Effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panax notoginoside</Emphasis> on the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad-7 in renal tissues of diabetic rats

In order to explore the effects of Panax notoginoside (PNS) on the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and Smad-7 in renal tissues of diabetes, a rat model of diabetic nephropathy was set up by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group, diabetic control group, group treated by PNS at low-dosage (PL), group treated by PNS at high-dosage (PH) and group treated by catopril (C), respectively. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), renal index, endogenous creatinine clearance rate (CCr) and urinary albumin (UAlb) in 24 h were examined after 6 weeks. Meanwhile, the expressions of TGF-β1 and Smad7 in renal tissues were immunohistochemically dectected. At the end of the sixth week, FBG, renal index, Ccr, UAlb were all elevated significantly in control group (P<0.01). The expression of TGF-β1 protein was increased while Smad7 protein decreased in renal tissue (P<0.01). However, the treatment with PNS reversed the aforementioned changes in renal tissues of diabetic rats. These results indicate that PNS possess a protective effect on the kidney of diabetic rats and it might protect kidney by inhibiting the expression of TGF-β1 protein and enhancing the expression of Smad7 protein.     

Role of BMP-7 and TGF-β1 expression in renal tubulo-interstitial lesion of Wistar rats induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction

Objective： To explore the role of bone morphorgenetic protein-7 （BMP-7） in the renal tubulo-interstitial lesions induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction （UUO）. Methods： Sixty Wistar rats were equally and randomly divided into normal control, sham operation and UUO groups, and respectively sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th day after the time of UUO operation. The mRNA levels of BMP-7 and TGF-β1 in the renal tissues were examined by RT-PCR. The expression sites and levels of BMP-7 and TGF-β1 proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry staining. Results：Compared to control groups, the level of BMP-7 mRNA was significantly decreased, but that of TGF-β1 mRNA was significantly increased in UUO rats. Immunohistochemistry staining indicated that BMP-7 mainly expressed in the renal tubules and interstitum, rarely in the glomeruli. In UUO rats, the expression of BMP-7 protein was decreased, but that of TGF-β1 was increased in an obstruction dependent manner. Conclusion：The downregulation of BMP-7 is observed in the early phase of fibrotic process of the renal interstitium, suggesting it may be involved in the formation and development of the tubulo-interstitial lesions.     

Expression of Serum and Glucocorticoid-inducible Kinase1 in Diabetic Rats and Its Modulation by Fluvastatin

The expression of serum and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase in the renal cortex of diabetic rats was examined, and the function of signal transduction mediated by SGK1 in diabetic nephropathy and its modulation by fluvastatin were also investigated. 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group （n = 8）, diabetic nephropathy group （n = 8） and fluvastatin-treated diabetic nephropathy group （15 mg/kg/d, n=8）. The metabolic parameters were measured at the 8th week. The expression of transforming growth factor β1 （TGF-β1） and fibronectin （FN） was immunohistochemically examined. The expression of SGK1 was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, and CTGF mRNA was assessed by RT-PCR. As compared to DN, blood glucose, 24-h urinary protein, Cer and kidney weight index were all decreased and the weight was increased obviously in group F. At the same time, mesangial cells and extracellular matrix proliferation were relieved significantly. The levels of cortex SGK1 mRNA and protein were up-regulated, and both TGF-β1 and FN were down-regulated by fluvastatin. The mRNA of SGK1 was positively correlated with the CTGF, TGF-β1 and FN. SGK1 expression is markedly up-regulated in the renal cortex of DN group and plays an important role in the development and progress of diabetic nephropathy by means of signal transduction. Fluvastatin suppressed the increased SGKlmRNA expression in renal cortex and postponed the development of diabetic nephropathy.     

