CT1修饰的神经干细胞移植癫痫持续状态大鼠海马后的迁移、分化及对空间记忆的影响

目的 观察心肌营养素1(CT1)修饰的神经干细胞(NSCs)移植癫痫持续状态(SE)大鼠海马后的存活、迁移和分化情况,观察对大鼠空间记忆功能的影响.方法 (1)将携带CT1基因的重组腺病毒(Adv-CT1)转染NSCs,并用增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)标记.(2)随机将54只SE大鼠分为联合移植组、单纯移植组及模型对照组(各18只),分移植后1、4及8周3个时间点(各6只).(3)共聚焦荧光显微镜下观察NSCs存活、分化及迁移;水迷宫试验观察空间记忆功能.结果 移植后4及8周,联合移植组双标阳性细胞数明显多于单纯移植组,并见细胞迁移,单纯移植组未见细胞迁移;联合移植组大鼠逃避潜伏期短于单纯移植组(P<0.05).结论 CT1能促进NSCs在SE大鼠脑内的存活、迁移和分化,NSCs-CT1联合移植可改善大鼠SE后空间记忆功能障碍.     

神经干细胞移植对颅脑损伤大鼠脑皮层的神经保护作用

目的研究神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)在颅脑创伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)大鼠脑皮层中的转归,及NSCs移植对TBI引起的免疫反应的作用。方法将NSCs移植入TBI大鼠脑皮层,2周后评价NSCs的存活、迁移及分化,并检测脑皮层促炎症因子水平及脑组织炎症反应。结果移植后2周,NSCs在TBI脑皮层中存活,并向病变迁移,TBI组中的迁移细胞是脑组织(1246±92)个/mm2细胞,多数迁移细胞(51.3%±7.5%)具有神经元表型,NSCs移植明显提高TBI大鼠神经运动功能评分,降低急性期促炎症因子水平,并且降低CD3+T细胞及Mac3+细胞数目,从而减轻炎症反应。结论 TBI大鼠脑组织影响NSCs的存活、迁移及分化,NSCs移植的神经保护作用与减轻脑组织炎症反应有一定关系。     

神经干细胞移植于慢性癫痫鼠海马CA3区对其癫痫发作影响的研究

目的 研究神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)移植到慢性海人酸(kainic acid,KA)癫痫鼠海马CA3区后对大鼠癫痫发作的影响.方法 用KA脑审注射制作慢性癫痫模型.将原代培养的、EGFP标记的NSCs移植到慢件癫痫鼠的海马CA3区.分别在移植后第2周、第4周、第8周和第12周连续进行7天观察大鼠癫痫发作频率和程度,在移植后第10周进行发作间期右侧海屿深部脑电监测.然后取脑冰冻切片,在倒置荧光显微镜下直接观察移植细胞的存活和迁移,用免疫荧光染色观察移植细胞分化情况,Timm's染色观察海马齿状回异常苔状纤维发芽.结果 移植后12周仍有大量移植细胞存活(65,045.00±881.72).NSCs在移植区以胶质细胞分化为主,在齿状回和海马各区以神经元分化为主,γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)能神经元在齿状回门区和海马CA3区分化比率较高.NSCs移植后第4周移植组癫痫鼠的发作次数与对照组相比开始减少,Timm's染色计分和发作程度也有明显改善,两组发作问期脑电图尖、棘波在每个观察期的发放次数分别是3.83±4.96和27.16±21.08,,结论 将NSCs移植到慢性KA癫痫鼠的海马CA3区,移植细胞不仪能够长期存活、迁移到海马齿状回的各区,而且能够分化为神经元和神经胶质细胞,特别是GABA能神经元,同时还能够抑制齿状回颗粒细胞的苔状纤维发芽,从而减少癫痫发作次数,减轻癫痫发作程度.     

