对颈椎间盘突出症的再认识

报告经ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ及手术证实的颈椎间盘突出症２７例，着重讨论了颈椎间盘突出症与颈椎病的关系，认为颈椎间盘退变是两者的共同病理基础。颈椎间盘突出不仅是单纯的髓核突出，晚期还可伴有骨赘增生、椎管狭窄、ＯＰＬＬ等改变。作者认为，凡是与颈椎间盘突出有关的颈椎病变都应归入颈椎间盘突出症的范畴。同时对颈椎间盘突出的诊断亦作了详细讨论     

腰5～骶1椎间盘突出症症状、造影、MRI、CT及手术分析

本文报道腰椎间盘突出症手术病例８６例，其中Ｌ５～Ｓ１２９例（３３．７２％），仅次于Ｌ４～５。Ｌｓ～Ｓ１根性疼痛较为严重，直腿抬高试验Ｌｓ～Ｓ１３９．６６°±１８．４６°、Ｌ４～５４９．９０°±２１．３７°（ｐ＜０．０２８４）；非离子水溶性造影剂脊髓造影、ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ三项检查均有较好的诊断作用，符合率８０．７７～９４．１２％，彼此无显著性差异，但各具特点；手术所见不同间隙髓核突出的类型、程度有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１３、＜０．０１２），Ｌ５～Ｓ１趋向外侧、极外侧并以脱出偏多。作者认为特殊检查以造影首选，疑难者加作ＭＲＩ或ＣＴ检查；手术探查尤其重视侧隐窝及神经根管。     

脊柱骨转移瘤MRI诊断价值

作者报告５５例脊椎转移瘤ＭＲＩ表现，并与Ｘ线平片、平扫及增强ＣＴ、椎管造影、椎管造影ＣＴ（ＣＴＭ）等方法相比较，在显示肿瘤的解剖关系，包括骨破坏、椎管内侵犯、椎旁软组织延伸、病理压缩性骨折等方面，ＭＲＩ明显优于Ｘ线平片，平扫及增强ＣＴ，至少等于脊髓造影和ＣＴＭ，但是ＭＲＩ诊断脊椎转移瘤，大多数病例不需要椎管内注射造影剂。ＭＲＩ作为一种新的可供选择的技术，对脊椎转移瘤的诊断有重要价值。在大多数病例中可以替代脊髓造影和ＣＴＭ     

手术前后椎间盘突出物的CT和MRI影像学评价

报告６９例术前椎间盘突出物的ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ检查结果，与手术后组织学结果相对照，发现ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ的诊断符合率为９５．６５％，ＣＴ漏诊在上位腰段和胸腰段椎间盘突出症，而ＭＲＩ漏诊在于椎间孔型椎间盘突出症，作者认为手术观察方法和病理标本的选取尚待改进。     

经胸腔侧前方入路治疗胸椎间盘突出症

本文报告经胸腔侧前方入路切除椎间盘治疗胸椎间盘突出症９例。均为中央型和旁中央型，经过脊髓造影、ＣＴＭ或ＭＲＩ检查确诊。随访１～４年，平均２年１０个月。根据Ｏｔａｎｉ分级方法标准，结果为优３例，良５例，一般１例，优良率达８９％，获得较满意效果。采用ＣＴＭ或ＭＲＩ诊断胸椎间盘突出有较高价值。该手术方法直接、充分地显露硬膜囊和神经结构，切除突出的椎间盘和刮除骨赘，减压较安全有效，同时对脊柱的稳定性和脊髓的血供影响较小。作者认为经胸腔侧前方入路进行椎间盘切除减压是治疗胸椎间盘突出症的一种安全有效的方法。     

