减重步行激活SCI大鼠腰膨大前角神经元效应的激光共聚焦镜检研究

目的 探讨减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)促进脊髓损伤(SCI)功能恢复的脊髓可塑性机制.方法 将84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随意分为假手术组(Sham组,n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(SCI组,n=33)和减重平板步行训练组(BWSTT组,n=33),每组大鼠再随机分为7,15,45 d 3个亚组.建立大鼠胸髓完全横断模型,观察BWSTT对SCI大鼠后肢运动功能的影响.采用激光共聚焦镜检免疫荧光双标技术.研究SCI大鼠腰髓前角腹内侧区神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(EphA4)、囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体2(VGluT2)的表达,以及两者双标免疫阳性细胞比率的变化.结果 BWSTT组大鼠的后肢运动功能较SCI组大鼠明显改善.胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后,腰髓前角腹内侧区EphA4和VGIuT2的表达以及EphA4/VGhT2双标免疫阳性细胞比率均显著增加.结论 BWSTT通过增强胸髓横断大鼠腰髓前角神经元EphA4/VGIuT2的表达,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

减重步行激活SCI大鼠腰膨大前角神经元效应的激光共聚焦镜检研究

目的 探讨减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)促进脊髓损伤(SCI)功能恢复的脊髓可塑性机制.方法 将84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随意分为假手术组(Sham组,n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(SCI组,n=33)和减重平板步行训练组(BWSTT组,n=33),每组大鼠再随机分为7,15,45 d 3个亚组.建立大鼠胸髓完全横断模型,观察BWSTT对SCI大鼠后肢运动功能的影响.采用激光共聚焦镜检免疫荧光双标技术.研究SCI大鼠腰髓前角腹内侧区神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(EphA4)、囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体2(VGluT2)的表达,以及两者双标免疫阳性细胞比率的变化.结果 BWSTT组大鼠的后肢运动功能较SCI组大鼠明显改善.胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后,腰髓前角腹内侧区EphA4和VGIuT2的表达以及EphA4/VGhT2双标免疫阳性细胞比率均显著增加.结论 BWSTT通过增强胸髓横断大鼠腰髓前角神经元EphA4/VGIuT2的表达,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

减重步行激活SCI大鼠腰膨大前角神经元效应的激光共聚焦镜检研究

目的 探讨减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)促进脊髓损伤(SCI)功能恢复的脊髓可塑性机制.方法 将84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随意分为假手术组(Sham组,n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(SCI组,n=33)和减重平板步行训练组(BWSTT组,n=33),每组大鼠再随机分为7,15,45 d 3个亚组.建立大鼠胸髓完全横断模型,观察BWSTT对SCI大鼠后肢运动功能的影响.采用激光共聚焦镜检免疫荧光双标技术.研究SCI大鼠腰髓前角腹内侧区神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(EphA4)、囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体2(VGluT2)的表达,以及两者双标免疫阳性细胞比率的变化.结果 BWSTT组大鼠的后肢运动功能较SCI组大鼠明显改善.胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后,腰髓前角腹内侧区EphA4和VGIuT2的表达以及EphA4/VGhT2双标免疫阳性细胞比率均显著增加.结论 BWSTT通过增强胸髓横断大鼠腰髓前角神经元EphA4/VGIuT2的表达,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

减重步行激活SCI大鼠腰膨大前角神经元效应的激光共聚焦镜检研究

目的 探讨减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)促进脊髓损伤(SCI)功能恢复的脊髓可塑性机制.方法 将84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随意分为假手术组(Sham组,n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(SCI组,n=33)和减重平板步行训练组(BWSTT组,n=33),每组大鼠再随机分为7,15,45 d 3个亚组.建立大鼠胸髓完全横断模型,观察BWSTT对SCI大鼠后肢运动功能的影响.采用激光共聚焦镜检免疫荧光双标技术.研究SCI大鼠腰髓前角腹内侧区神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(EphA4)、囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体2(VGluT2)的表达,以及两者双标免疫阳性细胞比率的变化.结果 BWSTT组大鼠的后肢运动功能较SCI组大鼠明显改善.胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后,腰髓前角腹内侧区EphA4和VGIuT2的表达以及EphA4/VGhT2双标免疫阳性细胞比率均显著增加.结论 BWSTT通过增强胸髓横断大鼠腰髓前角神经元EphA4/VGIuT2的表达,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

