胸腰段椎管狭窄症的临床特点和治疗

[目的]探讨胸腰段椎管狭窄症的临床特点、手术治疗方法.[方法]回顾总结胸腰段椎管狭窄症资料21例,采用后路全椎板切除6例、全椎板切除+椎弓根钉系统内固定12例、前路手术+内固定3例;分析其病理类型及术后疗效.[结果]胸腰段椎管狭窄病理类型包括关节突关节内聚增生、后纵韧带骨化、黄韧带骨化、黄韧带肥厚、Scheuermann病或非典型Scheuermann病伴椎间盘突出.术后随访1～3年,平均2.1年,采用JOA评分评价疗效:优9例,良7例,一般3例,差2例,优良率76.2％.[结论]胸腰段椎管狭窄症神经压迫症状较重,应尽早明确诊断,根据不同病理类型、选择合适的手术方式有针对的进行减压是治疗的关键.     

棘突椎板截骨旋转回植术治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的探讨后路截取棘突、棘上、棘间黄韧带椎板整块旋转回植治疗腰椎管狭窄症的疗效。方法对59例腰椎管狭窄症及腰椎间盘突出症中央型伴钙化患者行截取棘突、棘上、棘间黄韧带,椎板、旋转回植手术。结果 59例获平均49个月随防,复查CT显示椎管扩大、无回植椎板塌陷入椎管内及腰椎不稳。结论腰椎后路截取棘突、棘上、棘间黄韧带,椎板整块旋转回植手术能扩大椎管消除症状,重建腰椎后部完整性及稳定性。     

30例胶原酶治疗腰椎间盘突出症无效原因分析

目的进一步探讨胶原酶治疗腰椎间盘突出症的适应证.方法在2年中对30例用胶原酶治疗腰椎间盘突出症的患者因治疗无效,症状未改善,予以手术摘除术.术中进行探察.结果 30例患者手术后症状均改善.但术中发现,髓核及后纵韧带钙化者18例,突出物较大者10例,髓核粘连4例,椎管狭窄者8例,神经根管狭窄者8例,脊柱退变不稳者3例.结论对于一些椎间盘突出后明显钙化,椎管狭窄,或神经根管明显狭窄者,或椎板及黄韧带增厚者而又同时伴有椎间盘突出者,或巨大型突出者,或个别腰椎不稳定者,均不宜行胶原酶治疗.     

椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的：探讨在椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜下有限化手术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症。方法：选取退行性腰椎管狭窄症病例，在椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜下行椎管有限减压。咬除病变间隙上位椎板下缘、肥厚的黄韧带和下位椎板上缘，摘除突出椎间盘髓核，松解神经根粘连，侧隐窝减压，必要时切除部分关节突。结果：应用椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜治疗迟行性腰椎管狭窄症，行椎管有限减压87例，减压彻底。82例得到随访，优良串92．7％，手术效果满意。结论：单纯腰椎间盘膨出或突出、黄韧带肥厚和小关节增生引起的退行性腰椎管狭窄症是椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜下椎管有限减压的适应证。满意的手术效果取决于：病人选择适当，术中操作精细，减压彻底。     

后路椎间盘镜显微治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症

目的 报道显微后路椎间盘镜治疗退行性腰椎椎管狭窄症的临床效果。方法 选取退行性腰椎管狭窄症病例，椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜下行椎管减压，单侧单节段开窗减压23例，双侧单节段开窗减压12例，单侧双节段开窗减压9例，单侧双节段半椎板切除减压4例。结果 除1例术中硬膜破裂改常规手术外，其余病例均在手术显微镜下完成腰椎管减压术。所有病例获得5～18个月随访，平均8．3个月，优良率92％。结论 显微后路椎间盘镜治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症具有手术创伤小、神经根减压彻底、术后恢复快的特点；单纯腰椎间盘膨出或突出、黄韧带肥厚和小关节增生引起的退行性腰椎管狭窄症是其适应证。     

棘突截骨扩大开窗在老年性多节段腰椎管狭窄症手术中的应用

目的探讨用棘突截骨扩大开窗减压治疗老年性多节段腰椎管狭窄症,使术后脊柱稳定性更好,减压彻底,并进行临床评估。方法采用患段后正中切口,剥离一侧骶棘肌,显露该侧椎板在棘突基底部截骨,将棘突韧带连同对侧骶棘肌牵开并剥离对侧椎板,切除患段黄韧带及椎板上、下缘,潜行扩大中央椎管及神经椎管,内聚的关节突,有椎间盘突出的摘除椎间盘,应用此法治疗老年性多节段腰椎管狭窄证,共16例,评价术后中远期疗效。结果术后半年～4年,16例均得到随访,优10例,良3例,可3例,无差病例,优良率81.2%。结论脊柱后骨韧带结构为坚韧有弹性的骨性结构,在维持脊柱稳定性的过程中作用重大。棘突截骨扩大开窗减压术对腰椎后骨韧带结构破坏小,减压充分,且操作较容易,是治疗老年性多节段腰椎管狭窄症疗效较满意的一种术式。     