等离子体髓核成形术的疗效观察

目的：探讨髓核成形术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的作用机制并评价其疗效。方法：选择64例单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者，男37例，女27例；年龄26～60岁，平均42．9岁；病程1～30年，平均为4．2年。L4．5突出30例，L5S1突出34例。于髓核成形术前后测定椎间盘内压，观察其变化，同时行椎间盘造影，判断椎间盘突出类型，并于术后6个月评价其疗效。结果：根据造影结果将病变椎间盘分为两型：Ⅰ型为突出型，Ⅱ型为破裂型。在髓核成形术前，Ⅰ型患者椎间盘内压明显高于Ⅱ型患者（P〈0．01）；髓核成形术后，工型患者椎间盘内压较术前明显下降（P〈0．01），Ⅱ型患者椎间盘内压较术前变化不明显（P〉0．05）；工型患者术后疗效优于Ⅱ型患者（P〈0．05）。结论：作为一种新技术，髓核成形术能明显降低Ⅰ型患者椎间盘内压，改善其症状，是一种安全、有效的微创介入手术。     

腰椎间盘突入硬膜囊内七例分析与病理机制探讨

作者自１９７４年至今共施行腰椎间盘摘除术２３８０例，其中７例（占０．２９％）为椎间盘硬膜囊内突入，根据本组病例观察，椎间盘突入硬膜囊内与各种复合因素导致间盘组织，后纵韧带与硬膜囊间炎性粘连，使硬膜囊相对固定于椎管前壁而易致撕有关，病人即有中央型惟间盘突出症的表现，又具马尾肿瘤的特性，往往需配合脊髓造影或加用ＣＴＭ协助作出诊断，一旦确诊应尽早手术治疗，避免马尾神经长期受压粘连变性。     

破裂型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗：（附32例报告）

介绍３２例因腰椎间盘纤维环破裂而引起的髓核直接突入椎管内压迫马尾神经和神经根所出现的临床症状、脊髓造影及术中所见、按术中所见，髓核突破纤维环时对硬膜囊及神经根压迫类型，结合术前脊髓造影及临床表现将其分为四种类型：大块型、碎块型、部分破裂型及硬膜囊内型。对破裂型椎间盘突出症的诊断、预防、治疗及预后提出了讨论。     

CT诊断游离型腰椎间盘突出症的探讨

目的;对照游离型腰间盘突出的手术情况与术前ＣＴ表现,探讨ＣＴ诊断游离型腰椎间盘突出的参考指标。方法：选择２８你经手术产的游离型腰椎间盘突出症患者的术前ＣＴ片进观测,另随机选择２８例非游离型患者的术关ＣＴ片做对照组。测量最大脱出物平面的髓核脱出率突出物的突出率在出物的突出层距。结果：游离型组中髓核脱出率≥４０％者共２３例,占８２．１％,与对照上比有显著性意义（Ｐ〈０．０５）。突出物的突出层距为１０．     

腰椎间盘造影及其临床意义：附68例83个椎间盘分析

１９９３～１９９４两年间腰椎间盘造影计６８例８３个椎间盘，造影椎间盘以Ｌ４－５和Ｌ５－Ｓ１为主（９５．２％）取后外侧穿刺方法，造影后无明显不良反应，部分病例有腰痛等自限性表现。造影像按Ａｄａｍｓ法归纳了５０在，椎间盘突出表现为撕裂型，破裂型，突出位置在外侧，后外侧占７８％，做手术治疗４０例，术中探查与影像诊断符合率为８５％，椎间盘造影术主要用作椎间盘突出的检查和诊断，能显著椎间盘突病变细节和突出的     

Disc degeneration of cervical spine on MRI in patients with lumbar disc herniation: comparison study with asymptomatic volunteers