神经干细胞和嗅鞘细胞联合移植与神经干细胞移植治疗实验性脑出血的比较

目的对比神经干细胞(NSCs)和嗅鞘细胞(OECs)联合移植与NSCs移植治疗大鼠脑出血的疗效。方法制作大鼠脑出血模型,记录细胞移植后对照组和移植组(NSCs组、NSCsOECs组)大鼠运动功能,采用免疫组化观察移植细胞在体内存活、分化和迁徙的情况。结果NSCsOECs组和NSCs组移植NSCs分别有14.19%和2.96%分化为神经元,差异有统计学意义(χ2=154.79,P<0.01),30d时神经功能缺损评分NSCs组为1.60±0.13,NSCsOECs组为1.01±0.11,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),OECs移植后能存活、迁徙,NSCs移植后能存活、分化为神经元、星形和少突胶质细胞,并向损伤区迁徙。结论OECsNSCs移植改善脑出血大鼠运动功能的疗效优于单纯NSCs移植。     

心肌营养素1修饰的神经干细胞移植对癫(癎)持续状态大鼠海马损伤及苔藓纤维发芽的影响

Objective To observe the survival,migration and differentiation of grafted neural stem cells(NSCs)transfected with cardiotrophin-1(CT1)in hippocampus in status epilepticus(SE)rats,and investigate its effect on neuron loss and mossy fiber sprouting(MFS)in hippocampus of SE rats.Methods (1)Lithium-pilocarpine induced SE model rats were divided into 3 groups randomly:CT1-NSCs transplantation group(n=18);NScs transplantation group(n=18)and SE model group(n=18).Another 18 rats served as normal control group.Each group was further divided into 3 time points testing groups(n=6 at each point)corresponding to 1,4 and 8 weeks after transplantation respectively.(2)Under the confocal microscopy,the survival,migration and differentiation of the grafted cells were observed by immunofluorescenee.(3)Morphological changes and neuron loss in the hippocampal CA1 region were examined by Nissl staining.(4)MFS in hippocampal dentate gyrus in rats was obserred by Timm histochemistry.Results(1)At 4 and 8 weeks post-tmusplantation,the numbers of double-labeled NF-200 and EGFP pesitive cells in the CT1-NSCs group were significantly hisher than those in NSCs group.In the former group most of the grafted NSCs migrated away from the needle tract,but in the latter group,grafted ceHs remained at the transplantation site.(2)The numbers of neuron in the hippocampal CA1 region reduced gradually after SE.The numbers of neuron in the CA1 region in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats (68.85±11.49,60.89±12.17 and 51.51±13.34 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectivelv)were greater than that in NSCs transplantation rats(67.92±10.78,42.56±11.47 and 30.49±10.12).tvalue were 4.650 and 5.334 in 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation(P<0.05).(3)Aberrant MFS in the inner molecular layer of dentate gyrus was observed,and the scores of MFS gradually increased with timelapse.The scores of MFS in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats(0.77±0.04,2.48±0.89 and 2.39±0.82 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectively)were significant lower than that in NSCs transplantation rats (1.12±0.62,3.17±0.64 and 3.88±0.51,t=6.059,9.511 and 9.728,P<0.05).Conclusions CT1 could promote the survival,migration and differentiation of engrafted NSCs in hippocampud in SE rats.Engrafted NSCs transfected with CT1 have effect on repair of the injured hippocampus,and could inhibit hippocampus MFS in SE rats.     