Effect of ethanol extract of Rhodiola rosea on the early nephropathy in type 2 diabetic rats

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutical effects of Rhodiola rosea extract on rats with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN). The rat type 2 DN model was established by high fat and high calorie feeding and intravenous injection of streptozocin (STZ). Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group, control group, low dose Rhodiola rosea group, high dose Rhodiola rosea group and Captopril group. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to determine the impairment of glucose tolerance in the established animal model. A series of parameters including fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), creatinine clearance rate (Ccr), 24-h urinary albumin (UA), the ratio of kidney mass/body weight (renal index) and glomerular area were examined after 8 weeks. Moreover, the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in renal tissues was detected by using immunohistochemisty. At the end of the eighth week, FBG, TC, TG, Ccr, 24-h urinary albumin, the ratio of kidney mass/body weight and glomerular area were significantly reduced in Rhodiola rosea extract treatment groups as compared with those in control group. TGF-β1 expression in renal tissues of Rhodiola rosea extract treatment groups was also significantly decreased as compared with that of control group. These results indicate that Rhodiola rosea extract may have a protective effect on early nephropathy in diabetic rats, which might be related to the decrease of the renal expression of TGF-β1.     

Effect of Calcium Dobesilate on Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

In order to investigate the effects and mechanisms of calcium dobesilate on renal lesions in experimental type 2 diabetic rats, dibetic rats were randomly divided into control group (group C) and experimental group (group D) treated with calcium dobesitate. The serum creatinine (Scr),protein kinase C (PKC), creatinine clearance (Ccr), transforming growth factor-beta, (TGF-β1),type Ⅳ collagen were compared among the groups after 24 weeks. The renal tissues were observed under light microscopy and electron microscopy. The results showed that after 24 weeks, Scr,PKC, TGF-β1 in group D were significantly lower than in group C, meanwhile, renal pathologic changes in group D were improved. Ccr had no difference between group C and group D. It was concluded that calcium dobesilate could ameliorate renal lesions in diabetic rats through inhibiting PKC and TGF-β1.     

Different Expressions of Protein Kinase C-α,βⅠ and βⅡ in Glomeruli of Diabetic Nephropathy Patients

In current study, the expressions of protein kinase C （PKC）-α, βⅠ and βⅡ as well as their correlation to the expression of transforming growth factor-βⅠ （TGF-βⅠ） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） were investigated in glomeruli of normal renal tissues taken from human kidney tumors and kidney tissues from patients with diabetic nephropathy （DN）. The accumulation of glomerular extracelluar matrix （ECM） was determined by PAS staining, the expressions of PKC-α, PKC-βⅠ, PKC-βⅡ, TGF-βⅠ and VEGF were measured by semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that in glomeruli of normal renal tissues, PKC-α and βⅡ had a strong expression whereas the expression of PKC-βⅠ was weak; in glomeruli of DN patients, the expressions of PKC-α, PKC-βⅠ, VEGF and TGF-βⅠ and the accumulation of ECM increased significantly, but the expression of PKC-βⅡ decreased markedly. Meanwhile, the expressions of PKC-α and βⅠ had a positive correlation to the expressions of VEGF and TGF-βⅠ respectively, whereas PKC-βⅡ showed no correlation to VEGF and TGF-βⅠ. It is concluded that the expressions of PKC-α, βⅠ and βⅡ in glomeruli of normal subjects and DN patients are different. PKC-α seems to play a critical role in human DN by up-regulating VEGF expression, whereas PKC-βⅠ is relatively important for the up-regulation of TGF-βⅠ and the accumulation of ECM under diabetic conditions.     