An association between progression of cervical disc degeneration and that of lumbar disc degeneration has been considered to exist. To date, however, this association has not yet been adequately studied. Age-related changes in the cervical intervertebral discs were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with lumbar disc herniation, and compared with the MRI findings of healthy volunteers without lower back pain. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether the prevalence of asymptomatic cervical disc degeneration is higher in patients with lumbar disc herniation than in healthy volunteers. The study was conducted on 51 patients who were diagnosed as having lumbar disc herniation and underwent cervical spine MRI. The patients consisted of 34 males and 17 females ranging in age from 21–83 years (mean 46.9 ± 14.5 years) at the time of the study. The control group was composed of 113 healthy volunteers (70 males and 43 females) aged 24–77 years (mean 48.9 ± 14.7 years), without neck pain or low back pain. The percentage of subjects with degenerative changes in the cervical discs was 98.0% in the lumbar disc herniation group and 88.5% in the control group (p = 0.034). The presence of lumbar disc herniation was associated significantly with decrease in signal intensity of intervertebral disc and posterior disc protrusion in the cervical spine. None of the MRI findings was significantly associated with the gender, smoking, sports activities, or BMI. As compared to healthy volunteers, patients with lumbar disc herniation showed a higher prevalence of decrease in signal intensity of intervertebral disc and posterior disc protrusion on MRI of the cervical spine. The result of this study suggests that disc degeneration appears to be a systemic phenomenon.     

Histology of intervertebral disc protrusion: an experimental study using an aged rat model

STUDY DESIGN: In vitro experimental intervertebral disc ruptures of aged rats were examined histologically. OBJECTIVES: To clarify the mechanism of intervertebral disc herniations by microscopic investigation of ruptured discs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Clinically, disc herniations have been classified into two types: extrusion and protrusion. However, the pathogenesis of protrusion type herniations has not yet been demonstrated by any studies. To clarify this issue, it is essential to establish an appropriate model producing disc herniations, and to examine the sequential changes in the structure of herniated discs. METHODS: Lumbar discs of 2-year-old rats were examined histologically and compared with human lumbar discs. To examine structural changes in discs subjected to repetitive motion stress, 400 repetitions of a sequence of flexion (30 degrees ) and axial rotation (6 degrees ) were applied in vitro to the lumbar discs of the animals. RESULTS: The microstructure of normal lumbar discs in aged rats was similar in many ways to the human lumbar discs in a 20- to 40-year-old adult. Of 10 discs subjected to repetitive stress, 4 were ruptured at the junction between the posterior anulus fibrosus and the sacral cartilage endplate. One had an extruded nucleus pulposus, and three had a protruded anulus fibrosus, which displayed disorganized structure containing widened and flaccid lamellae. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study indicate that disc protrusion can be caused by disorganization of the ruptured annular lamellae, not by focal compression of the nucleus pulposus.     

Magnetic resonance imaging and contrast CT of the lumbar spine. Comparison of diagnostic methods and correlation with surgical findings

Thirty-two patients with suspected lumbar disc herniation were studied with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and contrast computed tomography (CT). One hundred disc levels were evaluated. Twenty-five patients underwent surgery on 31 discs, allowing anatomic confirmation of the diagnosis. Surgical findings supported the MRI diagnosis at 28 of 31 levels (90.3% accuracy), whereas the CT diagnosis correctly reflected only 24 of 31 levels (77.4% accuracy). Discrepancy between MRI and CT interpretation occurred at ten levels that were surgically explored. Computed tomography (CT) was incorrect at seven levels, and MRI was in error at three levels. The sensitivity of MRI was 91.7%, compared with 83.3% for CT, and the MRI specificity of 100% was superior to 71.4% for CT. This study demonstrates the clinical superiority of surface coil MRI over contrast CT in the evaluation of lumbar disc herniation. Surface coil MRI can be used as the initial diagnostic procedure for a suspected herniated lumbar disc, using invasive contrast studies and CT, if required, to clarify an equivocal MRI finding.     