心肌营养素1修饰的神经干细胞移植对癫(癎)持续状态大鼠海马损伤及苔藓纤维发芽的影响

Objective To observe the survival,migration and differentiation of grafted neural stem cells(NSCs)transfected with cardiotrophin-1(CT1)in hippocampus in status epilepticus(SE)rats,and investigate its effect on neuron loss and mossy fiber sprouting(MFS)in hippocampus of SE rats.Methods (1)Lithium-pilocarpine induced SE model rats were divided into 3 groups randomly:CT1-NSCs transplantation group(n=18);NScs transplantation group(n=18)and SE model group(n=18).Another 18 rats served as normal control group.Each group was further divided into 3 time points testing groups(n=6 at each point)corresponding to 1,4 and 8 weeks after transplantation respectively.(2)Under the confocal microscopy,the survival,migration and differentiation of the grafted cells were observed by immunofluorescenee.(3)Morphological changes and neuron loss in the hippocampal CA1 region were examined by Nissl staining.(4)MFS in hippocampal dentate gyrus in rats was obserred by Timm histochemistry.Results(1)At 4 and 8 weeks post-tmusplantation,the numbers of double-labeled NF-200 and EGFP pesitive cells in the CT1-NSCs group were significantly hisher than those in NSCs group.In the former group most of the grafted NSCs migrated away from the needle tract,but in the latter group,grafted ceHs remained at the transplantation site.(2)The numbers of neuron in the hippocampal CA1 region reduced gradually after SE.The numbers of neuron in the CA1 region in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats (68.85±11.49,60.89±12.17 and 51.51±13.34 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectivelv)were greater than that in NSCs transplantation rats(67.92±10.78,42.56±11.47 and 30.49±10.12).tvalue were 4.650 and 5.334 in 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation(P<0.05).(3)Aberrant MFS in the inner molecular layer of dentate gyrus was observed,and the scores of MFS gradually increased with timelapse.The scores of MFS in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats(0.77±0.04,2.48±0.89 and 2.39±0.82 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectively)were significant lower than that in NSCs transplantation rats (1.12±0.62,3.17±0.64 and 3.88±0.51,t=6.059,9.511 and 9.728,P<0.05).Conclusions CT1 could promote the survival,migration and differentiation of engrafted NSCs in hippocampud in SE rats.Engrafted NSCs transfected with CT1 have effect on repair of the injured hippocampus,and could inhibit hippocampus MFS in SE rats.     

心肌营养素1修饰的神经干细胞移植对癫(癎)持续状态大鼠海马损伤及苔藓纤维发芽的影响

Objective To observe the survival,migration and differentiation of grafted neural stem cells(NSCs)transfected with cardiotrophin-1(CT1)in hippocampus in status epilepticus(SE)rats,and investigate its effect on neuron loss and mossy fiber sprouting(MFS)in hippocampus of SE rats.Methods (1)Lithium-pilocarpine induced SE model rats were divided into 3 groups randomly:CT1-NSCs transplantation group(n=18);NScs transplantation group(n=18)and SE model group(n=18).Another 18 rats served as normal control group.Each group was further divided into 3 time points testing groups(n=6 at each point)corresponding to 1,4 and 8 weeks after transplantation respectively.(2)Under the confocal microscopy,the survival,migration and differentiation of the grafted cells were observed by immunofluorescenee.(3)Morphological changes and neuron loss in the hippocampal CA1 region were examined by Nissl staining.(4)MFS in hippocampal dentate gyrus in rats was obserred by Timm histochemistry.Results(1)At 4 and 8 weeks post-tmusplantation,the numbers of double-labeled NF-200 and EGFP pesitive cells in the CT1-NSCs group were significantly hisher than those in NSCs group.In the former group most of the grafted NSCs migrated away from the needle tract,but in the latter group,grafted ceHs remained at the transplantation site.(2)The numbers of neuron in the hippocampal CA1 region reduced gradually after SE.The numbers of neuron in the CA1 region in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats (68.85±11.49,60.89±12.17 and 51.51±13.34 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectivelv)were greater than that in NSCs transplantation rats(67.92±10.78,42.56±11.47 and 30.49±10.12).tvalue were 4.650 and 5.334 in 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation(P<0.05).(3)Aberrant MFS in the inner molecular layer of dentate gyrus was observed,and the scores of MFS gradually increased with timelapse.The scores of MFS in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats(0.77±0.04,2.48±0.89 and 2.39±0.82 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectively)were significant lower than that in NSCs transplantation rats (1.12±0.62,3.17±0.64 and 3.88±0.51,t=6.059,9.511 and 9.728,P<0.05).Conclusions CT1 could promote the survival,migration and differentiation of engrafted NSCs in hippocampud in SE rats.Engrafted NSCs transfected with CT1 have effect on repair of the injured hippocampus,and could inhibit hippocampus MFS in SE rats.     

