葛根先煎对方剂中有效成分提取率的影响

目的:探讨葛根先煎与否对于葛根黄芩黄连汤和葛根汤中君、臣药有效成分提取率的影响。方法:制备葛根先煎与共煎的样品,采用HPLC-DAD测定样品中葛根素、大豆苷、大豆苷元、黄芩苷、小檗碱的含量,采用GC-MS测定样品中盐酸去甲基伪麻黄碱(NMP)、盐酸去甲基麻黄碱(NME)、盐酸麻黄碱(E)、盐酸伪麻黄碱(PE)、盐酸甲基麻黄碱(ME)的含量,并计算提取率。结果:葛根黄芩黄连汤先煎样品(A)与共煎样品(B)的提取率分别为:葛根素(46.09±0.90)%(、46.59±1.87)%,大豆苷(46.34±2.54)%(、43.67±2.93)%,大豆苷元(34.40±3.03)%(、34.28±2.71)%,黄芩苷(40.39±1.30)%(、39.70±0.60)%,小檗碱(40.92±0.95)%(、41.64±1.28)%,P0.05;葛根汤先煎样品(C)与共煎样品(D)的提取率分别为:葛根素(47.13±2.14)%(、45.68±2.50)%,大豆苷(45.01±3.13)%(、44.44±2.83)%,大豆苷元(33.58±2.60)%(、30.75±3.05)%,NMP(43.35±0.74)%(、42.17±1.21)%,NME(43.78±1.45)%(、42.26±2.48)%,E(49.73±0.54)%(、49.18±0.39)%,PE(40.82±0.92)%(、38.69±2.68)%,ME(49.73±3.13)%(、47.05±2.85)%,P0.05。结论:葛根先煎,对上述两方中君、臣药有效成分提取率基本没有影响。     

流通率最高的中文生命科学期刊59种 中国中西医结合杂志位居第六

据中国科学院上海文献情报中心包国海报道,对该中心失命科学450种中文期刊3年中流通频次进行统计,按照《科图法》生命科学类目简表进行整理,确定该中心流通率最高的59种生命科学中文期刊,中国中西医结合杂志排列第六位。59种期刊依频次大小顺序如下。 (1)药学学报(2)中草药(3)生物化学与生物物理进展(4)细胞生物学杂志(5)生物化学与生物物理学报(6)中西医结合杂志(7)实验生物学报(8)中国药理学报(9)中国免疫学杂志(10)上海免疫学杂志(11)中国医学科学院学报(12)药学通报(13)中国医学杂志(14)植物学通报(15)药物分析杂志(16)微生物学通报(17)生命的化学(18)中医杂志(19)生物科学动态(20)遗传学报(21)心理学报(22)生理学报(23)生物学通     

ICP-MS对六味地黄多糖部位微量元素含量及其溶出特性的研究

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS),建立六味地黄多糖部位中锂(Li)、铍(Be)、硼(B)、钛(Ti)、镁(Mg)、铝(Al)、钒(V)、铬(Cr)、钴(Co)、锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、镓(Ga)、砷(As)、锶(Sr)、镉(Cd)、锡(Sn)、锑(Sb)、钡(Ba)、汞(Hg)、铊(Tl)、铅(Pb)和铋(Bi)共25种重金属及微量元素的测定方法,并对其中Al,Fe,Mg,B,Ti,Mn,Zn,Sr,Ba共9种微量元素进行了水及不同醇浓度浸出率的研究。样品经微波消解后,以锗(Ge),铟(In)为内标,以灌木枝叶标准药材作为质控标准物质,用ICP-MS进行测定。各元素的检出限在0.007~2.225μg·L-1;精密度RSD≤4.0%;回收率在84.1%~116%。不同溶剂提取时微量元素的浸出率有较大差异。该方法操作简便,分析速度快,灵敏度高,各项分析性能指标均达到要求,适用于六味地黄多糖部位微量元素的测定,溶出特性的研究结果为多糖部位微量元素形态的研究提供一定的指导意义。     