山茱萸提取物-总三萜烯酸改善链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病大鼠肾损害进展

Objective:To Investigate whether total triterpene acids(TTAs),isolated from Corpus Fructus,attenuates renal function by reducing oxidative stress and down-regulating the expression of transforming growth factor β_1(TGF-β_1).Methods:Diabetes was induced by an injection of streptozotocin(40 mg/kg intravenously).Thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group,diabetic model group and TTAs treatment group(50 mg/kg,intragastrically)administrated for 8 weeks from 5th to 12th week.All rats were anaesthetized and then were killed to remove kidneys.The renal function and redox enzyme system parameters were tested.Glomerular morphology was observed by a light microscopy.Immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays were employed to determine the protein levels of TGF-β_1.Results:TTAs attenuated the levels of urinary protein,serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen,although it did not significantly reduce the level of glucose.In addition,TTAs decreased the malondialdehyde while increased superoxide dismutase,catalase and glutathione peroxide activities in diabetic rats.The renal pathological changes in TTAs treatment group were ameliorated.Furthermore,TTAs also ameliorated the expression of TGF-β_1.Conclusion:TTAs improved renal function via reducing oxidative stress and down-regulation the expression of TGF-β_1 in diabetic rats.     

The role of angiopoietin-1 and thrombospondin-1 in the kidney of rats subject to 5/6 nephrectomy

The expression of angiopoietin- 1 （Ang- 1） and thrombospondin- 1 （TSP- 1） in 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy （STN） rats model, and its correlation to the renal microvasculature injury were investigated. Rat 5/6 STN model was established in adult male SD rats, and the sham-operated group and 5/6 STN group were set up. The renal function and histopathological changes were examined at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th and 12th week after operation. The expression orAng-1, TSP-1 and CD31 in renal tissues was detected by using immunohistochemistry. From 2nd to 8th week after operation, Ang-1 was significantly expressed in glomeruli of rats with STN. Ang-1 staining in glomeruli of STN group was increased significantly as compared with that in sham-operated group at 4th and 8th week after operation, and subsequently decreased after the 12th week. The expression of TSP-1 was increased significantly in STN group. As compared with sham-operated group, the CD31 expression was significantly down-regulated from the 2nd week. The expression of Ang-1 mRNA was detected by using RT-PCR at the same time points. The expression of Ang-1 mRNA in renal tissue of rats with STN was significantly up-regulated at the 2nd, 4th and 8th week after operation as compared with that in STN group at other time points or in sham-operated group at the same time points, while decreased evidently at the 12th week as compared with that in sham-operated group. It is concluded that there are changes in the mRNA expression of Ang-1, and the significant up-regulation of the expression of TSP-1 in renal tissue of rats with STN, which may be involved in the remnant renal microvasculature injury.     

选择性环加氧酶2抑制剂对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的影响及其作用机制研究

目的　探讨选择性环加氧酶 2抑制剂莫比可对糖尿病大鼠肾脏病变的影响。方法　将大鼠分成正常对照组 (6只 )、不用药组 (8只 )、消炎痛组 (6只 )和莫比可组 (9只 )。 16周后放射免疫法测定大鼠尿液中前列腺素E2 (PGE2 )和血栓烷素B2 (TXB2 )的排泄量 ,应用逆转录 聚合酶链式反应和免疫沉淀的方法分别检测肾皮质中转化生长因子 β1(TGF β1)及其Ⅱ型受体 (TβR2 )的基因表达和血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体 (AT1R)的蛋白水平 ,并观察PAS染色下肾脏的病变情况。结果　与正常对照组相比 ,糖尿病大鼠PGE2 和TXB2 排泄增多 (分别为 16 4 1pg/ 2 4h± 2 88pg/ 2 4h ,5 5 0 7pg/ 2 4h± 135 9pg/ 2 4h)。TGF β1和TβR2 的基因表达显著上调 ,分别为 0 185± 0 0 37,0 194± 0 0 5 4。AT1R的蛋白水平下降 2 1 3%。光镜显示肾小球系膜区增宽 ,PAS染色阳性的胶原沉积增多。消炎痛、莫比可均能不同程度地减少PGE2 的生成 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但TXB2 仅在莫比可组显著下降。莫比可组TGF β1和TβR2 基因表达明显下调 (39% ,4 7% ) ,AT1R的蛋白水平回升 (P <0 0 5 ) ,肾脏病变有所好转 ,而消炎痛无效。结论　莫比可对糖尿病肾脏病变具有一定的保护作用 ,其机制可能与调节TGF β1和AT1R有关     

