充血性心力衰竭患者血浆脑钠素浓度与心功能的关系

目的 :探讨充血性心力衰竭 （CHF）患者血浆脑钠素 （BNP）浓度变化与心功能和 30 d再住院率的关系。方法 :随机选择 CHF患者 78例进行心功能分级 （NYHA分级 ） ,并测定其入院及出院当天血浆 BNP浓度 ,选择 2 0例健康中老年健康体检者作为对照组。结果 :CHF组较对照组血浆 BNP浓度明显升高 ,4 77± 2 4 4 pmol/ L 对 184± 5 4pmol/ L（P<0 .0 1） ;不同心功能分级之间均有显著差异 ,NYHA ～ 级血浆 BNP浓度分别为 2 6 3± 5 6、4 12±16 4、770± 14 2 pm ol/ L（各组间 P<0 .0 1）。 CHF患者 33例出院时血浆 BNP浓度小于 30 0 pmol/ L,30 d再住院率6 % ;4 5例出院时血浆 BNP浓度大于 30 0 pmol/ L,30 d再住院率 2 7% （P<0 .0 5 ）。结论 :血浆 BNP浓度可作为诊断CHF的参考指标 ,随着心衰的加重 ,血浆 BNP浓度逐渐升高 ,当血浆 BNP浓度降至 30 0 pmol/ L 以下时 ,患者 30 d再住院率显著下降。     

延迟冠状动脉介入治疗对急性心肌梗死患者预后的影响

目的探讨延迟经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PC I）对急性心肌梗死（AM I）患者预后的影响。方法对38例ST段抬高的AM I患者经静脉溶栓后常规行延迟PC I（延迟组）,然后与经静脉溶栓后药物保守治疗（对照组）的34例患者进行对比分析,观察住院期间和随访6个月时的临床不良事件和超声心动图的变化。结果与保守治疗比较,常规施行延迟PC I可以降低住院期间的病死率（0%vs15%,P<0.05）,缩短平均住院时间（15 dvs28 d,P<0.05）,减少住院期间心绞痛发作（5%vs35%,P<0.05）及再次心肌梗死（0%vs9%,P<0.05）;还可以明显降低6个月病死率（3%vs12%,P<0.05）和再住院率（8%vs26%,P<0.05）,防止左心室进一步重构,改善患者心脏功能。结论常规施行延迟PC I可以提高AM I患者住院期间和6个月的治疗效果,改善临床预后。     

慢性心力衰竭患者血清醛固酮水平的变化及其临床意义

目的:探讨慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血浆醛固酮（ALD）水平的变化及其临床意义。方法:采用放射免疫法测定CHF患者280例和无心力衰竭患者80例的血浆ALD水平,进行对比统计分析。结果:CHF组血清ALD水平（167±32ng/L）显著高于对照组（79±28ng/L）（P<0.01）,而且在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ级心力衰竭组间依次显著递增（F=71.03,P<0.01）,住院期间死亡组血清ALD水平显著高于好转出院组（P<0.05）。结论:CHF患者血浆ALD水平显著升高,且与心力衰竭严重程度和病情预后相关。     

美托洛尔治疗急性心肌梗死的疗效及安全性

目的探讨静注及口服美托洛尔对急性心肌梗死（AM I）患者安全性及临床疗效。方法365例发病在24 h内的AM I患者随机分成美托洛尔治疗组（n=182例）和对照组（n=183例）,在常规治疗的基础上,治疗组给予静注及口服美托洛尔,对照组给予安慰剂,观察两组患者临床特征,住院期间治疗前后平均血压、心率及主要心脏不良事件发生情况。结果美托洛尔组患者吸烟和饮酒患者的比例显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,其他一般临床特征相同;美托洛尔组患者用药前后血压及心率下降幅度与对照组相比均存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;美托洛尔组患者发生梗死后心绞痛和室性心律失常的比率显著少于对照组（P<0.05）,发生再梗、脑梗、心源性休克和住院期间死亡的比率,与对照组相比无统计学差异。结论早期静注及口服美托洛尔,可明显降低AM I患者室性心律失常和梗死后心绞痛发生率,但并不降低住院期间总的病死率。     

