不同剂量阿折地平在中国健康人体内的药代动力学

目的研究阿折地平(抗高血压药)在健康人体的药代动力学。方法 24名健康受试者分为3组,单次口服高、低(16,8 mg)2个剂量组和多次口服剂量组(每天服药1次,每次8 mg,连续服药7 d)。用液相串联质谱法测定血浆中阿折地平的血药浓度变化,药代动力学参数以SPSS 13.0软件求算。结果阿折地平高、低剂量组及多次给药组的代谢参数如下:Cmax分别为(10.61±3.93),(5.91±2.83)和(5.88±1.90)μg.L-1;Tmax分别为(3.67±0.99),(3.33±1.30)和(3.17±0.72)h;t1/2分别为(28.00±7.72),(20.34±7.60)和(28.17±7.93)h;AUC0-t分别为(139.50±72.90),(61.17±33.78)和(86.72±41.59)μg.h.L-1。多次给药的稳态AUCss(55.54±18.78)μg.h.L-1。健康受试者口服阿折地平片8,16 mg后,主要药代动力学参数除t1/2外,AUC0-t/D、AUC0-∞/D、Cmax/D在2个剂量组间均无统计学差异。多次给药t1/2与单次给药t1/2相比有所升高,CLz/F略有下降,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阿折地平在中国健康人体内在8～16 mg内呈线性药代动力学特征;本品每天给药1次,在中国人体内几无蓄积作用。     

阿折地平片的人体药动学研究

目的:考察阿折地平片在人体内的药动学特性。方法:采用液-质联用(LC-MS)法,测定24名健康受试者口服受试制剂(单剂量含阿折地平8、16mg和多剂量)后血浆中阿折地平浓度。结果:单剂量口服阿折地平片8、16mg后,阿折地平的t1/2分别为(20.338±7.601)、(27.995±7.724)h,tmax分别为(3.333±1.303)、(3.667±0.985)h,cmax分别为(5.908±2.827)、(10.61±3.929)μg·L-1,AUC0～96h分别为(61.167±33.777)、(139.502±72.898)μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞分别为(63.363±35.314)、(147.395±78.21)μg·h·L-1;多剂量口服阿折地平片8mg后,阿折地平的t1/2为(28.168±7.926)h,tmax为(3.167±0.718)h,cmax为(5.882±1.895)μg·L-1,AUC0～96h为(86.723±41.588)μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞为(93.948±50.957)μg·h·L-1。结论:阿折地平片在8～16mg剂量范围内呈线性动力学特征,不同性别间药动学参数总体上差异不大,多剂量给药与单剂量给药的药动学参数基本一致。     

阿雷地平肠溶胶囊在中国健康人体内的药代动力学研究

目的:研究中国健康受试者单次和多次口服阿雷地平(AR)肠溶胶囊后阿雷地平(AR)及其主要代谢产物羟基阿雷地平(AR-M1)的药代动力学特征。方法:36名健康受试者,随机分为3组,平行单次口服5,10和20 mg阿雷地平肠溶胶囊的药代动力学研究,10 mg组受试者继续进行多次口服10 mg,qd,连续7 d的药代动力学研究,采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中阿雷地平及其主要代谢产物AR-M1的药物浓度,采用DAS 2.1.1软件计算药代动力学参数。结果:单次口服阿雷地平肠溶胶囊5～20 mg后阿雷地平和AR-M1的消除半衰期(t1/2z)分别约为2.0～2.7 h和3.9～5.6 h;达峰浓度(Cmax)随剂量增加呈线性增加,分别为[(2.12±1.14)～(11.34±5.98)μg.L-1]和[(29.41±9.80)～(111.74±24.03)μg.L-1];血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)也随剂量增加呈线性增加,阿雷地平和AR-M1的AUC0～t分别为[(6.02±2.96)～(30.33±8.88)μg.h.L-1]和[(156.05±32.24)～(776.00±160.47)μg.h.L-1],AUC0～∞分别为[(6.12±2.98)～(30.53±8.89)μg.h.L-1]和[(159.39±33.23)～(785.53±161.92)μg.h.L-1]。多次口服阿雷地平肠溶胶囊10 mg后阿雷地平和AR-M1的t1/2z分别约为2.5和5.5 h,AUC0～t分别为(18.09±5.42)和(604.46±159.66)μg.h.L-1,AUC0～∞分别为(18.25±5.42)和(611.93±162.81)μg.h.L-1。结论:在5～20 mg剂量范围内阿雷地平和AR-M1呈线性药代动力学特征,10 mg多次给药,阿雷地平和AR-M1的Cmax和AUC均较单次给药显著增加,但未见明显蓄积。     