姜黄素对糖尿病大鼠肾脏病变的作用及对肾脏Smad7表达的影响

目的　探讨姜黄素对糖尿病大鼠肾脏病变的作用及对肾脏Smad7蛋白表达的影响。方法　诱导大鼠糖尿病后 ,随机分为对照组及治疗组 ,比较各组的血生化、尿微量白蛋白排泄量、肾脏病理改变及Smad7的免疫组化。结果　糖尿病大鼠内生肌酐清除率 (Ccr)、尿微量白蛋白 (mAlb)排泄量较正常鼠增多 ,系膜基质增生 ,Smad7表达明显下降 ;姜黄素治疗能明显降低Ccr (P <0 0 5 ) ,减少Alb排泄量 (P <0 0 5 ) ,抑制系膜基质增生 ,上调Smad7的表达 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　姜黄素对糖尿病肾病具有明显疗效 ,其机制至少部分是通过上调Smad7的表达 ,拮抗转化生长因子 β的作用 ,从而抑制肾脏纤维化。     

糖肾灵及贝那普利对糖尿病大鼠肾脏病变的影响及机制研究

目的:研究糖肾灵合剂(Tang shen ling Mixture,TSLM)及贝那普利(benazepril)对糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)大鼠肾脏病变的影响及其作用机制。方法:采用链脲霉素(strep to zotocin,STZ)诱导DM大鼠肾脏病变模型,进行6周的药物干预,观察大鼠血和尿的生化指标、血浆心钠素(atrial natriuretic factor,ANF)、肾脏病理变化、肾组织转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factorbeta1,TGF-β1)及葡萄糖转运因子1(glucose transporter1,GLUT1)mRNA的表达。结果:TSLM和贝那普利均能降低DM大鼠尿白蛋白排泄率、肌酐清除率及肾重/体重比,减轻肾脏病理损害。TSLM能降低血浆ANF水平和肾组织GLUT1mRNA的表达,对肾组织TGF-β1mRNA表达的影响则不显著。贝那普利能降低肾组织TGF-β1mRNA的表达,对血浆ANF和肾组织GLUT1mRNA表达的影响则不显著。结论:TSLM能改善DM大鼠早期肾脏病变,其作用机制与贝那普利不同,可能与降低血浆ANF和肾组织GLUT1mRNA的表达等有关。TSLM与贝那普利合用具有一定的协同作用。     

骨形成蛋白-7基因转染对人肾小管上皮细胞外基质分泌的影响

目的构建骨形成蛋白-7(BMP-7)全长基因表达质粒,观察BMP-7过表达对转化生长因子(TGF)-β诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞细胞外基质分泌(ECM)的作用。方法将BMP-7全长cDNA连接进入真核细胞表达质粒pcDNA3·1中,以脂质体Superfect介导的方法将重组表达质粒pcDNA3·1-BMP-7转染入人肾小管上皮细胞,挑选阳性克隆,以获得稳定转染的人肾小管上皮细胞株。采用Western印迹方法检测BMP-7在肾小管上皮细胞培养上清液中的表达。给予TGF-β(5ng/ml)进行处理,应用RT-PCR和ELISA的方法,观察BMP-7过表达对纤维粘连蛋白(FN)、胶原Ⅰ、Ⅲ(ColⅠ、Ⅲ)等细胞外基质mRNA和蛋白质表达的作用。结果EcoR I限制性酶切鉴定以及DNA双向测序结果均说明所构建的重组质粒为BMP-7全长基因表达质粒。Western印迹方法检测稳定转染人肾小管上皮细胞蛋白表达量明显高于空载体转染组(P<0·05)。TGF-β处理24、48、72h后,5ng/ml TGF-β处理组、空白质粒转染(pcDNA3·1)+5ng/ml TGF-β组ColⅠ、Ⅲ、FN mRNA的表达量明显高于正常对照组,空白质粒转染组(pcDNA3·1)[ColⅠ(A值):0·897±0·100、1·054±0·090vs0·286±0·010、0·319±0·080;ColⅢ(A值):1·114±0·040、0·961±0·090vs0·354±0·020、0·403±0·040;FN(A值):1·257±0·090、1·188±0·060vs0·413±0·020、0·454±0·060,均P<0·05];Col I、FN mRNA表达量pcDNA3·1-BMP-7转染组+5ng/ml TGF-β组明显低于TGF-β处理组(0·591±0·007、0·687±0·020,P<0·05),ColⅢmRNA表达有降低趋势(0·809±0·090),但差异无统计学意义。细胞培养上清液FN含量5ng/ml TGF-β处理组、空白质粒转染(pcDNA3·1)+5ng/mlTGF-β组明显高于正常对照组(P<0·05),而pcDNA3·1-BMP-7转染组+5ng/ml TGF-β组表达明显低于TGF-β处理组(P<0·05)。结论BMP-7过表达可以显著减少TGF-β所致的人肾小管上皮细胞FN、ColⅠ、ⅢmRNA和细胞培养上清液中的FN的表达。表明BMP-7减少小管间质炎症反应和纤维化的发生,改善肾功能的作用,部分是通过抑制肾小管上皮细胞分泌细胞外基质实现的。     