乌司他丁对慢性心力衰竭患者炎症介质和T细胞亚群的影响

目的探讨乌司他丁对慢性心力衰竭（chronic heart failure,CHF）患者T细胞亚群、炎症介质和心功能的影响。方法将入选的63例CHF患者随机分为两组,一组（常规治疗组,n=32）仅接受常规的抗心力衰竭治疗,另一组（乌司他丁组,1×104U/d,n=31）在常规治疗的基础上加用乌司他丁,观察治疗当天和第7天T细胞亚群、C反应蛋白（CRP）、脑钠尿肽（BNP）水平,心衰积分（HFS）、NYHA心功能分级及6-min步行实验距离（m）的变化。结果住院后两组各有1例死亡,余61例患者完成了本实验。治疗7 d后,与入院时比较,乌司他丁组（n=30）CHF患者CD4+T细胞及CD4+/CD8+T细胞的比例均显著升高（P<0.01）,CRP及BNP的水平均明显降低（P<0.01）;HFS、NYHA心功能分级及6-min步行实验距离（m）均有显著改善（P<0.01）。与常规治疗组（n=31）相比较,乌司他丁更能降低CRP的水平（P<0.05）,并可上调CD4+T细胞及CD4+/CD8+T细胞的比例（P<0.05）。结论在常规治疗心力衰竭的基础上加用乌司他丁,可以显著提高CHF患者的细胞免疫状况,减轻炎症反应。     

NT-proBNP目标导向治疗慢性心力衰竭患者近期预后及对心功能的影响

目的探讨血浆N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)为目标导向治疗慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者近期预后和对患者心功能的影响。方法选取2017年2月至2019年2月于西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院收治的CHF患者96例,随机分为对照组和观察组各48例,对照组根据患者症状和体征用药,观察组则根据动态监测NT-pro BNP水平指导用药。对比两组患者的临床疗效、治疗前和治疗3个月后的心功能[左室射血功能(LVEF)、左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、心排血量(CO)、心脏每搏输出量(SV)、6 min步行距离(6MWD)、心脏指数(CI)]、血浆NT-proBNP水平,记录患者出院后3个月内再入院率和病死率。结果观察组患者治疗总有效率较对照组显著提高(87.50%vs. 75.00%,P0.05)。治疗3个月后,观察组患者的LVEF、CO、SV、6MWS和CI水平均较对照组显著提高(P0.05),LVESD水平较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。治疗3个月后,两组患者血浆NT-pro BNP水平均较治疗前降低,且观察组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患者出院后3个月内再入院率和病死率均显著低于对照组[(8.33%vs. 18.75%)、(0 vs. 6.25%),P0.05]。结论对CHF患者的血浆NT-proBNP水平进行动态监测,并根据监测结果指导用药,可显著提高近期疗效,改善患者心功能,降低血浆NT-pro BNP水平,减少再入院率和病死率。     

促红细胞生成素联用参附注射液治疗慢性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的 观察促红细胞生成素（erythropoietin,EPO）联合参附注射液治疗慢性心力衰竭（chronic heart failure,CHF）的临床疗效.方法 将160例CHF患者随机分成对照组（n=40）、EPO组（n=40）、参附注射液组（参附组,n=40）和EPO联合参附注射液组（EPO＋参附组,n=40）,比较治疗前后各组患者的心功能分级（NYHA）和明尼苏达心力衰竭生活质量评分、左心室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）、左心室舒张末期内径（left ventricular end-diastolic diameter,LVEDD）、血浆N末端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）水平、再住院率,不良反应发生情况.结果 治疗后4组心功能均得到了提高,以EPO＋参附组改善最为明显,心功能评级由（3.7±0.47）降至（1.2±0.52）,生活质量评分由（46.5±1.41）降为（22.1±2.53）,同时NT-proBNP水平均也由治疗前（2712.2±323.30）ng/L降至（352.0±60.52）ng/L,LVEF由（31.3±2.88）%升至（48.1±5.21）%,LVEDD由（67.1±2.35）mm降至（52.1±3.33）mm,再入院率为35.0%,均低于其他三组.结论 EPO联合参附注射液治疗慢性心力衰竭能明显改善心功能、提高生活质量和降低再住院率,显著提高临床疗效.     

