神经内镜治疗后颅窝囊肿合并脑积水31例分析

目的 探讨神经内镜治疗后颅窝囊肿合并脑积水的诊治方法。 方法 回顾性分析南方医院神经外科自2004年4月至2010年8月收治的31例后颅窝扩大囊室合并脑积水患者资料,所有患者均经头颅CT和MRI证实。其中后颅窝真性蛛网膜囊肿19例,Dandy walker畸形5例,布莱克囊肿2例,肿瘤术后囊肿5例。依据不同手术方式分成内镜手术组(14例)、开颅显微镜手术组（9例）和分流手术组（8例）,根据术后患者临床症状改善情况、影像学表现和相关并发症发生情况判定疗效。 结果 3组患者术后早期临床症状均有所改善。术后随访6个月～6年,复查头颅MRI显示28例患者后颅窝囊肿及脑室系统较术前有不同程度的缩小,其中内镜组有效率和并发症发生率分别为92.9％和14.3％,显微镜组分别为88.9％和33.3％,分流手术组分别为75.0％和50.0％。 结论 神经内镜是治疗后颅窝囊肿合并脑积水的一种安全、有效术式,相对显微镜下开颅手术和分流手术而言,操作灵活,并发症少,预后好,值得临床进一步推广。     

小儿颅内蛛网膜囊肿的手术治疗

目的 探讨小儿颅内蛛网膜囊肿的手术方法及其疗效。方法 2011年1月至2014年7月手术治疗12岁以下颅内蛛网膜囊肿26例,其中行囊肿造瘘术（造瘘术组）17例（内镜下囊肿造瘘术14例,显微镜下囊肿造瘘术3例）,囊肿-腹腔分流术（分流术组 ）9例。术后随访2~18个月。结果 造瘘术组与分流术组手术的有效率分别为88.2%和77.7%,近期并发症发生率分别为23.5%和22.2%,均无统计学差异（P>0.05）;远期并发症发生率分别为0和33.3%,有统计学差异（P<0.05）。结论 两种手术均能改善颅内蛛网膜囊肿患儿症状,分流术远期并发症发生率明显高于造瘘术。     

后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿临床治疗分析

目的 探讨后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿的治疗策略。方法 回顾性分析后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿手术治疗患者15例,结合文献复习,对其治疗作分析。结果 15例患者中,行开颅手术9例,囊肿腹腔分流手术6例。开颅术患者3例继发脑积水,再次行分流手术后缓解;分流术患者1例分流管位置不佳,1例未解决其继发脑积水问题而再次行脑室-腹腔分流术。随访3个月～2a,8例囊肿变小,其中开颅组5例,分流组3例,1例复发。结论 对症状性后颅窝囊肿可考虑手术治疗,其手术指征应严格把控。对有占位效应而无明显症状的儿童后颅窝囊肿患者,早期手术有助于脑组织发育,但手术指征仍有争议,具体手术与否应个体化考虑。传统开颅手术在后颅窝囊肿治疗中创伤大,效果欠佳,有继发脑积水风险。神经内镜手术逐渐替代传统开颅手术,成为后颅窝囊肿手术首选,囊肿腹腔分流为不可缺少的治疗选择。     

儿童颞部蛛网膜囊肿不同术式的疗效分析

目的探讨儿童颅内颞叶蛛网膜囊肿的手术方法和疗效。方法颞部蛛网膜囊肿患儿65例,27例行囊肿-腹腔分流术,17例行显微镜下囊壁剥离＋脑池穿通术,21例行内镜下囊壁剥离＋脑池穿通术,并比较三种不同术式的治疗效果。结果囊肿-腹腔分流术、显微镜和内镜术后囊肿缩小率分别为88.9%、94.1%和95.2%,三者相比,无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。术后转流障碍是囊肿-腹腔分流术的主要并发症,且经受该手术患者并发感染后治疗效果差、囊肿消失后拔管率低;术后硬膜下积液和慢性硬膜下血肿则是显微镜和内镜手术的主要并发症。结论根据囊肿形态、大小、脑脊液吸收功能等进行评估,以微创为主导个体化选择手术治疗儿童颞部囊肿,可取得较满意效果。     

后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿的神经内镜治疗探讨

目的 探讨神经内镜下后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿的治疗效果.方法 本组共40例病例经CT和MRI均证实为后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿,随机分成显微镜切除组和内镜治疗组,术前均行MRI相位对比电影法.术后根据患者临床症状、影像学表现及相关并发症等判定疗效,同时进行1-2年随访.结果 本组病例行显微镜下囊肿切除术15例,内镜下囊肿切除25例.术后临床症状均有所改善.术后复查头部MRI显示28例患者后颅窝囊肿较术前有明显缩小(94%),MRI相位对比电影显示第四脑室脑脊液流动恢复正常.随访1年,内镜组12例囊肿缩小,14例临床症状明显好转,总有效率为87%.显微镜组8例缩小,3例复发,10例临床症状好转,总有效率为53%.结论 神经内镜治疗后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿与传统的开颅显微镜手术比较,其操作简便,创伤小,手术安全,患者恢复快,手术并发症少,值得进一步推广.     

儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿的治疗探讨

目的探讨儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿的手术适应证、手术方法及手术中应注意的问题。方法回顾性分析71例儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿的临床资料。其中囊肿切除术32例,囊肿-腹腔分流术39例。结果随访6个月到8年,影像学结果显示囊肿切除术组中。11例患者囊肿完全消失,19例患者囊肿体积明显缩小,总有效率为93．75％;2例患者囊肿复发,分别在9个月和14个月后再行囊肿-腹腔分流术。囊肿-腹腔分流手术组中,15例患者囊肿完全消失,23例患者囊肿体积明显缩小,总有效率为97．44约;1例患者囊肿体积无明显变化。1年后手术探查示分流管被大网膜包埋,调整分流管位置后囊肿体积体积缩小。癫痫治疗的有效率囊肿切除术为80％（8／10）。分流手术组为33．3％（3／9）,两者相比有统计学差异（P〈O．05）。结论囊肿切除术和囊肿-腹腔分流术均对儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿有着良好的治疗效果。以癫痫为主要表现的儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿,囊肿切除加局部皮层热灼术应为外科治疗首选：但对于其他该囊肿患者由于囊肿-腹腔分流术具有创伤小、操作简单、安全可靠、复发率低等优点,应为首选。     

侧脑室内囊肿的神经内镜下辅助治疗

目的探讨侧脑室囊肿的神经内镜手术治疗。方法采用小切口、小骨瓣开颅皮层造瘘神经内镜切除侧脑室内囊肿,同时可行囊肿脑室或脑池造瘘手术,以打通脑脊液循环,共治疗侧脑室囊肿患者52例,术前术后均行头部MRI检查,术后进行病理检查。所有患者均得到随访。结果神经内镜全切侧脑室囊肿37例（71％）,部分切除和行造瘘术15例（29％）。术后临床症状明显改善35例（67％）,好转13例（25％）,总有效率92％,无效4例（8％）。术后病理证实神经上皮囊肿43例,其中蛛网膜囊肿28例,脉络丛囊肿3例,室管膜囊肿12例,其他类型的囊肿9例。结论应用神经内镜治疗侧脑室内囊肿,手术操作简单,疗效可靠,并发症少,增加了病变的全切率,临床疗效满意。     

颅内蛛网膜囊肿外科治疗39例临床分析

目的 探讨颅内蛛网膜囊肿手术治疗方法及其疗效。方法 回顾性分析2012年2月至2017年5月手术治疗的39例颅内蛛网膜囊肿的临床资料，其中囊肿切除+脑池开放术22例，囊肿-腹腔分流术17例。结果 术后随访6个月至2年。开颅术治疗22例中，21例（95.5%）术后囊肿消失或明显缩小，19例（86.4%）症状消失或明显缓解；分流术治疗17例中，12例（70.6%）术后囊肿消失或明显缩小，13例（76.5%）症状消失或明显缓解。开颅术治疗22中，2例（9%）术后发生并发症。分流术治疗17例中，9例（52.9%）术后出现并发症。结论 对于颅内蛛网膜囊肿，把握好手术适应证，根据囊肿的大小、位置选择合适的手术方式，无论是囊肿切除+脑池开放术，还是囊肿-腹腔分流术，均可取得良好疗效。     

小儿外侧裂蛛网膜囊肿的手术治疗

目的 探讨小儿外侧裂蛛网膜囊肿的手术治疗方法及效果。方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2015年12月收治的209例外侧裂蛛网膜囊肿的临床资料。显微镜下囊肿造瘘术治疗105例（显微组）,神经内镜下囊肿造瘘术治疗104（内镜组）。术后随访1~6.5年,平均（18.8±7.5）个月。结果 显微组有效率为81%（85/105）,术后近期并发症发生率为6.7%（7/105）,远期并发症发生率为4.8%（5/105）。内镜组有效率为77.9%（81/104）,术后近期并发症发生率为2.9%（3/104）,远期并发症发生率为1.9%（2/104）。两组有效率、并发症发生率均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 显微镜下囊肿造瘘术和神经内镜下囊肿造瘘术均是治疗小儿外侧裂蛛网膜囊肿的有效方法,可根据病人具体情况个体化选择。     