胶原酶治疗腰椎间盘突出症效果欠佳的原因分析

目的分析胶原酶化学溶解术治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效不佳的原因,并进一步探讨其适应证、禁忌证等有关问题。方法5年间980例胶原酶化学溶解术患者中142例疗效欠佳,对其行CT或MRI检查并外科手术探查。结果术中发现椎间盘突出或脱出28例,后纵韧带骨化34例,椎管狭窄52例,神经根管狭窄18例,脊柱退变不稳14例,142例患者术后症状不同程度得以缓解。有效率100%,优良率87%。结论对病程较长、椎间盘脱出后明显骨化、椎管或神经根管明显狭窄、椎板及黄韧带增厚、腰椎不稳而又合并椎间盘突出等患者,均不宜采用胶原酶治疗。严格胶原酶治疗腰椎间盘突出症的适应证是提高其疗效的有效方法。     

磁共振椎管水成像在腰椎管内疾患的影像特点及其与手术诊断符合率

目的:探讨磁共振椎管水成像(magnetic resonance myelography,MRM)在腰椎管内疾患的成像特点及诊断价值。方法:根据132例行手术治疗的腰椎疾患患者术前MRM检查做出诊断,对比术中所见,总结腰椎管内疾患的MRM成像特点及其诊断符合率。结果:MRM上表现为胡须型者9例(27节段),术前诊断为发育型腰椎管狭窄症,术中见椎板夹角减小,椎板肥厚,小关节内聚,本组共27节段,诊断符合率100%;表现为幕帘型、不全阻断型以及完全阻断型共56例(150节段),术前诊断为获得性腰椎管狭窄症的中央椎管狭窄,术中见小关节增生内聚,黄韧带弥漫性增生肥厚,三型分别为44、72、29节段,诊断符合率分别为89.8%(44/49)、100%及100%;表现为残根型、单侧压迹型共28例(80节段),术前诊断为单侧侧方椎管狭窄,术中见黄韧带形成侧方韧带卷入侧方椎管,两型分别为30、50节段,诊断符合率均为100%;表现为喇叭口型、束腰型共39例(98节段),术前诊断为双侧侧方椎管狭窄,术中见黄韧带外侧部肥厚、上关节突骨赘增生,两型各29、62节段,诊断符合率为80.6%(29/36)、100%。表现为根须型共3例,术前诊断为中央型椎间盘突出症,术中见突出椎间盘属中央或中央偏旁型;表现为残根型及单侧压迹型共16例,术前诊断为侧方型椎间盘突出症,术中见突出椎间盘偏侧方,波及神经根肩部或者腋部,诊断符合率均为100%。14例Tarlov囊肿MRM表现有硬膜囊周围型、神经根中央型及神经根周围型,术中完全证实囊肿与硬膜囊、神经根关系,诊断符合率100%。6例腰段椎管内肿瘤MRM表现为椎管内硬膜下肿瘤,对比术中所见符合率为100%。结论:MRM能真实、准确诊断腰椎管内病患,为腰椎疾患的术前评估提供了新的检查手段。     

坐俯卧位显微椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症及腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症

目的探讨后路显微椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症及腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的临床效果：方法手术均取坐俯卧位,经椎板间隙只切除黄韧带不切除椎板及其它结构,应用椎间盘镜及显微外科的技术摘除突出之髓核和／或神经根减压术：临床应用649例。结果术后所有病例均获随访,随访最长时间24个月,最短6个月,平均12个月,按Nakai标准评定,其中优594例,良45例。结论侧卧位经椎板间隙入路行椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症及腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的手术损伤小、出血少,术后不影响脊柱稳定性,临床疗效可靠。     

小切口潜行式开窗术摘除椎间盘髓核1200例报告

采用全椎板、半椎板切除术摘除突出的椎间盘破坏了脊柱的稳定性,导致腰椎不稳。本文报告采用小切口潜行式开窗术摘除突出的椎间盘1200例,其中男984例,女216例;年龄17～72岁,平均39.5岁;手术证实单发椎间盘突出1084例,多发突出116例,中央性突出123例,合并侧隐窝狭窄者121例,椎间盘吸收症8例。随访913例,随访10个月至7.6年,平均3.8年,优良率876例(9696)。本手术具有定位准、手术创伤和切口小,手术时间短、康复快,手术无误诊率和阴性探查,远期效果好等优点,维持了腰椎的稳定性。     