心肌营养素1修饰的神经干细胞移植对癫(癎)持续状态大鼠海马损伤及苔藓纤维发芽的影响

Objective To observe the survival,migration and differentiation of grafted neural stem cells(NSCs)transfected with cardiotrophin-1(CT1)in hippocampus in status epilepticus(SE)rats,and investigate its effect on neuron loss and mossy fiber sprouting(MFS)in hippocampus of SE rats.Methods (1)Lithium-pilocarpine induced SE model rats were divided into 3 groups randomly:CT1-NSCs transplantation group(n=18);NScs transplantation group(n=18)and SE model group(n=18).Another 18 rats served as normal control group.Each group was further divided into 3 time points testing groups(n=6 at each point)corresponding to 1,4 and 8 weeks after transplantation respectively.(2)Under the confocal microscopy,the survival,migration and differentiation of the grafted cells were observed by immunofluorescenee.(3)Morphological changes and neuron loss in the hippocampal CA1 region were examined by Nissl staining.(4)MFS in hippocampal dentate gyrus in rats was obserred by Timm histochemistry.Results(1)At 4 and 8 weeks post-tmusplantation,the numbers of double-labeled NF-200 and EGFP pesitive cells in the CT1-NSCs group were significantly hisher than those in NSCs group.In the former group most of the grafted NSCs migrated away from the needle tract,but in the latter group,grafted ceHs remained at the transplantation site.(2)The numbers of neuron in the hippocampal CA1 region reduced gradually after SE.The numbers of neuron in the CA1 region in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats (68.85±11.49,60.89±12.17 and 51.51±13.34 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectivelv)were greater than that in NSCs transplantation rats(67.92±10.78,42.56±11.47 and 30.49±10.12).tvalue were 4.650 and 5.334 in 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation(P<0.05).(3)Aberrant MFS in the inner molecular layer of dentate gyrus was observed,and the scores of MFS gradually increased with timelapse.The scores of MFS in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats(0.77±0.04,2.48±0.89 and 2.39±0.82 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectively)were significant lower than that in NSCs transplantation rats (1.12±0.62,3.17±0.64 and 3.88±0.51,t=6.059,9.511 and 9.728,P<0.05).Conclusions CT1 could promote the survival,migration and differentiation of engrafted NSCs in hippocampud in SE rats.Engrafted NSCs transfected with CT1 have effect on repair of the injured hippocampus,and could inhibit hippocampus MFS in SE rats.     

心肌营养素1修饰的神经干细胞移植对癫(癎)持续状态大鼠海马损伤及苔藓纤维发芽的影响

Objective To observe the survival,migration and differentiation of grafted neural stem cells(NSCs)transfected with cardiotrophin-1(CT1)in hippocampus in status epilepticus(SE)rats,and investigate its effect on neuron loss and mossy fiber sprouting(MFS)in hippocampus of SE rats.Methods (1)Lithium-pilocarpine induced SE model rats were divided into 3 groups randomly:CT1-NSCs transplantation group(n=18);NScs transplantation group(n=18)and SE model group(n=18).Another 18 rats served as normal control group.Each group was further divided into 3 time points testing groups(n=6 at each point)corresponding to 1,4 and 8 weeks after transplantation respectively.(2)Under the confocal microscopy,the survival,migration and differentiation of the grafted cells were observed by immunofluorescenee.(3)Morphological changes and neuron loss in the hippocampal CA1 region were examined by Nissl staining.(4)MFS in hippocampal dentate gyrus in rats was obserred by Timm histochemistry.Results(1)At 4 and 8 weeks post-tmusplantation,the numbers of double-labeled NF-200 and EGFP pesitive cells in the CT1-NSCs group were significantly hisher than those in NSCs group.In the former group most of the grafted NSCs migrated away from the needle tract,but in the latter group,grafted ceHs remained at the transplantation site.(2)The numbers of neuron in the hippocampal CA1 region reduced gradually after SE.The numbers of neuron in the CA1 region in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats (68.85±11.49,60.89±12.17 and 51.51±13.34 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectivelv)were greater than that in NSCs transplantation rats(67.92±10.78,42.56±11.47 and 30.49±10.12).tvalue were 4.650 and 5.334 in 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation(P<0.05).(3)Aberrant MFS in the inner molecular layer of dentate gyrus was observed,and the scores of MFS gradually increased with timelapse.The scores of MFS in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats(0.77±0.04,2.48±0.89 and 2.39±0.82 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectively)were significant lower than that in NSCs transplantation rats (1.12±0.62,3.17±0.64 and 3.88±0.51,t=6.059,9.511 and 9.728,P<0.05).Conclusions CT1 could promote the survival,migration and differentiation of engrafted NSCs in hippocampud in SE rats.Engrafted NSCs transfected with CT1 have effect on repair of the injured hippocampus,and could inhibit hippocampus MFS in SE rats.     