两种骨水泥渗漏对椎间盘影响的实验研究

目的 探讨椎体成形术时骨水泥渗漏是否会引起椎间盘退变，以及椎间盘退变程度与骨水泥类型是否相关。方法 选用8只成年家犬，以每只犬L2-3、L3-4、L4-5椎间盘为实验对象，随机分为对照组、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（polymethylmethacrylate，PMMA）与磷酸钙骨水泥（calcium phosphate cement，CPC）3组。对照组仅行椎间盘穿刺，不注入任何物质，PMMA组及CPC组均各向椎间盘注入0．1ml骨水泥。术前及术后24周摄正、侧位X线片，计算椎间盘高度指数百分数（disc height index percentage，DHIP）。术后24周行MR检查，计算MRI指数。组织学检查参照Masuda标准对椎间盘退变程度评分并分析。结果 术后24周X线片显示对照组椎间隙无狭窄，病理学检查未见椎间盘退变。PMMA、CPC组椎间盘MRI显示：椎间隙有狭窄，R加权像髓核信号不同程度降低且不均一，其相对高信号区面积减小，髓核形态不规则，纤维环与髓核界限不清。组织学检查显示髓核细胞数量不同程度减少，空泡变小。髓核的细胞外基质不同程度压缩，纤维环断裂或扭转。3组DHIP、MRI指数、组织学评分的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 PMMA、CPC注入椎间盘会导致椎间盘退变，PMMA所致椎间盘退变较CPC更为严重.     

MRI高信号区与椎间盘造影在椎间盘源性腰痛诊断中的相关性研究

目的 研究腰椎间盘MRI高信号区(HIZ)与椎间盘造影诱发疼痛反应之间的关系,为椎间盘源性下腰痛诊断和治疗提供参考.方法 对37例长期慢性下腰痛、无典型的神经根性症状和体征,且CT证实无椎间盘突出的患者行MRI检查和腰椎间盘造影.分析造影后的X线片和CT片,并结合造影时诱发的疼痛反应,比较其与腰椎间盘MRI高信号区之间的关系.结果 37例患者共行98个腰椎间盘造影,21个椎间盘疼痛反应阳性,其中有HIZ的间盘10个,占47.6%.77个疼痛反应阴性的椎间盘中,有HIZ的间盘29个,占37.6%.纤维环破裂程度分级越高,MRI出现高信号区的比例也越高,说明有高信号区的纤维环破裂程度高,无高信号区的纤维环破裂程度低(P＜0.01);而高信号区与造影疼痛反应阳性之间并无明显一致性(P＞0.05).结论 MRI高信号区在诊断椎间盘源性腰痛中仅为提示性和筛选性的影像学征象,不能替代椎间盘造影的金标准.     

人退变腰椎间盘中细胞凋亡与Bax及半胱胺酸蛋白酶蛋白3基因的表达

目的 检测人腰椎间盘组织中的细胞密度、细胞凋亡率以及Bax和半胱氨酸蛋白酶蛋白3(Caspase-3)的表达,为深入了解人腰椎间盘退变的机制提供实验依据,并为将来通过生物学方法 延缓腰椎间盘退变提供新的思路.方法 实验组30个椎间盘标本(L2～S1)来自27例行后路腰椎间盘切除椎间融合手术自愿捐赠的患者,男18例,女9例;年龄30～72岁,平均51.09岁.所有病变节段均经MRI证实,患者术前均未接受椎间盘造影、胶原酶髓核溶解或椎间盘激光汽化术.对照组20个标本(L2～S1)来自5例青年男性意外死亡者新鲜尸检腰椎间盘;年龄24～37岁,平均30.83岁.采用HE染色观察凋亡软骨细胞、凋亡小体和细胞密度,TUNEL染色法检测人腰椎间盘中的凋亡细胞率,用SP免疫组织化学法检测Bax及Caspase-3表达,图像分析Bax及Caspase-3的平均灰度值.结果 HE染色示对照组、实验组软骨终板和髓核内的平均细胞密度分别为(17.16±1.22)、(12.41±0.95)个/HP,二者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).TUNEL染色观察示对照组的软骨终板与髓核内的平均凋亡细胞率为6.97%±0.92%,低于实验组的12.59±0.95%(P＜0.01).SP免疫组织化学染色示对照组髓核内Bax、Caspase-3染色阳性细胞率分别为11.02%4±1.18%和9.01%±1.00%,均低于实验组的19.29%±1.18%和15.07%±0.97%,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).对照组腰椎间盘髓核内Bax、Caspase-3的平均灰度值分别为187.33±7.88和185.68±3.26,实验组分别为124.98±6.69和160.13±4.37,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).将全部腰椎间盘标本进行Pearson相关分析,对照组和实验组腰椎间盘凋亡细胞率与细胞密度间成负相关,相关系数r分别为-0.88和-0.93(P＜0.01)两组髓核内Bax、Caspase-3阳性细胞率与凋亡细胞率之间成正相关,相关系数r分别为0.83和0.91(P＜0.01).结论 细胞密度下降参与了人腰椎间盘的退变过程,Bax和Caspase-3的表达上调在人腰椎间盘髓核细胞的凋亡过程中有一定作用.     

