脑出血患者血肿周围脑组织中P75NTR、TrkA的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系

目的 通过对人脑出血后血肿周围不同区域组织中的P75NTR、TrkA表达的检测,探讨其在脑出血后血肿周围组织细胞凋亡中的作用. 方法采集脑出血血肿清除术患者的脑组织标本,分别运用DNA断裂原位末端标记(TUNEL)法及免疫组化技术检测血肿周围及远隔部位组织中细胞凋亡率与P75NTR、TrkA的表达. 结果相对于远隔部位组织,脑出血后血肿周围组织中的细胞凋亡率与P75NTR的表达水平明显增加(P<0.05),而TrkA的表达水平并没有明显变化(P>0.05).P75NTR的阳性细胞率与TUNEL阳性细胞率呈正相关(r=0.628,p=0.000). 结论脑出血后血肿周围组织中凋亡细胞明显增多,P75NTR介导的细胞凋亡通路可能发挥了重要的作用;TrkA在脑出血发生后并没有增量表达以增加细胞存活,未起到拮抗P75NTR介导的细胞凋亡作用.     

脑出血患者血肿周围脑组织中P75NTR、TrkA的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系

目的 通过对人脑出血后血肿周围不同区域组织中的P75NTR、TrkA表达的检测,探讨其在脑出血后血肿周围组织细胞凋亡中的作用. 方法采集脑出血血肿清除术患者的脑组织标本,分别运用DNA断裂原位末端标记(TUNEL)法及免疫组化技术检测血肿周围及远隔部位组织中细胞凋亡率与P75NTR、TrkA的表达. 结果相对于远隔部位组织,脑出血后血肿周围组织中的细胞凋亡率与P75NTR的表达水平明显增加(P<0.05),而TrkA的表达水平并没有明显变化(P>0.05).P75NTR的阳性细胞率与TUNEL阳性细胞率呈正相关(r=0.628,p=0.000). 结论脑出血后血肿周围组织中凋亡细胞明显增多,P75NTR介导的细胞凋亡通路可能发挥了重要的作用;TrkA在脑出血发生后并没有增量表达以增加细胞存活,未起到拮抗P75NTR介导的细胞凋亡作用.     

大鼠脑出血后不同时期神经营养因子受体p75、神经生长因子前体、酪氨酸激酶A的表达及其与细胞凋亡的相关性

目的研究脑出血后血肿周围组织中神经营养因子受体p75(p75NTR)、神经生长因子前体(pro NGF)、酪氨酸激酶A(TrkA)的表达及细胞凋亡率,进一步探讨其在脑出血后的细胞凋亡中所发挥的作用。方法制作大鼠脑出血模型,于术后6 h、24 h、72 h、10 d处死各组大鼠获取所需脑组织标本,应用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,免疫组化SP法检测p75 NTR、TrkA、pro NGF的蛋白表达水平,实时荧光定量PCR检测p75 NTR、TrkA的基因表达水平。结果脑出血后p75 NTR、proNGF表达水平及p75 NTR/TrkA值与对照组比较显著升高(P 0. 01),且动态变化规律与脑细胞凋亡率相似;72 h后TrkA的动态变化规律与细胞凋亡率相反。结论脑出血后pro NGF与p75 NTR的结合可能参与介导脑细胞凋亡,p75 NTR/TrkA值增高时,pro NGF及p75 NTR以介导细胞凋亡为主; TrkA在脑出血后72 h内神经营养作用被抑制,72 h后可能发挥神经营养作用。     

大鼠脑出血后血肿周围组织中p75NTR表达及其与凋亡的时相性研究

目的 通过大鼠脑出血模型,探讨脑出血后不同时期p75NTR的变化规律及与细胞凋亡的关系.方法 采用大鼠脑出血模型,检测血肿周围凋亡细胞的比例,p75NTR的蛋白表达水平.结果 血肿周围6h即可见细胞凋亡,72 h达高峰,10d仍可见较高比例的凋亡细胞,与对照组比较有显著统计学差异(P＜0.01).实验组及对照组均可检测出p75 NTR蛋白和RNA表达,但各实验组与对照组比较有显著统计学差异(P＜0.05),尤以72 h为著(P=0.000).发现除6h组外,其余各组的p75NTR的RNA表达水平与凋亡比例呈正相关(P ＜0.001).结论 大鼠脑出血模型中血肿周围组织p75NTR蛋白和RNA表达水平增加,且与凋亡规律一致,24 h后RNA表达与细胞凋亡正相关.     