Topographical anatomy of the lumbar epidural region: an in vivo study using computerized axial tomography

The lumbar epidural region was studied using computerized tomography. This technique allows examination of the region in vivo. It confirmed that the spinal canal is oval in the upper lumbar region, becoming triangular lower down, and that the ligamenta flava form a posterior recess to the vertebral canal. Epidural fat is confined to this region between the ligamenta flava and the intervertebral foramina, and the dura mater lies apposed to the walls of the vertebral canal except where there is epidural fat. The absence of a posterior midline fold of dura mater was noted, and discussed in the light of other studies.      

Ossification of ligamentum flavum unmasked by acute paraplegia

A 30-year-old black man presented sudden-onset paraplegia during a foot-ball match, after a movement of hyperextension of the trunk. Moreover, the patient exhibited an hypoesthesia below the T11 level, with sphincter disturbances. The MRI and the CT-scan showed a stenosis of the spinal canal related to an ossification of hypertrophied ligamenta flava from T10 to T12. Intramedullary abnormal signals on MRI images were compatible with a spinal cord hemorrhage. A laminectomy with removal of abnormal ligamenta flava was carried out, and their endochondral ossification was confirmed by pathological examination. Two months later, the patient was able to walk alone and exhibited a mild spasticity associated to sensory disturbances of lower limbs. Ossification of ligamenta flava is usually observed in Japanese patients, sometimes in Caucasians, more rarely in black people. Its mechanism is unclear except when associated with metabolic or endocrine diseases. The patients usually present with clinical features of chronic spinal cord compression. Our case seems to be the first one disclosed by an acute spinal cord injury on ossified ligamenta flava. In this patient, because of remaining adjacent ossified ligamenta flava and the development on postoperative MRI of an intramedullary cavity, a long-term clinical and radiological follow-up is particularly necessary.     

对颈椎间盘突出症的再认识

报告经ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ及手术证实的颈椎间盘突出症２７例，着重讨论了颈椎间盘突出症与颈椎病的关系，认为颈椎间盘退变是两者的共同病理基础。颈椎间盘突出不仅是单纯的髓核突出，晚期还可伴有骨赘增生、椎管狭窄、ＯＰＬＬ等改变。作者认为，凡是与颈椎间盘突出有关的颈椎病变都应归入颈椎间盘突出症的范畴。同时对颈椎间盘突出的诊断亦作了详细讨论     

Anatomic studies of the human ligamentum flavum

Lumbar segments of the vertebral column were dissected in 10 human cadavers to identify anatomic features of practical value in performance of spinal or lumbar epidural anesthesia. Of special interest were the findings that the ligamentum flavum at L2-3 is 3-5-mm thick, 12-22-mm wide, and that the internal surfaces of the right and left ligamenta flava form an acute angle with its vertex in contact with the interspinous ligament.     

The morphology and clinical significance of the dorsal meningovertebra ligaments in the lumbosacral epidural space

STUDY DESIGN.: A dissection-based study of 30 embalmed cadavers. OBJECTIVE.: To determine the morphology and morphometry of the dorsal meningovertebral ligaments in the lumbosacral segments and to discuss their clinical significance. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage is associated with longer hospital stays and significant implications for the patient, the surgeons, and society as a whole. To protect the dural sac during lumbar surgery, knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the dorsal meningovertebral ligaments is crucial. METHODS.: A total of 30 adult embalmed cadavers (52-70 yr of age; mean age of 64 yr) were used. The vertebral canal was divided to expose the dural sac and the spinal nerve roots, and the spinal cord was removed. The morphology, quantity, and attachment of the dorsal meningovertebral ligaments in the lumbosacral region were observed, and the length, width, or diameter and thickness of the ligaments were measured with vernier calipers. RESULTS.: The dorsal meningovertebral ligaments in the lumbosacral region connect the dura to the ligamenta flava or the lamina. The number of the attachment points on the ligamenta flava was relatively larger than that on the lamina, and the occurrence rate of dorsal meningovertebral ligaments was 97% at L5-S1. The thickest ligaments were observed at the L5 and S1 vertebrae. The length of the ligaments varied from 5.16 to 40.24 mm, and the ligaments extended caudally from their origin on the dura to their attachment to the lamina or the ligamentum flavum. The morphology of the dorsal meningovertebral ligaments was divided into 5 types: strip type, cord type, "Y"-shaped type, grid type, and thin slice type. CONCLUSION.: The dorsal meningovertebral ligaments may contribute to dura laceration and epidural hemorrhage during flavectomy and laminectomy, and an appreciation of this relationship might help reduce the risk of such complications.     