囊肿-上矢状窦分流术治疗儿童蛛网膜囊肿16例观察

目的 研究囊肿-上矢状窦分流治疗儿童蛛网膜囊肿的疗效。方法 对16例位于额颞叶，颞叶浅表蛛网膜囊肿行囊肿-上矢状窦分流术回顾分析。结果 16例患儿均随诊，囊肿消失率75％，其余明显缩小，症状均改善和消失。结论 以囊肿-上矢状窦分流术代替传统的开颅囊肿切除术和囊肿-腹腔分流术治疗儿童蛛网膜囊肿，具有手术操作简单、创伤小、效果好、并发症少、无复发等特点。     

儿童颞部蛛网膜囊肿的手术治疗

目的探讨儿童颞部蛛网膜囊肿的手术方法。方法回顾性分析手术治疗儿童颞部蛛网膜囊肿68例患者的临床资料,56例行显微镜下囊壁切除+脑池交通术,7例行囊肿-腹腔分流术,5例行内镜下囊壁切除+脑池交通术。结果术后随访6个月到3年,28例影像学复查显示:13例囊肿完全消失,46例囊肿体积较术前有不同程度缩小,无明显变化的有9例。结论显微镜下囊壁切除+脑池交通术对儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿有着良好的治疗效果,可以作为首选的手术方式。     

婴幼儿脊髓脊膜膨出术后并发脑积水的影响因素及治疗方法分析

目的 探讨婴幼儿脊髓脊膜膨出修补术后合并脑积水的影响因素及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析182例显微外科手术治疗脊髓脊膜膨出病儿的临床资料.根据术后是否并发脑积水分为脑积水组和对照组,多变量Logistic回归分析术后并发脑积水的影响因素;对脑积水组均先采取内科脱水治疗,再根据病情选择脑室外引流术(引流术)、第三脑室底造瘘术(造瘘术)和脑室-腹腔分流术(分流术)治疗.结果 本组病儿术后发生脑积水26例,多变量Logistic回归分析:膨出部位在颈胸段、术后并发感染或脑脊液漏、脊膜膨出平均周径大、术前颅高压均为术后并发脑积水的影响因素.脑积水组采用单纯脱水治疗2例,脱水+引流术3例,脱水+引流术+造瘘术3例,脱水+引流术+分流术16例,脱水+引流术+造瘘术+分流术2例;经治疗治愈23例,死亡3例.结论 针对脊髓脊膜膨出修补术后产生脑积水的不同病因,综合采用不同的治疗方式,可取得较好疗效.     

A comparison of neuro-endoscopic techniques with other surgical procedures in the treatment of arachnoid cysts in children

The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of neuroendoscopic techniques (in comparison with other surgical procedures) in the treatment for arachnoid cysts in children. The analysis was performed on results of treatment 22 children with arachnoid cysts submitted to neuroendoscopic procedures. The group consisted of 6 girls and 16 boys, aged from 1 day to 18 years (mean age 5.3 years, SD +/- 5.6). The control group treated with other, non-endoscopic surgical procedures consisted of 61 patients (20 girls and 41 boys aged from 10 days to 17 years, mean age 7 years, SD +/- 6). Criteria of success varied according to the type of surgical treatment. In the case of procedures other than shunt implantation, the treatment was regarded as effective, if there was no need to change the surgical method, while shunt implantation was considered effective, if shunt revision was not necessary. The operative treatment outcome was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Post-treatment changes in the clinical state were graded as improvement, no change, or deterioration. In terms of the assumed criteria of success in the treatment for arachnoid cysts, neuroendoscopic procedures and microsurgical cyst excisions were among the most effective methods. As many as 90.9% of neuroendoscopically treated children needed no other operation, in comparison with 92.6% of patients submitted to microsurgical procedures, who needed no change in the operative treatment. In the group of neuroendoscopically treated patients the effectiveness of neuroendoscopic operations varied according to the type of procedure used. Cystocysternostomies or cystoventriculostomies were successful in 100%. The analysis of clinical outcome has shown that deterioration was observed only in 13% of the patients with shunt implantation. Analyzing each type of arachnoid cyst separately, a statistically significant relationship was found between improvement of the clinical state and the use of craniotomy in the surgical treatment for cysts localized in the posterior fossa. Improvement in the case of neuroendoscopically treated children was related to a larger reduction in the cyst size after surgery and to a lower intensity of intraoperative bleeding. Neuroendoscopic techniques allowed to reduce the average period of hospitalization. Neuroendoscopic cystocysternostomy and cystoventriculostomy were the most effective techniques, besides microsurgical excision of arachnoid cysts. Neuroendoscopic treatment efficacy depends on the type of procedure used. The application of neuroendoscopic techniques allows to reduce the period of hospitalization.     