煎煮方式对葛根芩连汤中黄芩苷和小檗碱家犬体内药动学影响

目的 探讨煎煮方式对葛根芩连汤煎剂(T)、黄芩单煎剂(S1)和黄连单煎剂(S2)中黄芩苷( Baicalin,Ba)、小檗碱( Berberine,Be)在家犬体内药动学的影响.方法 建立测定家犬血清中黄芩苷、小檗碱的高效液相色谱法,通过测定不同时刻家犬体内黄芩苷、小檗碱浓度,计算药动学参数.结果 家犬灌服T、S1、S2后黄芩苷、小檗碱在家犬体内的Cmax 分别为(7.588±0.797) ng/mL(T,Ba)、(7.204±1.368) ng/mL( S1,Ba);(0.323±0.036) ng/mL(T,Be)、(2.044±0.653) ng/mL(S2,Be);tmax分别为(8.333±1.506) h(T,Ba)、(8.066±0.860) h(S1,Ba);(1.750±0.274) h(T,Be)、(2.932±0.532)h(S2,Be);AUC0-∞分别为(268.7±55.97)ng/(h·mL) (T,Ba)、(218.2±77.3) ng/(h·mL) (S1,Ba);(2.098±0.532) ng/(h·mL) (T,Be)和(15.232±8.36) ng/(h·mL) (S2,Be).结论 煎煮方式对黄芩苷、小檗碱家犬体内药动学有显著影响.     

来稿中几点注意事项

1、稿件中不宜用不规范的简化字,应以新华字典中的简化字为准。 2、处方中的药物与药物之间不用标点符号,请留一字空格。 3、有些作者将药名简单化,仅举几例,勘误如下。括号内为“误”,括号外为“正”。(子元)紫菀 (勾丁)钩藤 (半下)半夏(牛夕)牛膝 (泽夕)泽泻 (牡力)牡蛎(卜荷)薄荷 (天虫)僵蚕 (吉力)蒺藜(山查)山楂 (玉金)郁金 (菖卜)菖蒲(石羔)石膏 (白叩)白蔻 (虫退)蝉蜕     

复方甘草酸苷片在家兔体内的药动学研究

目的 建立测定家兔体内甘草酸和甘草次酸血药浓度的HPLC法,进行家兔体内复方甘草酸苷片的药动学研究和生物等效性评价.方法 采用双周期自身交叉给药方案,12只新西兰家兔按300 mg/kg剂量ig给药,采用HPLC法测定不同时间的血-药浓度,经3p97药动学软件计算药动学参数.结果 单剂量ig复方甘草酸苷片受试制剂和参比制剂后,受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数分别为:(1)甘草酸的MRT为(44.29±22.89)、(50.31±35.09)h,t_(1/2)为(28.34±17.89)、(33.22±25.96)h,t_(max)为(10.9±5.8)、(7.3±3.9)h,C_(max)分别为(1.81±0.69)、(1.84±0.54)mg/L,AUC_(0～t)为(37.37±9.76)、(39.11±9.88)mg·h/L,相对生物利用度为(99.5±29.0)%;(2)甘草次酸的MRT为(37.93±32.97)、(31.42±21.81)h,t_(1/2)为(18.22±23.67)、(16.50±16.60)h,t_(max)为(18.10±6.20)、(12.20±5.00)h,C_(max)分别为(0.54±0.25)、(0.50±0.16)mg/L,AUC_(0～t)为(9.15±3.88)、(8.69±2.30)mg·h/L,相对生物利用度为(110.4±46.3)%.结论 建立的HPLC法简便、准确,重现性好,复方甘草酸苷片受试制剂和参比制剂在家兔体内生物等效.     

类风湿性关节炎患者中医辨证分型及其与微量元素关系的探讨

人体是由很多元素组成的,某些元素代谢失常,即可引起人体生理功能和结构的变化,而发生疾病。依其在体内含量不同,目前一般将占人体总重量万分之一以上的元素,称为"宏量元素";将占人体总重量万分之一以下的元素,称为"微量元素"。一般认为:铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、铬(Cr)、硒(Se)、镍(Ni)、钼(Mo)、钴(Co)、钒(V)、锡(Sn)、氟(F)、碘(I)、锶(Sr)是人体必需的14种微量元素。     