大鼠脑出血后血肿周围脑组织p75NTR的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系

目的研究大鼠脑出血后不同时期血肿周围组织中p75NTR的表达规律及与其细胞凋亡的相关性。方法采用自体动脉血注入右侧尾状核制备大鼠脑出血动物模型,分别于脑出血后6h、24h、72h和10d处死大鼠获取血肿周围脑组织标本,通过流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,免疫组化法及实时荧光定量PCR检测p75NTR蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果脑出血后6hpp75NTR蛋白和nRNA表达水平即上升,24h继续升高,72h到达高峰,至10d仍维持在较高水平,与对照组相比均差异显著（P〈0．05）。脑出血后细胞凋亡率的动态变化趋势与p75NTR蛋白及mRNA表达变化一致,两者之间呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。结论脑出血后p75NTR可能参与介导脑细胞凋亡。     

脑出血血肿周围脑组织细胞凋亡与细胞色素C表达的关系

目的 研究脑出血(ICH)患者血肿周围脑组织细胞凋亡与细胞色素C(Cyt-C)表达的关系.方法 选择不同时段行血肿清除术的ICH患者32例,选取手术过程中获得的血肿周围脑组织作为标本,采用TUNEL染色及免疫组织化学技术检测凋亡细胞和Cyt-C表达的变化.结果 ICH超早期组(＜8h)可见明显的TUNEL阳性细胞和Cyt-C阳性细胞;早期组(8～48h)二者均达到高峰;延期组(＞48h)TUNEL阳性细胞仍维持较高表达,而Cyt-C阳性细胞计数开始下降.凋亡细胞与Cyt-C表达呈正相关(r=0.87,P＜0.01).结论 ICH患者血肿周围脑组织中存在细胞凋亡,Cyt-C表达是细胞凋亡过程中的一个关键事件.     

神经生长因子对氧合血红蛋白诱导鼠神经细胞凋亡的作用研究

目的 研究神经生长因子(NGF)对氧合血红蛋白(OxyHb)诱导的小鼠神经细胞凋亡的作用,进一步探讨OxyHb诱导细胞凋亡及NGF对神经元保护作用的可能机制.方法 蛛网膜下腔注射OxyHb建立蛛网膜下腔出血的动物模型,尾静脉注射NGF,TUNEL法检测神经细胞凋亡,免疫组织化学法检测Bcl-2、Bax、P75NTR和TrkA表达的情况.结果 注射OxyHb后出现神经细胞凋亡,Bcl-2表达降低,Bax和P75NTR表达增加,在NGF给药组,神经细胞凋亡数明显减少,Bcl-2表达增加.而Bax和P75NTR表达则明显降低.结论 小鼠局部脑组织蛛网膜下腔注射OxyHb可引起小鼠神经细胞发生凋亡,Bax和P75NTR表达增加可能是诱导凋亡的一个主要原因,而静脉注射NGF可以抑制OxyHb诱导的细胞凋亡,其机制可能是通过与受体结合,增加Bel-2蛋白表达,降低Bax和P75NTR表达水平以实现其保护作用.     

高血糖对脑出血大鼠细胞凋亡及Bax表达的影响

目的 探讨高血糖对大鼠脑血肿周围组织神经细胞凋亡和Bax表达的影响.方法 采用立体定向技术制作大鼠脑出血模型.96只雄性SD大鼠被随机分为4组:假手术组、正常血糖组、高血糖组及胰岛素干预组,各组分别于术后6 h、24 h、3 d、7 d 4个时间点取脑组织,应用免疫组化方法检测血肿周围组织Bax的表达情况,TUNEL法检测血肿周围神经细胞凋亡.结果 高血糖组大鼠脑血肿周围组织Bax的表达及细胞凋亡明显高于其他组(P＜0.01),胰岛素干预组上述指标均低于高血糖组(P＜0.01),而高于假手术组,与脑出血组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 高血糖能增加大鼠脑血肿周围组织神经细胞凋亡和Bax的表达,降糖治疗对脑神经细胞凋亡起保护作用.     

proNGF，sortilin在脑出血患者血肿周围组织中的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系

目的：研究proNGF,sortilin在人脑出血后血肿周围组织中的表达,及其在继发性损伤细胞凋亡中的作用。方法：本实验采集临床手术病人的脑组织标本,利用DNA断裂原位末端标记（TUNEL）法检测血肿周围组织中的凋亡细胞,并同时运用免疫组化技术检测血肿周围组织及远隔部位组织中proNGF,sortilin的表达。结果：脑出血后血肿周围组织中的细胞调亡率明显增高（P<0.01）,proNGF的表达水平并没有显著变化（P>0.05）,而sortilin的表达水平则明显增加（P<0.01）,并且sortilin的表达水平与细胞凋亡率正相关(R= 0.648, P=0.00)。结论：sortilin 在脑出血表达增加,在依赖于P75NTR的细胞凋亡通路起了辅受体及分子开关作用,proNGF在脑出血后的表达量并未变化。     