减重步行激活SCI大鼠腰膨大前角神经元效应的激光共聚焦镜检研究

目的 探讨减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)促进脊髓损伤(SCI)功能恢复的脊髓可塑性机制.方法 将84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随意分为假手术组(Sham组,n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(SCI组,n=33)和减重平板步行训练组(BWSTT组,n=33),每组大鼠再随机分为7,15,45 d 3个亚组.建立大鼠胸髓完全横断模型,观察BWSTT对SCI大鼠后肢运动功能的影响.采用激光共聚焦镜检免疫荧光双标技术.研究SCI大鼠腰髓前角腹内侧区神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(EphA4)、囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体2(VGluT2)的表达,以及两者双标免疫阳性细胞比率的变化.结果 BWSTT组大鼠的后肢运动功能较SCI组大鼠明显改善.胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后,腰髓前角腹内侧区EphA4和VGIuT2的表达以及EphA4/VGhT2双标免疫阳性细胞比率均显著增加.结论 BWSTT通过增强胸髓横断大鼠腰髓前角神经元EphA4/VGIuT2的表达,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

减重步行激活SCI大鼠腰膨大前角神经元效应的激光共聚焦镜检研究

目的 探讨减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)促进脊髓损伤(SCI)功能恢复的脊髓可塑性机制.方法 将84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随意分为假手术组(Sham组,n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(SCI组,n=33)和减重平板步行训练组(BWSTT组,n=33),每组大鼠再随机分为7,15,45 d 3个亚组.建立大鼠胸髓完全横断模型,观察BWSTT对SCI大鼠后肢运动功能的影响.采用激光共聚焦镜检免疫荧光双标技术.研究SCI大鼠腰髓前角腹内侧区神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(EphA4)、囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体2(VGluT2)的表达,以及两者双标免疫阳性细胞比率的变化.结果 BWSTT组大鼠的后肢运动功能较SCI组大鼠明显改善.胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后,腰髓前角腹内侧区EphA4和VGIuT2的表达以及EphA4/VGhT2双标免疫阳性细胞比率均显著增加.结论 BWSTT通过增强胸髓横断大鼠腰髓前角神经元EphA4/VGIuT2的表达,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

水中平板步行训练对脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能及脑源性神经营养因子、神经营养素-3表达的影响

目的探讨水中平板步行训练在脊髓损伤（SCI）大鼠康复中的作用及其与脊髓可塑性的关系。 方法将40只成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠分为假模组、模型对照组、水疗训练组、减重平板训练组及水中平板训练组,每组8只。建立大鼠脊髓挫伤模型,各训练组于术后1周开始进行8周的康复训练。采用BBB评分、爬网格试验评定大鼠后肢功能的恢复,采用免疫组织化学方法检测大鼠脊髓中脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、神经营养素-3（NT-3）的表达。 结果水中平板训练组大鼠后肢运动功能较其他组明显改善（P<0.05）。3个训练组大鼠脊髓前角神经元BDNF及NT-3的表达与模型对照组相比均显著增加（P<0.05）。BDNF的表达在3个训练组之间两两比较,差异均无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。水中平板训练组NT-3的表达明显高于减重平板训练组（P<0.05）;而水中平板训练组与水疗训练组相比,差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。 结论水中平板训练可能通过影响BDNF及NT-3的表达增强脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓可塑性,促进后肢运动功能的恢复。     