西洋参总皂苷乙酸水解产物的化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

目的 研究西洋参总皂苷的乙酸水解产物的化学成分.方法 采用溶剂萃取、硅胶柱色谱及制备型HPLC色谱方法 分离纯化西洋参总皂苷乙酸水解产物,通过化学和波谱技术鉴定化合物的结构.结果 从西洋参总皂苷乙酸水解产物中分离得到10个化合物,分别为6-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1-2)-β-D-(6'-acetyl)-glucopyranosyl-dammarane-(E)-20(22),24-diene-3β,6α,12β-triol(Ⅰ)、20(S)-人参皂苷-Rs_3(Ⅱ)、人参皂苷-Rg_4(Ⅲ)、人参皂苷-Rg_6(Ⅳ)、6-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-dammarane-(E)-20(22)-ene-3β,6α,12β,25-tetraol(Ⅴ)、20(S)-人参皂苷-Rg_2(Ⅵ)、20(R)-人参皂苷-Rg_2(Ⅶ)、20(S)-人参皂苷-Rg_3(Ⅷ)、20(R)-人参皂苷-Rg_3(Ⅸ)、3-O-β-D-glucopyrannosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyrannosyl-dammar-(E)-20(22)-ene-3β,12β,25-triol(Ⅹ).结论 化合物Ⅰ～Ⅲ、Ⅴ和Ⅹ为首次从西洋参水解产物中分得.     

布渣叶总黄酮固体分散体片的大鼠体内生物利用度研究

目的:建立了一种同时测定大鼠血浆中牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、水仙苷的HPLC/MS方法,并分析了布渣叶总黄酮提取物(BZY)和布渣叶总黄酮固体分散体片(SDT)的大鼠体内药代动力学特征,评价SDT体内生物利用度。方法:SD大鼠随机分为两组,分别灌胃给予BZY和SDT,分别于不同时间点取血,采用HPLC/MS测定牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、水仙苷的血药浓度,绘制药时曲线,运用kinetica4.4软件计算药动学参数。结果:比较口服布渣叶总黄酮提取物和布渣叶总黄酮固体分散体片的药动学参数,牡荆苷AUC_(0→12)分别为(3.425±0.135)和(5.257±0.257)mg·L~(-1)·h,MRT_(0→t)分别为(4.317±0.129)和(4.467±0.104)h,t_(1/2)分别为(9.128±2.556)和(11.335±4.102)h,tmax分别为(0.500±0.000)和(1.0±0.000)h,Cmax分别为(0.7±0.049)和(1.295±0.042)mg·L~(-1),异牡荆苷AUC_(0→12)分别为(3.547±0.056)和(6.057±0.242)mg·L~(-1)·h,MRT0→t分别为(4.417±0.109)和(4.235±0.147)h,t_(1/2)分别为(6.382±1.429)和(7.411±3.566)h,tmax分别为(0.692±0.047)和(0.583±0.204)h,Cmax分别为(0.692±0.047)和(1.455±0.024)mg·L~(-1),水仙苷AUC_(0→12)分别为(11.962±0.584)和(20.400±0.444)mg·L~(-1)·h,MRT0→t分别为(4.270±0.088)和(4.310±0.056)h,t1/2分别为(2.879±0.840)和(3.054±0.588)h,tmax分别为(1.500±0.000)和(1.500±0.000)h,Cmax分别为(2.542±0.134)和(4.665±0.060)mg·L~(-1)。以BZY为对照,SDT中牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、水仙苷的相对生物利用度分别为178.9%、187.5%、166.2%,且各指标的药动学参数AUC0→t、AUC0→∞、Cmax均显著性升高(P0.01)。结论:提示制剂技术能提高布渣叶总黄酮中牡荆苷、异牡荆苷、水仙苷的生物利用度,达到了实验预期要求。     