Ultrasonic level diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation

Although the use of diagnostic ultrasound to measure the spinal canal has been proposed, the value of ultrasound for lumbar disc herniation has not been yet fully assessed. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound in the level diagnosis of herniated nucleus pulposus. Prospective ultrasound examinations were performed on 80 consecutive patients with clinically suspected lumbar disc herniation. In 41 discs of those 40 patients with surgically confirmed lumbar disc herniation, there were 32 discs (78%) with true-positive ultrasound diagnoses, 37 discs (90%) with true-positive myelographic diagnoses, and 20 patients (50%) with true-positive neurologic diagnoses. Conversely, ultrasound diagnoses showed positive echogram in 24 (60%) of 40 nonoperative patients. These results suggest that ultrasound is of value as an aid for diagnosing the level of lumbar disc herniation.     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床研究

目的探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床表现、诊断、鉴别及治疗。方法通过CT或MRI将突出的腰椎间盘在椎管内所处的位置（矢状位、水平位、冠状位）予以定位,明确椎间盘突出部位。一旦确诊为极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,即早期经横突间开放入路或后外侧椎间孔入路腰椎间盘镜监测下摘除突出的髓核。结果16例患者中15例行手术治疗,术后恢复取得了满意的疗效。结论CT或MRI为极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的精确诊断提供了依据。早期诊断、早期手术是术后功能恢复的保证。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of adolescent disc herniation

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to compare the appearance of the spine in 20 adolescents with proven symptomatic intervertebral disc herniations with that in 20 asymptomatic patients who acted as controls. Abnormality in the signal from the nucleus pulposus of one or more discs was present in all patients, while only four of the 20 controls had any abnormal signals. In all the patients the symptomatic disc produced an abnormal signal and in most a herniated fragment of the nucleus pulposus was identified. Fifteen of the 20 patients had multiple-disc abnormality: six had three abnormal discs and nine had two. This suggests there was an underlying diathesis in patients who later developed disc herniation.     

CT引导经腹穿刺腰椎间盘切吸溶核术(附138例分析)

目的探索对L3-4、L4-5、l5-S1椎间盘膨/突出和突出并迁移的介入微创治疗新途径。方法通过对人体解剖及正常人模拟试验和CT影像对照研究,行靶椎间盘平面腹部压迫,经压迫定位器穿刺椎间盘,建立手术通道行椎间盘切吸溶核术。138例患者行CT引导经腹穿刺腰椎间盘切吸溶核术(TALD)。结果按日本骨科学会腰背痛手术评分标准,以治疗前后的分值计算改善率,〉90%为优,112例占89.5%;改善率〉80%为良好,26例占10.5%。优良率100%。结论CT引导下TALD可多角度直接钳取髓核组织或穿过纤维环侧后缘钳取椎管和椎间孔之迁移椎间盘组织,对椎管内残留少量髓核行胶原酶溶核。具有操作简单、安全可靠、疗效高、创伤小、恢复快等特点,是治疗腰椎间盘膨/突出症理想根治手段。