、咪达唑仑单药组75.0 mg/kg(M组)、联合药物组氯胺酮50.0 mg/kg+咪达唑仑2.5 mg/kg(KM1组)、氯胺酮70.0 mg/kg+咪达唑仑3.5 mg/kg(KM2组)、氯胺酮100.0 mg/kg+咪达唑仑5.0 mg/kg(KM3组),每组6只.所有小鼠在腹腔注射药物后记录翻正反射消失时间及恢复时间.在翻正反射消失后3、5、10 min进行刺激评分,包括夹尾反射、前脚回缩反射、后脚回缩反射和角膜反射.反射存在记0分、反射消失记1分,比较3个时点每只小鼠的4项相加评分.结果 与K组和M组相比,KM1组、KM2组、KM3组的翻正反射消失时间均显著缩短(P＜0.01),翻正反射恢复时间在KM2组、KM3组均显著延长(P＜0.01).与K组相比,KM2、KM3组翻正反射消失后5 min和10 min的评分显著增高(P＜0.05);与M组相比,KM2组翻正反射消失后5 min和10 rain的评分显著增高(P＜0.05),KM3组翻正反射消失后3、5、10 rain的评分均显著增高(P＜0.05).结论 氯胺酮联合咪达唑仑麻醉小鼠可达到满意的麻醉效果.其中,氯胺酮100.0 mg/kg联合咪达唑仑5.0 mg/kg剂量组的麻醉起效快,动物耐受疼痛刺激效果好,适用于小鼠快速实验.     

比较不同剂量罗库溴铵用于关腹的临床疗效

目的 评价全麻下行腹部手术关腹时追加不同剂量罗库溴铵对手术肌松的影响.方法 择期全凭静脉麻醉下行开腹手术患者90例, ASA分级ⅠⅡ级, 随机分为A、B、C 3组, 分别于关腹时追加1ED95 (0.3mg/kg) 、0.5ED95 (0.15 mg/kg) 、0.2 ED95 (0.06 mg/kg) 的罗库溴铵量, 记录给药后TOF值恢复至25%、75%、90%时间、患者睁眼的时间、抬头>5 s的时间、拔出气管导管的时间、拔管后上呼吸道梗阻及手术医生对关腹时肌松满意度评分等指标.结果 3组患者关腹前的TOF值比较差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05) , 与A、B组比较, C组给药后TOF值明显延长 (P<0.05) , 给药后TOF恢复25%、75%、90%的时间点, C组比A、B组明显缩短 (P<0.01) ;与A、B组比较, C组给药后至患者睁眼的时间、抬头>5 s的时间、气管拔管的时间差异有统计学意义 (P<0.05) ;拔管后A、B、C 3组分别有8、4、0例患者在2 h内发生上呼吸道梗阻, 差异有统计学意义 (P<0.05) ;肌松满意评分3组差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05) .结论 关腹时给予0.2倍的ED95罗库溴铵可以产生有效的临床肌松作用, 无明显不良反应.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Development on Adjustable Calibration Marker for Shock Wave Focus

Shock wave lithotripsy （SWL） is a treatment of choice for upper urinary stones. However, this procedure is inappropriate for obese patients because the focus is often unable to reach the target owing to the limited focal distance in shock wave source. Although treating such patients in a blast path may increase the application length of shock wave source, it＇s difficult to find this path on the lithotripter monitor. For this reason, we invented an adjustable calibration marker in order to set an effective focus in the shock wave hath.     

Study on the TCM Pathogenesis of Angiopathic Complications of Type II Diabetes

Excess production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)of mitochondrion mediated by hyperglycemia is the common pathogenesis of angiopathic complications of diabetes.TCM holds that the damp from the dysfunction of spleen.kidney and liver is the causative factor of complications of diabetes.This is similar to the mechanism of Ros resulting in angiopathic complications of diabetes.When the angiopathic complications of type II diabetes mellitus(T2DM)are difierentiated as caused by turbid damp in TCM can be explained as ROS.Since the obstruction of pathogenic damp in channels and collaterals is said to be the main pathogenesis,the treating principle should be dissolving the damp to remove the obstruction.     

Leptin, Ghrelin and TNF-α before and after Hypo-caloric Traditional Chinese Diet and Auricular Acupuncture

INTRODUCTION Obesity is a complex emergent problem, which can be possibly solved not only by the diet but also by the life style and promotion of a constant physical exercise. 1, 2 No doubt careful attentions must be given to the nutritional condition of obese people, the dietary habits, the somatic build (i.e. distribution of fat mass) and the organic functions linked to formation of the fat mass. All the parameters should be constantly monitored before, during and after a diet treatment. 3, 4, 5     

Relationship between Dysglycemia and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Tibetan Population

People with dysglycemia are at high risk for atherosclerotic diseases. This study aims at investigating the atherosclerotic vascular damage in dysglycemia and its metabolic origin in Tibetan population.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

Luo Lingjie's Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Dr.Zhang Ren's Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.