Computed tomographic (CT) demonstration of calcification of the ligamenta flava of the lumbosacral spine associated with protrusion of the intervertebral disc

Axial computed tomographic (CT) scan of the lumbosacral region was performed in 220 patients. The patient population was divided into three groups. The control group included 40 elderly patients without calcification of the ligamenta flava. The second group included 150 patients with posterior protrusion of the intervertebral discs. The third group included 30 patients with spinal stenosis. More than 80% of the patients of the second and the third group had calcification of the ligamenta flava. The diagnostic and practical importance of these findings is discussed.     

Cervical radiculomyelopathy caused by deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the ligamenta flava. Case report

A case of cervical radiculomyelopathy caused by multiple calcified nodules in the ligamenta flava is presented. Roentgenological examination of the cervical spine showed radiopaque nodular lesions, 7 x 7 x 5 mm in size, located in the paramedian portion of the posterior spinal canal. The nodules were removed surgically and they were confirmed to be calcifications of ligamenta flava. Microscopic examination of the nodules with the polarized light revealed extensive deposition of crystals. By x-ray diffraction study, the crystal was determined as calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD: Ca2P2O7 . 2H2O). Although CPPD deposition in the cartilage has been known as pseudo-gout syndrome, deposition in the ligament has been reported only in a few cases. This is the first case with radiopaque calcified nodules in the ligamenta flava causing spinal cord compression, the composition of which proved to be CPPD.     

非广泛减压术治疗纤维环膨隆型腰椎管狭窄症

作者对２０例纤维环膨隆型腰椎管狭窄患者只行狭窄节段彻底减压，即切除部分关节突、黄韧带及少量椎扳下缘，保留棘突、棘上韧带及棘间韧带，不切除膨隆的纤维环。术前行功能让脊髓造影及ＣＴＭ检查，准确定位狭窄节段。最长随访时间４年３个月，最短１年，优良率达９％。本术式不干扰椎管内结构，硬膜外出血少，减压引流彻底，对退变性节段性狭窄患者尤为适应。     

Spinal cord compression caused by unusual location and extension of ossified ligamenta flava in a Caucasian male. A case report and literature review

STUDY DESIGN: A case report of a spinal cord compression caused by ossification of the ligamenta flava is presented together with a review of the literature. OBJECTIVE: To present the diagnosis of ossification of the ligamenta flava in a Caucasian man with a proximal thoracic myelopathy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: This case shows that the upper parts of the thoracic spine can be involved in ossification of the ligamenta flava, which never before has been reported in Caucasian individuals. Furthermore, it is advised that computed tomography scanning and magnetic resonance imaging be combined to provide an accurate diagnosis and proper preoperative evaluation of the bony changes, spinal cord, and compression of the spinal cord. METHODS: A patient with a thoracic spinal cord compression caused by ossification of the ligamenta flava was treated surgically and made a good clinical recovery. Imaging studies, surgical findings, and results of histopathologic investigations were analyzed to substantiate the diagnosis. RESULTS: The results of the surgical findings seemed to be in contrast with those of the imaging studies. This contrast was occasioned by the uncommon perioperative finding of a fusion of the completely ossified upper and lower parts of the involved adjacent ligamenta flava. Ossification of the ligamenta flava was diagnosed by histopathologic examination, which revealed endochondral ossification and lamellar bone formation without fragments of ligamenta flava. CONCLUSION: Although rarely reported in whites, ossification of the ligamenta flava should be considered in all patients presenting with a spinal cord compression, even at high thoracic levels. The prognosis after decompressive surgery can be good, especially if intramedullary hyperintensities are absent on preoperatively performed T2-weighted magnetic resonance images.     

多节段穹顶形开窗减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的探讨多节段穹顶形开窗减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症的疗效。方法采用多节段穹顶形开窗减压术式治疗腰椎管狭窄症患者共63例,其中2节段45例,3节段14例,4节段4例。平均随访1年5个月,用改良的日本骨科学会下腰痛评分法(MJOA)进行疗效评分,并进行影像学观察。结果术前及随访MJOA评分,平均下降18.08分,优良率达92.1%,术后CT显示椎管直径明显增加(P<0.01)。结论多节段穹顶形开窗减压术治疗腰椎管狭窄症疗效满意,椎管减压充分,对腰椎后柱结构破坏小。