2019年我院肾内科中成药用药调查分析

目的:调查分析医院肾内科中成药使用情况,为规范肾内科中成药的使用提供科学基础。方法:选取医院2019年肾内科中成药处方,分析患者疾病构成和中成药使用情况等。结果:共纳入患者322例,疾病构成为慢性肾炎(21.1%)、慢性肾衰竭(16.5%)、肾病综合征(13.0%)、继发性肾病(12.4%)、IgA肾病(10.99%)、急性肾衰竭(9.6%)、其他疾病(9.0%)、肾小管间质肾炎(3.4%)、透析相关并发症(2.2%)、急性肾炎(1.9%)。中成药处方中共有901种次,剂型构成为胶囊(25.3%)、片剂(18.2%)、颗粒(15.0%)、针剂(10.1%)、口服液(9.8%)、丸剂(7.4%)等。中成药使用频数居前15位的是百令胶囊(11.8%)、肾复康胶囊(7.9%)、肾衰宁片(7.4%)、五灵止痛胶囊(6.2%)、麦味地黄口服液(5.7%)、尿毒清颗粒(5.1%)、肾炎舒片(4.4%)、灯盏花素注射液(4.0%)、六味地黄丸(3.0%)、丹参注射液(2.2%)、肾炎片(2.1%)、盐酸川芎嗪注射液(2.0%)、黄葵胶囊(1.7%)、补脾益肾口服液(1.2%)和金水宝胶囊(0.9%)。结论:肾内科使用中成药频率高,以胶囊、片剂等剂型为主,以百令胶囊、肾复康胶囊、肾衰宁片等药物最为常见。     

新风胶囊含药血清对TNF-α诱导的类风湿关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞凋亡和炎症的影响

观察新风胶囊(XFC)含药血清对肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)诱导的类风湿关节炎(RA)滑膜成纤维细胞(FLS)凋亡和炎症的影响,探讨XFC治疗RA的作用机制。建立RA-FLS永生化细胞系,制备XFC含药血清,用cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)、酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)、实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)、免疫荧光、原位末端转移酶标记(TUNEL)法观察XFC含药血清对RA-FLS凋亡和炎症指标的影响。CCK-8结果显示,TNF-α对RA-FLS最佳干预浓度和时间分别为10 ng·mL-1和48 h,XFC对RA-FLS的最佳干预浓度和时间分别为6.48 mg·g^-1和72 h。ELISA结果表明,与RA-FLS组相比,TNF-α+RA-FLS组TNF-α,白细胞介素(IL)-1β,IL-6,IL-8的表达均显著升高,IL-4和IL-10的表达均显著降低(P<0.01);经XFC含药血清干预后,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8的表达均显著下降,IL-4和IL-10的表达均显著升高(P<0.01)。RT-qPCR结果表明,与RA-FLS组相比,TNF-α+RA-FLS组Fas、FasL、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)、caspase-8、Bax、Bcl-X1 mRNA的表达均显著降低,B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)mRNA的表达显著升高(P<0.001);经XFC含药血清干预后,Fas,FasL,caspase-3,caspase-8,Bax,Bcl-X1 mRNA的表达均显著升高,Bcl-2 mRNA的表达显著下降(P<0.01)。免疫荧光结果表明,与RA-FLS组相比,TNF-α+RA-FLS组caspase-3和Bax蛋白表达显著降低,Bcl-2蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05);经XFC含药血清干预后,caspase-3和Bax蛋白表达显著升高,Bcl-2蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05)。TUNEL结果表明,与RA-FLS组相比,TNF-α+RA-FLS组细胞凋亡减少(P<0.05);经XFC含药血清干预后,细胞凋亡显著增多(P<0.05)。促进RA-FLS凋亡、抑制其炎症反应是XFC治疗RA的作用机制之一。     

断藤益母汤含药血清对人类风湿关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞增殖及TLR4表达的影响

目的探讨断藤益母汤(DYD)含药血清对体外培养的类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)患者滑膜成纤维细胞(fibrolast-like synoviocytes,FLS)增殖以及TLR4(Toll like receptor 4)mRNA表达的影响和作用机制。方法体外培养RA-FLS,取第3~5代细胞,分别加入来氟米特和DYD高、中、低剂量家兔含药血清,空白组加入正常家兔血清,MTT法检测24 h、48 h、72 h后各组含药血清对RA-FLS的影响。取RA-FLS,空白组不加脂多糖(LPS),阳性对照组加LPS20μg.mL-1,实验组在加入LPS后分两组,分别加入来氟米特和细胞抑制率最高的DYD含药血清。Realtime-PCR法检测以上4组细胞TLR4 mRNA的表达。结果来氟米特和DYD高剂量组含药血清作用48 h、72 h,二者均能显著抑制RA-FLS增殖(Ρ<0.05);对LPS诱导的TLR4的mRNA表达也有显著抑制作用(Ρ<0.05);来氟米特和DYD药效相当,两者比较差异无统计学意义。结论断藤益母汤高、中剂量含药血清作用48 h、72 h后能显著抑制RA-FLS增殖,且高剂量血清可下调LPS诱导的TLR4mRNA表达,这可能是该方治疗RA的机制之一。     