The role of Ommaya reservoir and endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the management of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity

Objective The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate a series of consecutive patients affected by post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus in prematurity, treated with an implant of an Ommaya reservoir followed by ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt and/or endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these treatment options in the management of the condition. Methods Between 2002 and 2005, 18 consecutive premature patients affected by intra-ventricular haemorrhage (IVH) grades II to IV, presenting with progressive ventricular dilatation, were operated for implant of an intra-ventricular catheter connected to a sub-cutaneous Ommaya reservoir. Cerebrospinal fluid was intermittently aspirated percutaneously by the reservoir according with the clinical requirements and the echographic follow-up. The patients who presented a progression of the ventricular dilatation were finally operated for VP shunt implant or ETV according with the MRI findings. Results One patient had grade II, 5 had grade III, and 12 had grade IV IVH. The mean age at IVH diagnosis was 5.2 days; the mean age at reservoir implant was 17.3 days. The Ommaya reservoir was punctured on an average basis of 11.4 times per patient (range 2–25), and the mean interval between aspirations was 2.7 days. The mean CSF volume per tap was 20 ml. One patient died for pulmonary complications during the study period. Out of the 17 survivors, 3 did not develop progressive ventricular dilatation, and their reservoir was removed; 14 developed progressive hydrocephalus, 5 of whom were implanted with a VP shunt and 9 received an ETV. Amongst the five shunted patients, two were re-admitted for shunt malfunction and had their shunt removed after ETV after 6.1 and 20.5 months, respectively. Amongst the nine patients who received an ETV, five had to be re-operated for VP shunt implant at an average interval of 2.17 months (range 9–172 days) because of increasing ventricular dilatation. Two of them had a redo third ventriculostomy with shunt removal at 11 and 25.1 months, respectively, after insertion. The first was reimplanted with a VP shunt 4 days later; the second remains shunt free. Therefore, at the end of the follow-up period, 10 out of 17 children affected by post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus in prematurity were shunt free (59%). Conclusions The combination of Ommaya reservoir, VP shunt, and the aggressive use of ETV as a primary treatment or as an alternative to shunt revision allowed for a significant reduction of shunt dependency in a traditionally shunt-dependent population. Further studies are warranted to optimise the algorithm of treatment in these patients.     

第三脑室底造瘘术和脑室-腹腔分流术治疗非交通性脑积水的Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析对神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术(ETV)和脑室-腹腔(V-P)分流术治疗非交通性脑积水的疗效进行综合分析。方法通过计算机检索PubMed、EMBASE、Ovid、ScienceDirec、SpringerLink、中国知网数据库、万方、维普及中国生物医学文献数据库,查出2000-2010年发表的有关ETV和V-P分流术治疗非交通性脑积水的相关文献,选择RevMan5.0软件以固定效应模型进行Meta分析。结果纳入9项临床对照研究。Meta分析结果显示:与V-P分流术相比,ETV术后症状缓解率、颅内血肿形成率差异无统计学意义(P>0.01),而ETV术后并发症发生率及复发率均明显低于V-P分流术(P<0.01)。结论 ETV和V-P分流术疗效相当,但ETV术后并发症发生率和复发率较低。     

神经内镜技术治疗脑积水14例报告

目的 分析神经内镜技术应用于治疗脑积水的疗效及价值。方法 回顾性地分析总结了14例脑积水病例，均行神经内镜技术治疗，11例行内镜第三脑室造瘘术(ETV)，1例行分流管侧脑室端校正术，2例交通性脑积水行分流管脑室端校正及脉络丛烧灼术。结果 所有病例均取得了满意的疗效，未出现术后并发症。结论 神经内镜技术治疗脑积水具有微创性、视野好、操作简单等优点，结合神经导航系统，计算机三维成像等新技术，可设计最佳手术人路，避免副损伤，术中往往只需一小骨孔，最大限度地减小了手术创伤。ETV的良好疗效及少有并发症充分显示了神经内镜技术治疗脑积水的优越性。     

Assessment of endoscopic treatment for quadrigeminal cistern arachnoid cysts: A 7-year experience with 28 cases

Background

Quadrigeminal cistern arachnoid cysts (QACs) are difficult to treat because of their deep location and the presence of nervous and vascular structures of the pineal–quadrigeminal region. There are several surgical procedures available for QACs, including craniotomy and cyst excision or fenestration, ventriculoperitoneal or cystoperitoneal shunting, and endoscopic fenestration. There is a debate about which method is the best.