充血性心力衰竭对犬肺静脉肌袖结构的影响

目的探讨充血性心力衰竭（CHF）对犬肺静脉（PV）肌袖结构的影响。方法将16只杂种犬,随机等分为CHF组和对照组,CHF组以240次/min的频率在右室持续起搏4周,建立CHF模型;对照组埋置起搏器但不起搏;Burst刺激诱发心房颤动（AF）。分别取两组犬的PV肌袖组织,用天狼星红染色进行纤维化定量分析和胶原组成分析。用免疫组化染色法对缝隙连接蛋白43（Cx43）进行半定量分析。结果4周后,进行快速右室起搏的CHF组的所有犬均可诱发出稳定CHF。终止起搏后,CHF犬的持续AF（>15min）的诱发率为87.5%（7/8）,显著高于对照犬（P<0.01）。CHF组PV肌袖纤维化的程度明显增加,总胶原的含量显著高于对照组的相应部位[（5.3±1.0）%vs（2.1±0.7）%,P<0.01]。CHF组Ⅲ型胶原的含量及Ⅲ型胶原与I型胶原含量的比值均显著高于对照组[（4.6±1.0）%vs（1.6±0.7）%和（7.9±3.2）vs（3.0±1.9）,P<0.01];但I型胶原的含量与对照组无显著差异[（0.6±0.2）%vs（0.6±0.3）%]。CHF组PV肌袖内Cx43的水平显著高于对照组[（3.3±0.6）%vs（2.8±0.7）%,P<0.05];其PV肌袖内细胞侧侧连接处Cx43的分布较对照组增加。结论CHF对PV肌袖结构具有显著影响。     

慢性心力衰竭患者运动康复治疗的疗效观察(英文)

目的:观察运动康复疗法对于慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者的疗效。方法:慢性心力衰竭患者60例,随机分成常规治疗组(30例)和运动康复组(30例,在常规抗心衰药物的基础上实施运动康复疗法),观察3月后患者的心功能、运动耐量、6 min步行距离和再住院率。结果:与常规治疗组比较,运动康复组心功能改善总有效率明显升高(80.0%比93.3%,P<0.05);临床心功能明显改善[NYHA分级:(1.96±0.89)级比(1.48±0.72)级P<0.05],运动能力[(4.01±0.82)METs比(5.24±1.16))METs]、6 min步行距离[(322.5±23.4)m比(413.6±26.5)m]显著增加(P均<0.01),再住院率明显降低(56.7%比30.0%),P<0.05。结论:运动康复治疗可以改善慢性心力衰竭的心功能,提高运动能力,降低再住院率。     

慢性心力衰竭患者血浆B型利钠肽的测定及治疗的影响

目的：探讨血浆B型利钠肽（BNP）与慢性心力衰竭（CHF）的关系。方法：对48例CHF患者和10名正常人，以固相免疫分析法（IRMA）测定血浆BNP，其中33例心功能稳定于NYHAⅡ～Ⅲ级的CHF患者分为2组．随访3个月。A组（n=12）：应用地高辛、利尿剂和ACEI治疗；B组（n=21）：在上述治疗的基础上．加用卡维地洛。比较两组血浆BNP水平．及心脏彩超检查的心脏结构和功能变化。结果：（1）CHF患者血浆BNP水平显著升高，严重心衰患者更明显（P均〈0．05）；（2）两组治疗后血浆BNP水平均较治疗前显著降低（P〈0．05）；（3）治疗后心功能改善者血浆BNP水平下降较未改善者更明显（P〈0．05）；（4）B组心功能改善较A组更明显（P〈0．05）。结论：CHF患者血浆BNP水平升高．其水平随心衰加重而升高．提示BNP可作为评价心衰有价值的指标     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.