心肌营养素1修饰的神经干细胞移植对癫(癎)持续状态大鼠海马损伤及苔藓纤维发芽的影响

Objective To observe the survival,migration and differentiation of grafted neural stem cells(NSCs)transfected with cardiotrophin-1(CT1)in hippocampus in status epilepticus(SE)rats,and investigate its effect on neuron loss and mossy fiber sprouting(MFS)in hippocampus of SE rats.Methods (1)Lithium-pilocarpine induced SE model rats were divided into 3 groups randomly:CT1-NSCs transplantation group(n=18);NScs transplantation group(n=18)and SE model group(n=18).Another 18 rats served as normal control group.Each group was further divided into 3 time points testing groups(n=6 at each point)corresponding to 1,4 and 8 weeks after transplantation respectively.(2)Under the confocal microscopy,the survival,migration and differentiation of the grafted cells were observed by immunofluorescenee.(3)Morphological changes and neuron loss in the hippocampal CA1 region were examined by Nissl staining.(4)MFS in hippocampal dentate gyrus in rats was obserred by Timm histochemistry.Results(1)At 4 and 8 weeks post-tmusplantation,the numbers of double-labeled NF-200 and EGFP pesitive cells in the CT1-NSCs group were significantly hisher than those in NSCs group.In the former group most of the grafted NSCs migrated away from the needle tract,but in the latter group,grafted ceHs remained at the transplantation site.(2)The numbers of neuron in the hippocampal CA1 region reduced gradually after SE.The numbers of neuron in the CA1 region in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats (68.85±11.49,60.89±12.17 and 51.51±13.34 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectivelv)were greater than that in NSCs transplantation rats(67.92±10.78,42.56±11.47 and 30.49±10.12).tvalue were 4.650 and 5.334 in 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation(P<0.05).(3)Aberrant MFS in the inner molecular layer of dentate gyrus was observed,and the scores of MFS gradually increased with timelapse.The scores of MFS in CT1-NSCs transplantation rats(0.77±0.04,2.48±0.89 and 2.39±0.82 in 1,4,8 weeks after transplantation respectively)were significant lower than that in NSCs transplantation rats (1.12±0.62,3.17±0.64 and 3.88±0.51,t=6.059,9.511 and 9.728,P<0.05).Conclusions CT1 could promote the survival,migration and differentiation of engrafted NSCs in hippocampud in SE rats.Engrafted NSCs transfected with CT1 have effect on repair of the injured hippocampus,and could inhibit hippocampus MFS in SE rats.     

大鼠骨髓源性神经干细胞移植治疗颞叶癫痫实验研究

目的 探讨骨髓源性神经干细胞移植至KA大鼠海马后与宿主细胞的整合及其对损伤宿主的修复作用,从而为干细胞移植治疗颞叶癫痫提供理论依据.方法 首先分离大鼠骨髓基质细胞,并在特定的条件下培养使其诱导分化为神经干细胞,且使用Feridex对干细胞进行标记.然后建立大鼠颞叶癫痫模型,将Feridex标记的神经干细胞自体移植至KA大鼠的海马内,观察移植后1周、2周、4周、8周和16周大鼠海马的脑电图、病理学和MRI改变情况.结果 与KA未移植组相比,移植组大鼠海马脑电图的波幅明显降低,最高降低达40%以上;KA移植组海马CA3区锥体细胞数与未移植组相比有极显著性差异（P＜0.01）;KA移植组海马损伤侧的Timm染色与未移植组相比也有极显著性差异（P＜0.01）;MRI检查发现在神经干细胞移植后1周和2周时低信号改变区比较局限,但移植4周、8周和16周后低信号改变明显增大,且随着时间的推移低信号改变区逐渐增大.结论 骨髓源性神经干细胞移植至KA大鼠后能与宿主细胞进行整合,且对宿主海马具有显著的修复作用,但其具体的作用机制尚待进一步研究.     