大鼠脑出血后Fas表达与神经细胞凋亡的关系及氟桂利嗪的干预作用

目的 观察大鼠脑血肿周围脑组织Fas的表达和神经细胞的凋亡,探讨氟桂利嗪能否下调血肿周围Fas的表达而减轻神经细胞凋亡.方法 采用自体股动脉血注入大鼠尾壳核建立脑出血模型,分别于术后6h、12h、24h、2d、4d 5个时间点取脑组织,应用免疫组化方法 检测血肿周围组织Fas的表达情况,TUNEL法检测血肿周围神经细胞凋亡.结果 脑出血组大鼠脑血肿周围组织Fas的表达及细胞凋亡明显高于其他组(P＜0.01),氟桂利嗪治疗组上述指标均低于脑出血组(P＜0.01),而高于假手术组(P＜0.01), Fas的表达与血肿周围神经细胞的凋亡呈正相关(r=0.953,P <0.05).结论 Fas、神经细胞凋亡参与了大鼠脑血肿周围脑组织损伤的病理生理过程;氟桂利嗪能抑制血肿周围Fas的表达,减轻神经细胞凋亡.     

Label-free detection of G protein-SNARE interactions and screening for small molecule modulators

G(i/o)-coupled presynaptic GPCRs are major targets in neuropsychiatric diseases. For example, presynaptic auto- or heteroreceptors include the D(2) dopamine receptor, H(3) histamine receptor, 5HT(1) serotonin receptors, M(4) acetylcholine receptors, GABA(B) receptors, Class II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors, opioid receptors, as well as many other receptors. These GPCRs exert their influence by decreasing exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. One mechanism by which they act is through direct interaction of the Gβγ subunit with members of the SNARE complex downstream of voltage-dependent calcium channels, and specifically with the C-terminus of SNAP25 and the H3 domain of syntaxin1A(1-3). Small molecule inhibitors of the Gβγ-SNARE interaction would allow the study of the relative importance of this mechanism in more detail. We have utilized novel, label-free technology to detect this protein-protein interaction and screen for several small molecule compounds that perturb the interaction, demonstrating the viability of this approach. Interestingly, the screen also produced enhancers of the Gβγ-SNARE interaction.     

Normal reference ranges of antithrombin,protein C and protein S: Effect of sex,age and hormonal status

Introduction

Antithrombin (AT), protein C (PC) and protein S (PS) deficiencies are risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Overlapping values between heterozygous carriers and normal individuals often make a correct classification of a deficiency difficult. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sex, age, menopause and hormone therapy on natural anticoagulant plasma levels in a large group of healthy individuals, and to evaluate the need of separate reference ranges.

Materials and Methods

AT and PC were measured with a chromogenic assay, antigenic free PS with an ELISA test. To evaluate the effect of sex, age, oral contraception, hormonal status (and their interaction) on AT, PC and PS levels, linear regression models were used. Biological relevance and the value of the normal deviate z were chosen as rules to decide for separate reference ranges.

Results

The study population consisted of 1837 healthy adult individuals (741 men, 1096 women), aged 18-85 years (median age: 44 years). In men AT levels decreased after the age of 50 years. Men had higher levels of PS than women, particularly at young ages. In women, after correction for menopause, only PC levels increased with age. Menopause affected AT and PS, but not PC levels. Oral contraceptive intake was associated with a decrease of AT and PS, and an increase of PC levels.

Conclusions

For AT, PC and PS, sex- and age-specific normal reference ranges can be useful, in order to better discriminate true carriers of a natural anticoagulant deficiency.     

BMP4 expression in the developing rat retina

We investigated the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) in the developing retina. At E19, we found very intense BMP4 immunoreactivity (IR) in the nerve fiber layer. At P1, the inner plexiform layer exhibited very strong BMP4-IR. Thereafter, abundant BMP4 expression was kept to the adult period. These results suggest that BMP4 plays pivotal roles in the retina not only in the early embryonic period but also in the late embryonic and postnatal periods, and even in the adult.     

Unexplained infertility: association with inherited thrombophilia

Introduction

Unexplained infertility represents one of the most common diagnoses in fertility care. Attention is being paid to the association between inherited thrombophilia and infertility causes. In this study we investigated the prevalence of inherited thrombophilia according to infertility causes.

Materials and methods

We studied Prothrombin gene G20210A mutation, Factor V Leiden, deficiencies in protein S and C and antithrombin in 930 Caucasian infertile women referred to Fertility Center of the Department of Sciences for Woman and Child's Health, University of Florence, of whom 230 with unexplained, 195 female and 283 male infertility, and in 240 women who have conceived naturally without hormonal stimulation therapy.