广西藤茶双氢杨梅树皮素对小鼠肝细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨藤茶双氢杨梅树皮素(Vine tea dihydromyricetin,VTD)对撤除苯巴比妥钠(sodium Phenobarbital,SP)诱导的小鼠肝细胞凋亡的影响,揭示其抗肝损伤作用的机制。方法:采用撤除SP诱导肝细胞凋亡的小鼠模型,予以高、低剂量VTD(200,50 mg·kg-1)ig,并设置正常对照、SP不撤对照及SP撤除模型组。以HE染色镜检观察肝组织病理形态变化,以流式细胞术、细胞原位TUNEL法检测肝细胞凋亡率,评估VTD对肝细胞凋亡的影响。结果:HE染色镜检可见正常对照组与SP不撤对照组肝组织形态大致正常,SP撤除模型组与VTD高、低剂量组均见不同程度肝细胞凋亡。流式细胞术分析、细胞原位TUNEL法检测结果显示,VTD低剂量组肝细胞凋亡率分别为17.7%,2.9%,均显著低于SP撤除模型组(分别为27.4%,4.5%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。VTD高剂量组肝细胞凋亡率与SP撤除模型组比较其差异无统计学意义。结论:50mg·kg-1·d-1的VTD ig可显著抑制SP撤除诱导的小鼠肝细胞凋亡,提示抑制肝细胞凋亡可能为VTD肝保护作用的机制之一。     

Anti-inflammatory activities of Chinese herbal medicine sinomenine and Liang Miao San on tumor necrosis factor-α-activated human fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis

Aim of the study

Sinomenine, an alkaloid isolated from the root of Sinomenium acutum, has been used to alleviate the symptoms of rheumatic diseases. Liang Miao San (LMS), composed of the herbs Rhizoma Atractylodis (Cangzhu) and Cotex Phellodendri (Huangbai), is another traditional Chinese medicine formula for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the potential anti-inflammatory activities of sinomenine and LMS, the underlying intracellular mechanisms regulating the anti-inflammatory activities of sinomenine and LMS on human primary fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from RA patients and normal control subjects have not been elucidated.

Materials and methods

We investigated the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of sinomenine and LMS on inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-mediated activation of human normal and RA-FLS. The underlying intracellular signaling molecules were analyzed quantitatively using flow cytometry.

Results

Sinomenine was found to significantly inhibit TNF-α induced cell surface expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and release of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine IL-6, CCL2 and CXCL8 from both normal and RA-FLS (all p < 0.05). Moreover, the suppression of sinomenine on TNF-α induced VCAM-1 expression and IL-6 release of RA-FLS was significantly higher than that of normal FLS (p < 0.05). LMS significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced inflammatory chemokines CXCL10 and CCL5 release from both normal and RA-FLS, with significantly higher suppression on CXCL10 secretion in RA-FLS than that of normal FLS (all p < 0.05). Further investigations showed that sinomenine and LMS could significantly suppress TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of inhibitor κBα and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, the central signaling molecules mediating TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression and chemokine production.

Conclusion

Our results therefore provide a new insight into the differential anti-inflammatory activities of sinomenine and LMS through the suppression of TNF-α-activated FLS by modulating distinct intracellular signaling pathways in RA.     