癫痫持续状态对发育期大鼠认知功能的影响及cAMP/PKA信号通路所起作用

目的 探讨癫痫持续状态(SE)对发育期大鼠认知功能的影响及环磷酸腺苷/蛋白激酶A(cAMP/PKA)信号转导通路在其中所起的作用.方法 SD大鼠32只按照完全随机数字表法分为SE组、生理盐水(NS)组,每组16只.戊四氮(PTZ)诱导大鼠SE,Morris水迷宫和Y迷宫实验观察大鼠学习记忆功能的改变,放射免疫分析法测定海马组织cAMP的含量,免疫组织化学方法检测海马各区PKA的表达.结果 SE组大鼠在Morris水迷宫中平均逃避潜伏期延长,原平台所在象限的游泳时间缩短,与NS组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).在Y迷宫中达标所需的训练次数增多,24 h记忆保持率下降,与NS组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).NS组大鼠海马cAMP的含量为(280.38±22.66)pmol/g,SE组为(147.25±16.83)pmol/g,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).SE组CA3区和CA1区PKA的表达较NS组明显减少.结论 SE可以导致发育期大鼠认知功能障碍,其机制可能与cAMP/PKA信号转导通路的功能受损有关.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the influence of status epilepticus (SE) on cognitive function of immature rats and explore the role of hippocampal cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in cognitive function impairment of immature rats. Methods Immature male SD rats were assigned randomly to 2 groups: SE group, induced by intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, n=16), and normal saline control group (n=16). Learning and memory tests using the Morris water maze and Y-maze were performed 7 d after SE. After testing, alterations of content of cAMP were detected by radioimmunoassay,and the expression of PKA in the hippocampus was examined by immunohistochemistry. Results SE rats exhibited learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze and Y-maze tests: as compared with those in the controls in Morris water maze, the mean escape latency of searching the platform obviously prolonged and the swimming time in the original platform region significantly shortened in SE rats (P<0.05); as compared with those in the controls in Y maze, the number of standard training times obviously increased and the rate of retention of memory significantly decreased in SE rats (P<0.05). At the same time, the cAMP content in hippocampus of SE rats ([147.25±16.83] pmol/g) was significantly lower as compared with that in controls ([280.38±22.66] pmol/g), and the expression of PKA in the CA3 and CA1 areas within hippocampal area of SE rats was obviously decreased as compared with that in controls (P<0.05). Conclusion SE could result in learning and memory deficits in immature rats, which may be related to the impairment of hippocampal cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.     

Behavior of hippocampal stem/progenitor cells following grafting into the injured aged hippocampus

Multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) from the embryonic hippocampus are potentially useful as donor cells to repopulate the degenerated regions of the aged hippocampus after stroke, epilepsy, or Alzheimer's disease. However, the efficacy of the NSC grafting strategy for repairing the injured aged hippocampus is unknown. To address this issue, we expanded FGF-2-responsive NSCs from the hippocampus of embryonic day 14 green fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice as neurospheres in vitro and grafted them into the hippocampus of 24-month-old F344 rats 4 days after CA3 region injury. Engraftment, migration, and neuronal/glial differentiation of cells derived from NSCs were analyzed 1 month after grafting. Differentiation of neurospheres in culture dishes or after placement on organotypic hippocampal slice cultures demonstrated that these cells had the ability to generate considerable numbers of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Following grafting into the injured aged hippocampus, cells derived from neurospheres survived and dispersed, but exhibited no directed migration into degenerated or intact hippocampal cell layers. Phenotypic analyses of graft-derived cells revealed neuronal differentiation in 3%-5% of cells, astrocytic differentiation in 28% of cells, and oligodendrocytic differentiation in 6%-10% cells. The results demonstrate for the first time that NSCs derived from the fetal hippocampus survive and give rise to all three CNS phenotypes following transplantation into the injured aged hippocampus. However, grafted NSCs do not exhibit directed migration into lesioned areas or widespread neuronal differentiation, suggesting that direct grafting of primitive NSCs is not adequate for repair of the injured aged brain without priming the microenvironment.     