Results

A significant relationship between inherited thrombophilia [OR 95%CI 1.97 (1.05-3.68), p = 0.03] and unexplained infertility was observed, whereas no association between thrombophilia and female and male infertility was found. Significantly higher prevalence of prothrombin gene mutation in unexplained infertile women in comparison to that observed in fertile women was observed (5.7% vs 2.1% p = 0.04); the prevalence of the other thrombophilia determinants was higher, even if not significantly, in the unexplained infertile group.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the relationship between inherited thrombophilia and unexplained infertility, thus suggesting the contribution of genetic components in modulating unexplained infertility, behind anovulation, male and tubal factor.     

Platelets and Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease: Potential of APP as a biomarker

Platelets are the first peripheral source of amyloid precursor protein (APP). They possess the proteolytic machinery to produce Aβ and fragments similar to those produced in neurons, and thus offer an ex-vivo model to study APP processing and changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Platelet process APP mostly through the α-secretase pathway to release soluble APP (sAPP). They produce small amounts of Aβ, predominantly Aβ₄₀ over Aβ₄₂. sAPP and Aβ are stored in α-granules and are released upon platelet activation by thrombin and collagen, and agents inducing platelet degranulation. A small proportion of full-length APP is present at the platelet surface and this increases by 3-fold upon platelet activation. Immunoblotting of platelet lysates detects APP as isoforms of 130 kDa and 106-110 kDa. The ratio of these of APP isoforms is significantly lower in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) than in healthy controls. This ratio follows a decrease that parallels cognitive decline and can predict conversion from MCI to AD. Alterations in the levels of α-secretase ADAM10 and in the enzymatic activities of α- and β-secretase observed in platelets of patients with AD are consistent with increased processing through the amyloidogenic pathway. β-APP cleaving enzyme activity is increased by 24% in platelet membranes of patients with MCI and by 17% in those with AD. Reports of changes in platelet APP expression with MCI and AD have been promising so far and merit further investigation as the search for blood biomarkers in AD, in particular at the prodromal stage, remains a priority and a challenge.     

Synthesis and Initial Evaluation of YM-08, a Blood-Brain Barrier Permeable Derivative of the Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) Inhibitor MKT-077, Which Reduces Tau Levels

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A novel trigeminal neuropathic pain model: compression of the trigeminal nerve root produces prolonged nociception in rats

We demonstrate the establishment of a novel animal model for trigeminal neuropathic pain following compression of the trigeminal nerve root, which produces prolonged nociceptive behavior and demyelination of the trigeminal nerve root. Under anesthesia, male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-230 g) were mounted onto a stereotaxic frame and injections of a 4% agar solution (10 μl) were given to achieve compression of the trigeminal nerve root. A sham operation was performed using identical procedures but without agar injections. Nociceptive behavior was examined 3 days before and then at 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, 30, 40, 55, and 70 days after the surgery. Compression of the trigeminal nerve root caused mechanical allodynia, hyperalgesia, and cold hypersensitivity. Mechanical allodynia was established within 3 days and recovered to preoperative levels on postoperative day (POD) 40. Mechanical hyperalgesia and cold hypersensitivity persisted until 55 days following compression. The compression produced focal demyelination in the trigeminal nerve root. In the medullary dorsal horn, phospho-p38 (p-p38) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was found to be exclusively expressed in the microglia on POD 14. Furthermore, intraperitoneal administration of carbamazepine (50mg/kg) significantly blocked mechanical allodynia and reduced p38 MAPK activation induced by the compression of the trigeminal nerve root. Our findings suggest that prolonged nociceptive behavior following compression of the trigeminal nerve root may mimic trigeminal neuralgia in this animal model and that the activation of p38 MAPK in the microglia contributes to pain hypersensitivity in rats that have undergone compression of the trigeminal nerve root.     

Efficient isolation of brain capillary from a single frozen mouse brain for protein expression analysis

Isolated brain capillaries are essential for analyzing the changes of protein expressions at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) under pathological conditions. The standard brain capillary isolation methods require the use of at least five mouse brains in order to obtain a sufficient amount and purity of brain capillaries. The purpose of this study was to establish a brain capillary isolation method from a single mouse brain for protein expression analysis. We successfully isolated brain capillaries from a single frozen mouse brain by using a bead homogenizer in the brain homogenization step and combination of cell strainers and glass beads in the purification step. Western blot and proteomic analysis showed that proteins expressed at the BBB in mouse brain capillaries isolated by the developed method were more enriched than those isolated from a pool of five mouse brains by the standard method. By using the developed method, we further verified the changes in expression of BBB proteins in Glut1-deficient mouse. The developed method is useful for the analysis of various mice models with low numbers and enables us to understand, in more detail, the physiology and pathology of BBB.     

The endothelial cell protein C receptor: its role in thrombosis

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