复方苯磺酸氨氯地平/阿托伐他汀钙片的人体药动学

目的:研究复方苯磺酸氨氯地平/阿托伐他汀钙片中氨氯地平和阿托伐他汀钙在健康人体的药动学特征.方法:30名健康志愿者随机分成3组,每组10名(男女各半),分别单次空腹口服不同规格的受试药品复方苯磺酸氨氯地平/阿托伐他汀钙片,规格分别为5 mg/10 mg/片,10 mg/10 mg/片,5 mg/20 mg/片各1片,采用液相色谱串联质谱方法(LC-MS/MS)研究2种成分的血药浓度经时过程,计算相应的药动学参数,并评价复方苯磺酸氨氯地平/阿托伐他汀钙片在人体的药动学特征.结果:氨氯地平5 mg/10 mg/片/剂量组中的药动学参数分别为Cmax为(3.1±0.5)μg·L-1,AUC0-120为(131±22)μg·h·L-1;10 mg/10 mg/片剂量组,Cmax＜为(6.8±1.2)μg·L-1,AUC0-120为(327±110)μg·h·L-1;5 mg/20 mg/片/剂量组,Cmax为(3.1±0.5)μg·L-1,AUG0-120为(130±16)μg·h·L-1.阿托伐他汀5 mg/10 mg/片剂量组中的药动学参数分别为Cmax为(11.3±6.7)μg·L-1,AUC0-120为(133.8±93.3)μg·h·L-1;10 mg/10 mg/片剂量组,Cmax为(16.7±12.1)/μg·L-1,AUC0-120为(107.7±60.4)μg·h·L-1;5 mg/20 mg/片剂量组,Cmax为(15.0±9.4)μg·L-1,AUC0-120为(147.3±59.3)μg·h·L-1.结论:复方苯磺酸氨氯地平/阿托伐他汀钙片中氨氯地平的Cmax;AUC0-120,AUC0-∞与剂量呈线性;阿托伐他汀的cMAX,AUC0-120,AUC,0-∞与剂量呈非线性药动学特征.     

生脉注射液与参麦注射液在健康人体的药代动力学

目的 比较研究健康志愿者单次静脉滴注生脉注射液(益气养阴中药)和参麦注射液(治疗心脏病的急救中药)的药代动力学.方法 16名健康受试者分成2组,交叉试验,分别单次静滴相同剂量生脉注射液和参麦注射液;用液相色谱-质谱仪检测法测定给药后不同时间点的血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数.结果 两者的血药浓度-时间曲线均符合二房室模型,健康受试者单次静滴生脉注射液和参麦注射液后主要的药代动力学参数如下.Rg1:Cmax分别为(0.89±0.52),(0.81±0.53)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(2.01±0.82),(1.78±0.98)h;AUC0-144分别为(1.15±0.44),(1.24±0.84)mg·h·L-1.Re:Cmax分别为(0.26±0.15),(0.27±0.19)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(0.59±0.34),(0.60±0.44)h;AUC0-144分别为(0.26±0.13),(0.33±0.25)mg·h·L-1.Rb1:Cmax分别为(10.57±8.92),(16.54±11.70)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(47.98±7.26),(47.17±8.75)h;AUC0-144分别为(346.67±267.89),(525.45±387.32)mg·h·L-1.结论 单次静滴相同剂量的生脉注射液和参麦注射液其药代动力学参数无显著性差异.     

米格列奈钙片在健康人体内的药代动力学

目的 研究米格列奈钙片(治疗2型糖尿病药)的人体药代动力学特点.方法 30名健康受试者(男女各半)随机分为3组,分别单剂量口服米格列奈钙片5,10和20 mg,LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中米格列奈的浓度.DAS 2.0计算药代动力学参数.结果 5,10,20mg剂量组的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(0.44±0.22),(0.57±0.33)和(1.50±0.53)h;Cmax分别为(578.96±119.30),(834.98±202.02)和(1337.93±542.13)μg·L-1;AUC0-t分别为(815.97±196.21),(1535.78±403.10)和(3624.79±1053.75)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(827.54±204.97),(1560.56±41 8.55)和(3710.05±1066.10)μg·h·L-1;t1/2分别为(1.15±0.25),(1.32±0.09)和(1.29±0.25)h.结论 单次口服米格列奈钙片在5～20 mg内,体内符合线性药代动力学特征.     