电针结合减重步行训练对急性脊髓损伤大鼠巢蛋白和神经生长因子表达的影响

摘要 目的：通过检测脊髓损伤后运动功能恢复情况和巢蛋白（nestin）、神经生长因子（NGF）的蛋白表达来探讨电针（EA）结合减重步行训练疗法（BWSTT）干预脊髓损伤（SCI）的作用。 方法：选用健康成年清洁级雄性SD大鼠72只,随机分为假手术对照组（假手术组）、模型对照组(模型组)、电针治疗组(电针组)、电针结合减重步行训练治疗组（电针+训练组）。用美国NYU脊椎冲击损伤仪致大鼠T9—T10段脊髓急性中度损伤模型。BBB运动功能评分对大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复情况进行评估;免疫组织化学技术检测各时间点损伤段脊髓NGF和nestin的表达。 结果：与模型组相比,两治疗组BBB评分显著增加,电针结合减重步行训练组在术后第14天和第28天显著增加,与电针组比较具有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。两治疗组脊髓损伤术后第14天和第28天NGF和Nestin的表达显著增加,但二者没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）。 结论：①电针能够促进脊髓损伤大鼠内源性NGF和nestin的大量表达来促进神经再生。②电针结合减重步行训练对大鼠运动功能的恢复更为有效。     

半定量和定性方法评价截瘫大鼠后肢运动功能恢复的比较

目的了解胸髓完全横断大鼠后肢运动功能恢复的特点；探讨评价截瘫大鼠后肢运动恢复的最佳方法。方法26只成年Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、脊髓横断损伤组和减重平板步行训练组，分别于术前和术后1d、7d、15d、30d和45d，采用BBB开放空间运动评分和ACOS（average combined scores）神经行为学评定观察大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复情况，并比较其异同点。结果术后1d大鼠后肢呈弛缓性瘫痪，BBB和ACOS评分均为0分；30d和45d时与损伤组比较，训练组大鼠后肢运动功能恢复明显，BBB和ACOS评分均存在显著性差异。术后15d与30d、45d，30d与45d相比，损伤组和训练组内ACOS评分均存在显著性差异。损伤组与训练组BBB和ACOS评分的Pearson相关系数分别为0．991与0．987。结论胸髓完全横断大鼠仍存在部分后肢运动功能自发恢复的征象，减重平板步行训练能促进截瘫大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复。半定量和定性方法的评价结果均能较好地体现损伤后运动功能的恢复情况，两者相关性高。其中半定量方法能更敏感地反映不同时间点不同组别问运动恢复的细微变化。     

步行训练对不完全性脊髓损伤大鼠损伤部位周围组织可塑性的影响

目的探讨步行训练对不完全性脊髓损伤大鼠损伤部位周围组织可塑性的影响。 方法将雌性SD大鼠24只分为步行训练组和对照组,每组12只,制作第10胸椎段脊髓损伤模型。步行训练组在制作脊髓损伤模型后1周开始进行步行训练,共训练9周;对照组不接受干预。制作模型后每周利用BBB评分评定后肢运动功能,8周后取材进行免疫荧光染色、Western blotting和轴突示踪分析。 结果后肢运动功能：步行训练组在伤后4周（步行训练3周）时,BBB评分较对照组出现明显改善（P<0.05）,一直持续到实验结束（伤后第10周,P<0.01）。损伤部位神经丝(NF)免疫荧光染色分析：对照组胶质瘢痕中可见许多排列比较规则、与脊髓纵轴方向一致的NF阳性纤维穿行,步行训练组除了可见少量NF阳性纤维在胶质瘢痕中穿越,还可见较多的NF阳性纤维围绕空洞边缘延伸,其NF阳性纤维数量明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。损伤部位生长相关蛋白-43（GAP-43）表达：2组损伤部位周围均可见呈红色的排列凌乱的GAP-43表达,步行训练组GAP-43+组织免疫荧光灰度值较对照组高 (P<0.05)。皮质脊髓束再生:2组损伤部位尾侧均未见生物素化葡聚糖胺（BDA）标记的纤维。 结论步行训练能明显增强脊髓损伤大鼠后肢损伤部位组织的可塑性,促进大鼠后肢运动功能恢复,但未能促进皮质脊髓束的再生。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.