液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱内标法测定水产品中氯霉素药物残留

目的：建立水产品中氯霉素药物残留的LC—MS／MS分析方法。方法：以乙酸乙脂为提取溶剂，经匀质、正己烷脱脂、用Lc—MS／MS、同位素内标法测定水产品中氯霉素药物残留。结果：该法测定检出限0．1μg／kg，回收率为95％～110％。结论：该法可适用于水产品中氯霉素药物残留的确证检验。     

鱼肉和鸡肉中磺胺类药物残留的放射免疫测定

目的：探讨鱼肉和鸡肉中磺胺类药物残留的测定方法。方法：用放射免疫方法检测鱼肉和鸡肉中磺胺类抗生素的残留量。结果：对样品加标10μg／kg，分别对鱼肉和鸡肉进行18次和16次测定，精密度分别为5．4％和6．9％，最低检出限为10μg/kg。结论：该方法不仅简便、快捷而且具有较高的灵敏度和特异度，可作为兽药残留检测的初筛实验。     

水产品中呋喃唑酮代谢物残留量的酶联免疫分析

目的对酶联免疫分析试剂盒测定水产品中呋喃唑酮代谢物（AOZ）残留量的方法进行改进。方法采用标准溶液与样品同时衍生化后用酶联免疫分析法检测，并用LC—MS—MS方法对比验证。结果ELISA方法检测限为0．2μg/kg；样品平均加标回收率：在0．5μg/kg添加水平为99．0％，在1．0μg/kg添加水平为88．2％；RSD为9．18％～17．8％。实际样品对照实验显示：AOZ值0．5μg/kg时，ELISA与LC-MS-MS的测试结果完全一致，无假阴性结果；AOZ值〉8．1μg/kg时，两法结果一致；1．0μg/kg〈AOZ值〈8．1μg/kg时，其EUSA与LC-MS-MS的结果相对误差〈30％。结论该方法适合于一次性大批量水产品中AOZ残留量的快速筛选。     

鱼肉中23种磺胺类和3种氯霉素类药物残留快速筛查法的建立

目的建立HLB固相萃取小柱与超高效液相色谱（UPLC）串联质谱法快速筛查23种磺胺类和3种氯霉素类药物残留的方法。方法乙腈将23种磺胺类和3种氯霉素类药物共同提取、正己烷除脂后经HLB小柱净化，超高效液相色谱分离，串联四极杆质谱多反应监测（MRM）模式检测。结果弱酸（pH5．5）环境下HLB小柱上保留最好；Waters Acquity UPLC^TM BEHC18分离柱（1．7μm，2．1mm×100mm），流速0．4mL／min，柱温40℃条件下，以0．1％甲酸水溶液和甲醇为流动相梯度洗脱分离效果和灵敏度最佳，洗脱时间共为7．2min；磺胺类和氯霉素类药物分别以正离子和负离子模式检测，分多时间段采集数据。在1．0—20．0Gμ/L的线性范围内23种磺胺类和3种氯霉素类药物线性良好，线性相关系数r均大于0．99，方法检出限为0．1μg/kg，定量下限为0．1～1．0μg／b，23种磺胺类和3种氯霉素类药物回收率分别为61．0％～109．6％、82．5％-106．0％，相对偏差0．56％-10．8％、1．3％～4．9％。结论该方法操作简单、灵敏，适合快速筛查和监测鱼肉中的多组份磺胺和氯霉素类药物残留。     

GC/MS/MS法同时测定海产品中4种雌激素残留

目的：建立海产品中己烯雌酚（DES）、雌酮（E1）、雌二醇（E2）、雌三醇（E3）的GC／MS和GC／MS／MS分析方法。方法：以氯仿-水为提取溶剂，经均质、超声、石油醚去脂、C18固相小柱净化处理，目标物用N，O-双（三甲基硅烷基）三氟乙酰胺衍牛化后，用GC／MS和GC／MS／MS方法分析。结果：4种雌激素的平均回收率在75％～96．7％之间，GC／MS方法榆出限为0．15～0．50μg／kg，方法相对标准偏差为3．32％-5.54％；GC／MS／MS方法检出限为0．05—0．15μg／kg，方法相对标准偏差为6．1％～10．3％。结论：GC／MS／MS方法灵敏度高、特异性强、检出限低、定性确证性强，适用于海产品中4种雌激素残留的微量分析。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱测定污染物调查食品中铅和镉

目的：建立ICP—MS快速测定污染物调查食品中铅和镉的准确分析方法。方法：样品经湿法消化后定容到50ml直接用ICP—MS进行分析，用混和内标校正基体干扰和漂移。结果：整个方法的检出限Cd为0．31μg/kg，Pb为0．20μg／kg，精密度优于2．4％，回收率介于98．5％～103％。对标准参考物质的分析结果令人满意。结论：可用ICP—MS快速测定污染物调查食品中铅和镉，整个方法具有简单、快速和准确的特点。     

HPLC-MS/MS检测鱼肉中氯霉素残留研究

目的:建立鱼肉中氯霉素残留的HPLC/MS/MS检测方法。方法:采用负离子MRM监测模式,以氘代氯霉素为内标,样品用乙腈、乙酸乙酯、正己烷萃取后再用C18小柱净化。以保留时间和离子对(母离子和两个子离子)进行定性,以母离子和响应值高的子离子进行定量。结果:工作曲线在0.1μg/kg～10μg/kg范围内线性良好(r=0.9990),方法的检出限可达到0.03μg/kg,平均回收率为99%～105%,日内和日间RSD均小于8%。结论:该方法具有分析速度快、灵敏度高和特异性强等特点,可用于鱼肉中氯霉素残留的定量和定性检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定鱼肉中4种喹诺酮类药物

目的：建立鱼肉中4种喹诺酮类药物的高效液相色谱法测定方法。方法：对样品提取条件以及色谱条件和荧光检测光谱参数等进行研究。结果：在最佳测试条件下，最低检出限达0．1μg／kg，样品加标回收率在76．5％-113．2％之间。结论：该方法准确灵敏、精密度好，用于鱼肉中喹诺酮类药物测定，结果满意。     

GC/MS法测定蔬菜中克百威残留量的研究

目的：本文研究建立应用GC／MS法测定蔬菜中克百威(carbofuran)的检测方法。方法：样品以丙酮 石油醚=1：4溶液超声提取，弱阳离子交换柱净化，GS／MS测定。结果：变异系数为2．87％-4．06％，回收率为84．0％-87．2％，最底检出限为0．01μg／kg。结论：本方法具有灵敏度高，结果准确可靠等优点。     

虾仁中氯霉素残留量的放射免疫测定

氯霉素是我国水产品药残监控的一个重点。这是因为：①氯霉素在防治水产动物疾病时具有效果较好、价格低的特点，曾在我国水产养殖上广泛使用。因为习惯，该药在水产养殖上还偶见使用，禁用尚不彻底，可能会在某些水产品中出现残留。②对氯霉素的检测限要求较高，欧盟规定是0．3μg／kg，日本为0．1μg／kg。如此严格的检测限，     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.