(1)H-MRS evaluation of therapeutic effect of neural stem cell transplantation on Alzheimer's disease in AβPP/PS1 double transgenic mice

The aim of this work was to explore the applicable value of (1)H-MRS evaluation on the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation by quantitative analysis of metabolite changes in the hippocampal area in AβPP/PS1 transgenic (tg) mice. The tg mice (n = 30) aged 12 months were randomized into two subgroups: One receiving NSCs and the other receiving PBS transplantation in the bilateral hippocampal CA1 region. The wild-type mice (n = 15) were used as the control group. (1)H-MRS was performed before transplantation and 6 weeks after transplantation to measure the change of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (mI), glutamate (Glu), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) in the hippocampus. Results showed NAA and Glu levels were increased and mI level was decreased in NSC group compared with the PBS group at six weeks after transplantation (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in NAA and Glu (p > 0.05), and there was significant difference in mI (p < 0.05) between NSC and control groups. However, there was no significant difference in Cho before and after transplantation among the three groups (p > 0.05). Histology showed the number of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region increased significantly in the NSC group than those in the PBS group (p < 0.05), and the number of astrocytes significantly decreased in the NSC group compared with the PBS group. Ultrastructure showed that the neurons in the NSC group were morphologically normal. In conclusion, (1)H-MRS can display intracranial metabolite changes before and after NSC transplantation in tg mice and has a applicable value in evaluating the therapeutic effect of NSCs on AD.     

Xbp-1基因重组神经干细胞移植对大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

背景：将转染Xbp-1基因的神经干细胞移植至脑损伤病变部位,不但确保了Xbp-1基因的稳定及持续表达发挥抗凋亡的作用,也可促进移植后神经干细胞的存活与分化能力。 目的：验证Xbp-1基因对移植大鼠脑缺血损伤处神经干细胞的分布、分化、抗凋亡作用及神经功能恢复的影响。 方法：选取成年SD大鼠采用线栓法建立大脑中动脉阻塞模型,并随机分成4组干预：对照组(不作处理)、PBS移植组、神经干细胞移植组、Xbp-1-神经干细胞移植组。于干预后7,14,28 d进行NSS评分,并取脑制备组织切片,免疫荧光染色观察神经干细胞在脑内的存活与分布情况。移植后第28天使用TUNEL染色检测缺血区域神经细胞凋亡情况,Western blot检测Bcl-2表达水平。 结果与结论：移植后7,14,28d Xbp-1-神经干细胞移植组NSS评分显著低于其他3组(P < 0.05);神经干细胞可以成功迁徙到脑缺血区域并成活、分化为成熟神经细胞,Xbp-1基因修饰后的神经干细胞成活、增殖以及分化能力均强于普通神经干细胞(P < 0.05);与其他3组比较,Xbp-1-神经干细胞移植组脑缺血区域神经细胞凋亡数量明显减少,Bcl-2水平升高 (P < 0.05)。证实了Xbp-1基因修饰可以增加神经干细胞存活、迁徙能力,并通过抗内质网应激显著降低移植后大鼠缺血模型的NSS评分,促进其神经功能恢复。     

Aktl在颞叶癫痫大鼠海马中的表达变化

目的研究颞叶癫痼模型海马区神经元Aktl表达变化,探讨其在癫痫发生发展中的作用。方法采用氯化锂．匹罗卡品方法制备颞叶癫痴大鼠模型,Westernblotting检测海马区总蛋白、Quantitvone软件行灰度值分析;免疫组织化学染色观察海马各区Aktl蛋白表达变化,计数不同处理组阳性神经元数目。结果Westernblotting检测结果显示,与正常对照组相比,癫痫模型组大鼠于癫痫持续状态发作即刻海马区Aktl蛋白表达升高（t=2．445,P=0．034）,并于第30天时达峰值水平（}=1．214,P=0．002）,发作后24h表达水平迅速降低,并低于正常值范围（t=4．294,P=0．000）,其余各测量时间点表达无明显改变;与氯化锂组相比,癫痼模型组大鼠于癫痫持续状态后1h海马区Aktl蛋白表达开始降低,24h降至最低水平（t：4．134,P=0．000）,至发作48h后开始逐渐升高（t=2．481,P=0．002）,并于发作第7天时升至氯化锂组水平。免疫组织化学染色显示,癫痫持续状态发作后海马CA3区Aktl蛋白表达阳性神经元数目立即增加,12h达高峰（t=16．586,P：0．000）,48h减少并降至正常值水平（t=0．357,P=0．089）,发作后第10天再次增加（t=3．123,P=0．000）,于第30天时阳性神经元数目再次达峰值水平（t=18．339,P=0．000）,第50天开始恢复至正常值水平（t=3．219,P=0．000）;氯化锂组仅海马CA3区Aktl蛋白表达于实验初始（0h）升高并高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,海马CA1和CA2区Aktl蛋白表达变化组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。结论海马及海马CA3区Aktl蛋白表达均呈现癫疝持续状态后升高、降低、再升高的动态过程,提示可能存在神经元保护作用,对抗细胞凋亡、促进细胞存活。     