海嘧啶对SGC-7901人胃癌细胞凋亡的影响

目的 揭示海嘧啶的抗肿瘤作用机制。方法 采用流式细胞仪测定海嘧啶对人胃癌细胞凋亡及细胞周期的影响;采用激光扫描共聚焦技术观察海嘧啶对人胃癌细胞内[Ca^2 ]i的影响及[Ca^2 ]i;变化时Ca^2 的来源。结果 海嘧啶可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,可升高肿瘤细胞内[Ca^2 ]i的浓度,[Ca^2 ]i升高时Ca^2 来源于细胞外钙内流和细胞内钙释放。结论 海嘧啶的抗肿瘤机制为诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,通过开放细胞膜鲺通道和引起细胞内钙释放两条途径升高肿瘤细胞内[Ca^2 ]i,启动细胞凋亡机制,从而诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。     

昆山合剂对类风湿关节炎合并贫血患者滑膜成纤维细胞增殖及MyD88、IL-6 表达的研究

探讨昆山合剂（昆明山海棠、山血丹组成）对体外培养的类风湿关节炎（RA）致慢性病贫血患者滑膜成纤维细胞（FLS）增殖以及人类髓样分化蛋白88（MyD88）mRNA 及其下游因子IL-6 表达的影响和机制。方法：制备甲氨蝶呤和昆山合剂高、中、低剂量组的家兔含药血清;离体培养RA-FLS,取第3 至5 代细胞加入各组含药血清干预,MTT 法检测各含药血清组和对照组RA-FLS 的增殖情况,RT-PCR 检测含药血清对该细胞MyD88 mRNA 表达的影响。结果：干预24、48、72 h 之后,与空白组比较,各浓度组的昆山合剂组和甲氨蝶呤含药血清作用均能明显抑制RA-FLS 增殖（P＜0.05）,对脂多糖诱导的MyD88 mRNA 高表达也有明显抑制作用（P＜0.05）,与脂多糖诱导组比较,48 h 后昆山合剂高剂量组细胞培养上清的IL-6 含量明显降低（P＜0.05）。结论：昆山合剂含药血清能显著抑制RA-FLS 增殖,并可下调脂多糖诱导的TLR4mRNA 及其下游炎症因子IL-6 的表达,这可能为该方治疗RA 的机制之一。     

脾经穴位注射香菇多糖对脾气虚模型家兔免疫功能的影响

目的:证实穴位给药的药效反应是否具有特异性和循经性以及脾经穴位与机体的免疫功能相关。方法:健康新西兰家兔54只,随机分为正常组、模型组、肌肉治疗组、三阴交治疗组、地机治疗组、血海治疗组。每日以100%生大黄水煎剂灌胃(15mL/kg),连续10d,造成家兔脾气虚模型。自造模第2天起,各治疗组按不同给药途径隔日注射香菇多糖(LNT,0.025mg/kg),共5次。实验结束,各组按郭峰法测红细胞免疫功能(RBC-C3bR、RBC-IC),免疫比浊法测血清IgM浓度,同时观察家兔体征变化。结果:不同途径注射LNT均能不同程度地纠正脾气虚家兔RBC-C3bR花环形成率及血清IgM浓度的下降,以三阴交治疗组和血海治疗组效果最好(与模型组相比,P0.01或P0.05)。结论:脾经不同穴位点注射LNT改善脾气虚模型家兔的体征及免疫功能的作用比肌肉注射途径更为显著,经络穴位给药的药效具有特异性,经脉脏腑功能相关。     

Salvadora persica extract attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatorenal damage by modulating oxidative stress,inflammation and apoptosis in rats

ObjectiveSalvadora persica (SP) is used as a food additive and is a common ingredient in folk medicine. This study investigates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and beneficial effects of SP against cyclophosphamide (CYP) toxicity in rats.MethodsIn a 10-day study, 32 male rats were equally allocated into 4 groups (8 rats/group) as follows: the normal control (NC group), normal rats that only received oral aqueous extract of SP (100 mg/[kg·d]; SP group), animals treated with intraperitoneal CYP injections (30 mg/[kg·d]; CYP group), and the CYP + SP group that concurrently received CYP with SP aqueous extract. Serum samples were collected to measure the liver and renal biochemical profiles, as well as antioxidant and oxidative stress markers and the concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Hepatic and renal tissues were also harvested for histopathology and to measure apoptosis using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling technique, alongside tissue levels of oxidative stress markers.ResultsLiver enzymes, total bilirubin, creatinine and urea, as well as serum IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB increased significantly, whilst total protein, albumin, calcium, IL-10 and AMPK declined in serum of the CYP group relative to the NC group. The hepatorenal concentrations of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and catalase declined markedly in the CYP group, whereas malondialdehyde, protein adducts, and apoptosis index increased compared with the NC group. By contrast, the hepatorenal biochemistry and apoptosis index of the SP group were comparable to the NC group. Interestingly, the CYP + SP group had significant improvements in the liver and renal biochemical parameters, enhanced anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and marked declines in hepatic and renal apoptosis relative to the CYP group. Moreover, all monitored parameters were statistically indistinguishable between the CYP + SP group and the NC group.ConclusionThis study suggests that the aqueous extract of SP could be a potential remedy against CYP-induced hepatorenal damage and may act by modulating the AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and promoting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.     