依那普利对糖尿病大鼠肾小管PKCα和BMP-7的调节

目的：观察依那普利对糖尿病（DM）大鼠肾小管上皮细胞血管紧张素Ⅱ（ANGⅡ）、蛋白激酶Cα（PKCα）和骨形态发生蛋白-7（BMP-7）表达的影响,探讨依那普利对肾脏BMP-7的调节机制。方法：将SD大鼠分为正常对照组（CG）、糖尿病组（DG）和糖尿病依那普利治疗组（DET）,以链脲佐菌素复制DM大鼠模型;12周后测定大鼠血糖、血肌酐和24 h尿蛋白及肾脏指数,免疫组织化学检测肾小管上皮细胞PKCα、ANGⅡ和FN蛋白的表达;RT-PCR方法检测肾皮质BMP-7和PKCα的水平。结果：与CG相比,DG大鼠血糖、血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白及肾脏指数均显著升高,肾小管上皮细胞PKCα蛋白及mRNA,ANGⅡ和FN蛋白表达明显增多,同时BMP-7mRNA表达明显减少;DET上述升高指标除血糖外均显著低于DG,而BMP-7mRNA的表达却明显增加。结论：依那普利可部分抑制ANGⅡ生成,并且可能通过减少PKCα的活化,促进内源性BMP-7的表达,改善糖尿病肾病。     

地灵丹汤对单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠模型肾间质纤维化的防治作用

目的：研究中药复方地灵丹汤对单侧输尿管梗阻（unilateral ureteral obstruction，UUO）致肾间质纤维化模型大鼠肾间质纤维化的防治作用及其可能机制。 方法：将60只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、依那普利组及地灵丹组。采用UUO法建立肾间质纤维化大鼠模型，观察血尿素氮、血清肌酐和24h尿蛋白定量及肾组织病理改变，并采用免疫组织化学法检测转化生长因子β1（transforming growth factor-β1，TGF-β1）、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-smooth muscle actin，α-SMA）、纤维连接蛋白（fibronectin，FN）及层黏连蛋白（laminin，LN）的表达。 结果：第7天模型组肾间质大量炎症细胞浸润及胶原表达，TGF-β1、FN和LN表达面积百分率较假手术组明显增加（P＜0．05）；地灵丹组间质纤维化面积较模型组减少（P＜0．05）。第14天地灵丹组和依那普利组肾间质TGF-β1、α-SMA、FN和LN表达面积百分率较模型组减少（P＜0．05），BUN、SCr和24h尿蛋白无明显差异。第21天地灵丹组SCr、肾间质纤维化和TGF-β1表达面积百分率较依那普利组和模型组下降（P＜0．05）。 结论：地灵丹能减轻单侧输尿管梗阻模型大鼠的蛋白尿和肾间质纤维化，抑制TGF-β1、α-SMA、FN和LN的表达。在较长时间应用后，地灵丹对模型大鼠的肾功能保护作用优于依那普利。     