神经干细胞移植入Alzheimer病模型鼠脑内的存活和分化

目的　研究神经干细胞移植治疗AD的可行性。方法　将从新生大鼠海马齿状回分离、培养的神经干细胞注入AD模型大鼠海马 ,4周后研究干细胞在体内存活和分化的情况。结果　神经干细胞在体内可以存活 ,部分可以分化 ,大部分分化为胶质细胞 ,小部分分化为神经元。结论　神经干细胞移植对AD有治疗作用。     

Xenograft of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton’s jelly as a potential therapy for rat pilocarpine-induced epilepsy

We evaluated the effects of intra-hippocampal transplantation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) on pilocarpine-treated rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into the following three groups: (1) a normal group of rats receiving only PBS, (2) a status epilepticus (SE) group of rats with pilocarpine-induced SE and PBS injected into the hippocampi, and (3) a SE + HUMSC group of SE rats with HUMSC transplantation. Spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS) were monitored using simultaneous video and electroencephalographic recordings at two to four weeks after SE induction. The results showed that the number of SRMS within two to four weeks after SE was significantly decreased in SE + HUMSCs rats compared with SE rats. All of the rats were sacrificed on Day 29 after SE. Hippocampal morphology and volume were evaluated using Nissl staining and magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed that the volume of the dorsal hippocampus was smaller in SE rats compared with normal and SE + HUMSCs rats. The pyramidal neuron loss in CA1 and CA3 regions was more severe in the SE rats than in normal and SE + HUMSCs rats. No significant differences were found in the hippocampal neuronal loss or in the number of dentate GABAergic neurons between normal and SE + HUMSCs rats. Compared with the SE rats, the SE + HUMSCs rats exhibited a suppression of astrocyte activity and aberrant mossy fiber sprouting. Implanted HUMSCs survived in the hippocampus and released cytokines, including FGF-6, amphiregulin, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factors receptor (GITR), MIP-3β, and osteoprotegerin. In an in vitro study, exposure of cortical neurons to glutamate showed a significant decrease in cell viability, which was preventable by co-culturing with HUMSCs. Above all, the expression of human osteoprotegerin and amphiregulin were significantly increased in the media of the co-culture of neurons and HUMSCs. Our results demonstrate the therapeutic benefits of HUMSC transplantation for the development of epilepsy, which are likely due to the ability of the cells to produce neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, HUMSC transplantation may be an effective therapy in the future.     

大鼠海马干细胞移植治疗颞叶癫痫的初步研究

目的 通过神经干细胞移植至癫痫鼠后与宿主细胞的整合及其对损伤宿主的修复作用，为神经干细胞移植治疗癫痫提供理论依据。方法 分离、培养新生鼠海马干细胞，移植至海人酸(KA)所致癫痫模型鼠的右侧海马内，应用Timm、Nissl、HE染色及动态脑电记录仪记录脑电图。在光镜及电镜下比较正常对照组、移植组及KA未移植组大鼠，在移植后的1周、4周、8周及24周苔状纤维发芽(MSF)、海马CA3区锥体神经元损伤情况及海马、杏仁核的脑电变化。结果 海马干细胞的移植可以显著抑制KA引起的MFS，其抑制作用从移植后第4周开始，第8周时最强，持续至第24周；同时亦明显的减轻了KA所致的CA3区锥体细胞缺失，其作用在第8周最强；KA所致CA3区锥体神经元超微结构的损伤亦得到一定程度的修复；但是，干细胞的移植并未使宿主恢复到损伤前的水平，海马干细胞移植可减少癫痫动物脑电的痫性发放，并降低其癫痫波的波幅约50％。结论 神经干细胞移植对于KA诱发癫痫鼠具有显著的修复作用，其具体作用机制还有待于进一步的研究。