伊拉地平胶囊在中国健康人体的药代动力学研究

目的:评价中国健康人单剂量口服伊拉地平胶囊后体内的药代动力学。方法:随机、开放、单中心I期临床研究,9、12、9名健康男女受试者分别单剂量口服伊拉地平胶囊2.5、5、10mg,按方案设计时间点采集血浆样本,采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中伊拉地平浓度,并应用Win Nonlin 6.3软件对血药浓度数据进行处理,计算药动学参数。应用SPSS18.0软件及置信区间方法评价伊拉地平单剂量给药的线性药代动力学特征。结果:受试者单剂量口服2.5、5、10mg伊拉地平后,平均Cmax分别为(1 440.23±548.59)、(2 466.33±622.72)和(4 610.21±1 471.91)pg·m L-1,tmax分别为(1.30±0.65)、(1.04±0.53)和(1.46±0.42)h,t1/2分别为(10.47±2.32)、(13.22±4.38)和(11.65±4.38)h,AUC(0-t)分别为(9 663±3 463)、(13 878±3 571)和(33 500±11 084)pg·h·m L-1。置信区间法评价结果显示,2.5¹0mg给药范围内伊拉地平的AUC(0-t)、AUC(0-∞)和Cmax的置信区间与判断区间部分重叠,伊拉地平是否具有线性药代动力学特征尚不能判断。结论:30名健康受试者单剂量口服伊拉地平胶囊,Cmax、AUC等参数随剂量升高而增大,但若θ值采用传统界值,则无法判断2.510mg给药范围内伊拉地平的AUC(0-t)、AUC(0-∞)和Cmax的置信区间与判断区间部分重叠,伊拉地平是否具有线性药代动力学特征尚不能判断。结论:30名健康受试者单剂量口服伊拉地平胶囊,Cmax、AUC等参数随剂量升高而增大,但若θ值采用传统界值,则无法判断2.5¹0mg给药范围内是否具有线性药代动力学特征;可见θ值的选择与线性评价结果密切相关,在新药早期探索性研究中是否应增大θ值范围值得研究者商榷。     

注射用比阿培南在健康人体的药代动力学

目的 研究中国健康受试者静脉滴注不同剂量注射用比阿培南(碳青霉烯类抗生素)的药代动力学.方法 12名中国健康受试者采用随机自身交叉试验设计,单剂量静脉滴注注射用比阿培南(150,300,600 mg),采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定其血药浓度.结果 比阿培南150,300,600 mg剂量组主要药代动力学参数如下:Cmax分别为(5.73±1.62),(12.67±3.31)和(25.44±4.73)mg·L-1;t1/2为(1.08±0.49),(1.04±0.17)和(1.11±0.14)h;AUC0-t分别为(9.48±3.09),(20.67±4.34)和(43.44±9.36) mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(10.55±3.40),(21.70±4.27)和(44.68±9.50) mg·h·L-1.结论 血浆中比阿培南的Cmax和AUC随给药剂量的增大而增大,显示线性药代动力学特征.受试者静脉滴注注射用比阿培南150,300,600 mg后,药代动力学参数经单因素方差分析无性别差异.     

阿折地平片在健康人体内的药动学研究

目的:建立测定人血浆中阿折地平浓度的方法,并进行人体药动学研究。方法:20名健康受试者随机分成2组,分别单剂量口服阿折地平片8mg和16mg,8mg剂量组同时参与完成多剂量给药试验。采用液-质联用法测定人血浆中阿折地平浓度,并计算单剂量及多剂量给药后的药动学参数。结果:单剂量口服阿折地平片8mg和16mg后,阿折地平的药动学参数分别为:cmax(1.66±0.45)、(4.25±1.38)μg·L-1,tma(x3.50±1.08)、(4.00±1.16)h,t1/(221.3±8.1)、(19.5±4.0)h,AUC0～7(217.9±6.0)、(49.9±17.5)μg·h·L-1。多剂量口服阿折地平片8mg后,阿折地平的药动学参数为:cma(x2.63±1.41)μg·L-1,tma(x3.50±1.08)h,t1/(232.5±9.2)h,AUC0～7(243.8±26.4)μg·h·L-1,ca(v1.19±0.671)μg·L-1,AUCs(s28.4±16.1)μg·h·L-1,波动度(DF)为(1.78±0.49),稳态蓄积比(Rs)为(1.56±0.95)。结论:本试验建立的测定方法灵敏、准确、简便。阿折地平片单剂量给药的药动学参数cmax和AUC0～72随剂量的增加而增加,多剂量给药后阿折地平在体内有一定的蓄积。     

单硝酸异山梨酯对尼索地平在大鼠体内药代动力学的影响（英文）

目的:考察单硝酸异山梨酯对尼索地平在大鼠体内药代动力学的影响。方法:12只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分成2组(分别为单独和联合给药组),用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中尼索地平的浓度。结果:大鼠单独给予尼索地平和联合给予单硝酸异山梨酯后,尼索地平主要药动学参数如下:Cmax分别为(8.67±3.97)μg/L和(9.21±5.02)μg/L,AUC0-t分别为(19.6±9.9)μg·h·L-1和(25.7±13.7)μg·h·L-1,t1/2分别为(2.26±0.66)h和(3.17±1.41)h,AUC0-∞分别为(23.7±9.7)μg·h·L-1和(32.4±12.3)μg·h·L-1。统计学分析显示,单独用药与联合用药组药动学参数无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:单硝酸异山梨酯不影响尼索地平在大鼠体内药动学过程,为临床安全有效地联用单硝酸异山梨酯和尼索地平提供了实验依据。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.