氯沙坦对5/6肾切除大鼠残余肾组织中TGF-β1，p-Smad2/3及Smad7的作用

目的:观察氯沙坦对5/6肾切除大鼠肾组织中TGF-β1,p-Smad2/3及Smad7的影响,探讨氯沙坦抗肾小球硬化的作用机制.方法:雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和氯沙坦治疗组,用两步法建立5/6肾切除模型,于术后12周处死各组大鼠.处死前留取24 h尿检测尿蛋白,心脏取血检测血清肌酐、尿素氮,行HE和Masson染色观察各组大鼠肾组织病理改变,用免疫组织化学的方法检测肾组织中TGF-β1,p-Smad2/3及Smad7的表达.结果:模型组大鼠24 h尿蛋白、血清肌酐、尿素氮和肾组织胶原相对面积明显较假手术组增多(P＜0.01),氯沙坦治疗后上述指标均得到不同程度的改善.肾组织TGF-β1和p-Smad2/3在假手术组低表达,模型组呈强阳性表达,而氯沙坦治疗组TGF-β1和p-Smad2/3表达较模型组明显减弱(P＜0.01).假手术组肾组织可见较多的Smad7表达,模型组其表达明显减弱(P＜0.01),而氯沙坦治疗后Smad7表达较模型组增强(P＜0.01).结论:氯沙坦可以通过影响5/6肾切除大鼠肾组织中TGF-β/Smads信号通路中TGF-β1,p-Smad2/3和Smad7的表达而起到抗肾小球硬化的作用.     

尿微量蛋白在早期糖尿病肾病中的诊断意义

目的探讨尿微量白蛋白（MA）、尿转铁蛋白（TRF）、尿β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）和尿α1-微球蛋白（α1-MG）在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的意义。方法采用免疫比浊法测定82例2型糖尿病患者及80名健康人24h尿中MA、TRF、β2-MG、α1-MG含量,比较四者在糖尿病肾病筛选中的价值。结果糖尿病病程小于5年组,尿24hα1-MG、β2-MG含量与健康对照组相比明显增加;糖尿病病程5～10年组,尿24hMA、TRF、β2-MG和α1-MG含量与健康对照组相比明显增加;在尿微量白蛋白正常的糖尿病患者中,尿24hTRF、β2-MG和α1-MG含量增高的百分比分别为29.23%,50.77%,61.54%。结论糖尿病肾病早期肾小球和肾小管都有-定程度的损害,尿TRF、β2-MG和α1-MG较尿MA出现更早,测定尿TRF较尿MA更敏感,测定尿TRF、α1-MG、β2-MG和MA,有助于全面评估糖尿病肾病（DN）的肾损害,早期诊断DN。     

黄芪甲甙对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤的远期防护作用

目的　观察黄芪甲甙对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤 (IRI)远期改变的作用。方法　采用Sprague Dawley大鼠右侧肾切除 ,左侧肾动脉夹闭 6 0min肾IRI模型。实验动物分为肾IRI组 ,实验组 (astragalosideIV ,Astr)和假手术组 (Sham) ,观察肾IRI大鼠术后 4、12和 2 4周血清肌酐、尿蛋白 ,肾组织的病理 ,胶原染色及转化生长因子 (TGF) β1的变化。 结果　IRI组尿总蛋白随时间延长进行性增加 ,皮髓质交界处胶原染色增强且在术后 2 4周肾间质中胶原增加 ,同时术后 12周和 2 4周TGF β1的蛋白质和mRNA表达明显增加。Astr组上述改变虽然多于Sham组 ,但在 2 4周时明显低于IRI组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　大鼠肾IRI 2 4周肾纤维化趋势明显增加 ,黄芪甲甙通过下调TGF β1的表达在一定程度上可以减轻肾脏损害。