2 Hz electro-acupuncture at yinlingquan (SP9) and ququan (LR8) acupoints induces changes in blood flow in the liver and spleen

According to the principles of traditional Chinese medicine, channels and collaterals within the body provide pathways through which qi and blood travel, and each channel or collateral is linked with a specific organ. The Yinlingquan (spleen 9, SP9) and Ququan (liver 8, LR8) acupoints represent the sea points of the spleen and liver meridians, respectively, from which qi and blood flow into their specific visceral organs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in blood flow/perfusion in the liver and spleen resulting from the application of 2 Hz electro-acupuncture (EA) to the Yinlingquan (SP9) or Ququan (LR8) acupoints. A total of 18 Spragrue-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups of six rats each as follows: sham group receiving sham EA; Yinlingquan (SP9) group receiving 2 Hz EA, applied at bilateral Yinlingquan (SP9) acupoints; and Ququan (LR8) groups receiving 2 Hz EA, applied at bilateral Ququan (LR8) acupoints. The mean blood flow/perfusion of the spleen and liver was recorded using a laser Doppler blood flow monitor prior to EA (representing the baseline), during EA, and post-EA. Each measurement period lasted ten minutes. Nitric oxide levels were also measured from the right femoral arterial blood, following the conclusion of each series of blood flow/perfusion recordings. The results indicate that the sham EA did not increase the mean blood flow/perfusion in the liver or spleen; 2 Hz EA at bilateral Yinlingquan (SP9) acupoints increased the mean blood flow/perfusion in the spleen, but not in the liver. In contrast, 2 Hz EA at bilateral Ququan (LR8) acupoints increased the mean blood flow/perfusion in the liver, but not in the spleen. Nitric oxide levels showed no significant difference between any of the groups at any stage of the measurements. According to the results, we conclude that EA at the Yinlingquan (SP9) and Ququan (LR8) acupoints can increase the blood flow in the spleen and liver, respectively.     

Induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma cells by mycelia of Antrodia camphorata in submerged culture

The effect of methanolic extracts of mycelia (MEM) from Antrodia camphorata (Polyporaceac, Aphyllophorales) of submerged culture (ACSC) on the inhibition of cell viability and the mechanism of MEM-induced cytotoxic in hepatoma cells were investigated. The IC(50) of MEM on the cytotoxicity of HepG2 (wild type p53) and Hep3B (delete p53) were 49.5 and 62.7 microg/ml, respectively, on 48 h incubation. There is no observable cytotoxicity of MEM in Chang liver cells and rat primary hepatocytes at the concentration of 100 microg/ml. Cell cycle analysis revealed that MEM induced apoptosis on HepG2 via G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. MEM (100 microg/ml) treated HepG2 and Hep3B for 72 h, the apoptotic cells were 98.3 and 39.5%, respectively. The activities of caspase-3, -8 and -9 in HepG2 induced by MEM (50 microg/ml) were increased 5.3, 6.7 and 2.2-fold, respectively. MEM-induced apoptotic cell death was accompanied by up-regulation of caspase-3 and -8 in HepG2 cells. Combined treatment with MEM and caspase-3, -8 and -9 inhibitors, the caspase-3 and -8 inhibitors were accounting for 63 and 47% inhibition in MEM-induced apoptosis, respectively; however, caspase-9 inhibitor exhibited no obvious inhibition effect on the apoptosis percentage (p>0.05). The results indicated that MEM induced HepG2 apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 and -8 cascades and regulation of the cell cycle progression to inhibit hepatoma cells proliferation.