Objective

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic ventriculocystostomy (VC) and third ventriculostomy (ETV) for treatment of arachnoid cysts of the quadrigeminal cistern.

Methods

Twenty-eight patients with QACs who had undergone endoscopic treatment in our department between August 2007 and June 2014 were studied retrospectively. Patient age at the time of endoscopic treatment ranged from 5 months to 42 years, including 25 children (14 males and 11 females) and 3 adults (one male and two females). All patients presented with hydrocephalus and did not undergo shunting prior to neuroendoscopic surgery. The first endoscopic procedures included lateral ventricle cystostomy (LVC) together with ETV in 18 cases, third ventricle cystostomy (3rd VC) together with ETV in 3 cases, and double VC (3rd VC and LVC) together with ETV in 7 cases. Data were obtained on clinical and neuroradiological presentation, indications to treat, surgical technique, complications, and the results of clinical and neuroradiological follow-up.

Results

Complete success was achieved in 25 (89.3 %) of 28 cases. During the follow-up period, one case underwent endoscopic reoperation with success. Shunts were implanted in 2 patients due to progression of symptoms and increase in hydrocephalus after the first endoscopic operation. Shunt independency was achieved in 26 (92.9 %) of 28 cases. The cyst was reduced in size in 22 cases (78.6 %). Postoperative images showed a reduction in the size of the ventricles in 23 cases (82.1 %). There was no surgical mortality. Subdural collection developed in 4 cases (14.3 %) and required a transient subduroperitoneal shunt in 2 cases, whereas the other 2 patients were asymptomatic and did not require any surgical treatment.

Conclusions

VC together with ETV through precoronal approach is an effective treatment for symptomatic QACs and should be the initial surgical procedure. The surgical indications should include signs of elevated ICP (including increased head circumference), Parinaud syndrome, gait ataxia, and nystagmus. Also, surgery is indicated by progressive enlargement of the cyst and young children with large cysts even if the patients are asymptomatic. Contraindications to surgery include the absence of symptoms (older children and adult) and isolated developmental delay. The main criterion for successful surgery should be improvement of clinical symptoms instead of reduced cyst volume and/or ventricular size. Repeated endoscopic procedures may be considered only for the patients whose symptoms improved after first endoscopic operation.

     

儿童颅内幕上蛛网膜囊肿的手术治疗

目的总结儿童颅内幕上蛛网膜囊肿手术治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析56例幕上蛛网膜囊肿病儿的临床资料,均经手术治疗,手术方法包括囊肿壁部分切除加囊肿脑池交通术30例,囊肿壁部分切除并囊肿脑池交通加颞肌条填入术20例,囊肿-腹腔分流术5例及神经内镜下囊肿壁部分切除并造瘘术1例。结果病儿术后临床症状均不同程度改善,颅内压增高症状术后均消失。术后高热(39℃)12例,并发颅内血肿4例,无手术死亡。随访3个月～5年,囊肿消失18例,缩小80%以上22例,缩小50%～80%8例,无明显变化6例;2例合并脑积水者,1例脑室较术前略缩小,另1例无变化。结论外科手术是儿童颅内幕上蛛网膜囊肿的有效治疗方法,术中仔细和轻柔操作是预防和减少相关手术并发症的关键。     

第三脑室底造瘘术和脑室腹腔分流术治疗梗阻性脑积水疗效分析

目的探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术和传统脑室腹腔分流术治疗梗阻性脑积水的疗效优劣。方法梗阻性脑积水患者60例,随机进行神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术或脑室腹腔分流术,对两组患者术后主要并发症、治疗有效率及术后复发率进行对比,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果两组患者术后颅内感染、脑室内出血、气颅、硬膜下积液、慢性硬膜下血肿的发生率分别为0.0%和3.1%、7.1%和3.1%、3.6%和3.1%、0.0%和6.2%、0.0%和6.2%,两者比较无统计学差异。两组患者术后治疗有效率分别为89.3%和84.4%,两者比较无统计学差异。造瘘组患者术后复发率为3.6%,低于分流组的28.1%,两者比较有统计学意义。结论神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水术后主要并发症及治疗有效率和传统脑室腹腔分流术无明显差异,但复发率比脑室腹腔分流术低,值得临床推广应用。