大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗

目的:探讨大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗方法。方法:采用胸锁乳突肌上、下端切断术加术后牵引治疗大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈32例,手术平均年龄12.3岁(10￣14岁)。结果:本组32例中随访29例,随访时间1～8年,平均4.8年。从功能和美容两方面进行了术后评估:其中优23例(73.3%),良6例(26.7%),无劣级。结论:胸锁乳突肌上、下端切断术加术后牵引是治疗大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈的首选手术治疗方式。     

学龄期儿童先天性肌性斜颈的治疗

目的探讨学龄期儿童先天性肌性斜颈的治疗方法。方法采用胸锁乳突肌单极切断术加术后胸颈联合斜颈矫形支具固定4~6个月,治疗学龄期儿童先天性肌性斜颈65例,男23例,女42例;手术平均年龄8岁(6~14岁)。结果本组65例,随访时间1~4年,平均2.7年。参考Cheng的疗效分级法,其中优42例(64.6%),良15例(23.1%),可5例(7.7%),差3例(4.6%)。结论胸锁乳突肌单极切断术加术后胸颈联合斜颈矫形支具,创伤小、疗效好、并发症少,是学龄期儿童先天性肌性斜颈首选的治疗方式。     

颈阔肌旋转肌瓣在先天性斜颈治疗中的应用

作者设计了颈阔肌旋转肌瓣加胸锁乳突肌离断术矫正小儿先天性肌性斜颈,通过29例临床总结,认为此手术方式采用单纯性胸锁乳突肌离断术往往难以达到理想效果的年龄偏大儿童先天性肌性斜颈的一种较好的治疗方法。     

先天性肌性斜颈的两种手术方法比较

目的 探讨先天性肌性斜颈两种手术治疗的方法和效果。方法 回顾性分析86例先天性肌性斜颈患者，其中12岁以内者69例，12岁及大于12岁者17例，根据年龄及畸形严重程度的不同采用不同的治疗术式：胸锁乳突肌下端切断术和胸锁乳突肌上、下端切断术加术后牵引治疗。结果 本组86例中随访72例，随访时间1～7年，平均4．5年。从功能和外观两方面进行了术后评价：12岁以下57例，其中优52例(91．2％)，良5例(8．8％)，无劣级；12岁及大于12岁15例，其中优11例(73．3％)，良4例(26．7％)，无劣级。结论 对先天性肌性斜颈患者，应根据不同情况选择恰当的手术治疗术式，一般均可获得满意的效果。     

年龄大于5岁儿童先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗

目的观察大年龄儿童（年龄大于5岁）先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗效果。方法手术治疗大年龄肌性斜颈患儿37例,切断胸锁乳突肌锁骨头、胸骨头,于乳突处切断胸锁乳突肌止点腱,并充分松解挛缩组织,术后均作枕颌牵引。结果所有病例均获随访,随访时间2～5年,平均随访2．6年,所有患儿的功能和外观均有改善,其中优28例（75．7％）,良9例（24．3％）。结论胸锁乳突肌上、下端切断术加术后牵引是治疗大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈的首选手术治疗方式。     

颈阔肌旋转肌瓣在先天性斜颈治疗中的应用

作者设计了颈阔肌旋转肌瓣加胸锁乳突肌离断术矫正小儿性肌性斜颈，通过２９例临床总结认为此手术方式采用单纯性胸锁乳突肌离断术往往难以达到理想效果的年龄偏大儿童先天性肌性斜颈的一种较好的治疗方法。     

胸锁乳突肌延长术的相关解剖与临床应用研究

斜颈是指颈部的一侧短于对侧，使头部偏向患侧，颏部则向正常侧上移的一种畸形。斜颈的病因有多种，临床常见的为先天性肌性斜颈，其发病原因为患侧的胸锁乳突肌纤维化和挛缩。治疗斜颈的手术方式已由最初的肌腱切断术，发展为现在的多种方法，其中胸锁乳突肌延长术的优点是保持了颈下段的丰满和胸锁乳突肌的体表颈三角形     

胸锁乳突肌下端切断术治疗肌性斜颈

目的：本文报告54例肌性斜颈手术治疗经验。方法：对54例肌性斜颈行胸锁乳突肌下端切断术治疗。结果：疗效优者达85．2％,无一例并发症。结论：胸锁乳突肌下端切断术,操作简单、安全,是一种值得信赖的治疗方法。     

胸锁乳突肌成形术治疗先天性肌性斜颈

我院自 1996年 6月～ 2 0 0 1年 7月 ,采用分别切断胸锁乳突肌胸、锁骨头 ,并将胸骨头近断端与锁骨头远断端吻合延长的胸锁乳突肌成形术治疗先天性肌性斜颈患儿 42例 ,取得了满意的疗效。临床资料一、一般资料　本组 42例 ,男 2 5例 ,女 17例 ;年龄 1～18岁 ,平均 4.6岁 ;左侧斜颈 2 7例 ,右侧斜颈 15例 ;1～ 4岁2 4例 ,5～ 12岁 14例 ,12岁以上 4例。二、手术方法　术前拍摄颈椎正位片 ,分别测量双侧乳突至胸锁关节的长度 ,粗略估计患侧胸锁乳突肌需延长长度。年龄较小 ,不合作患儿采用氯氨酮基础麻醉加局麻 ;年龄较大 ,配合较好患儿采用局…     

先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗(附72例分析)

先天性肌性斜颈是常见的颈部畸形。临床多采用手术治疗。本文认为,手术最佳年龄2～4岁,主张5岁以前采用胸、锁二头切断加挛缩病肌切除;5～8岁行胸、锁、乳突三头切断加挛缩病肌切除;8岁以上用胸锁乳突肌全部切除或扩大全切,石膏帽背甲外固定,提倡术后6～7天拆线后一次完成。强调术前术后进行认真持久的胸锁乳突肌按摩、热敷和牵伸训练。     

内镜下胸锁乳突肌切断治疗肌性斜颈的疗效观察

目的探讨内镜下离断胸锁乳突肌治疗肌性斜颈的效果。方法23例肌性斜颈患儿,年龄1个月～12岁,中位数2岁6个月。右侧腋窝皮纹线内置入5mm trocar,手持镜头将胸锁乳突肌下端胸骨头和锁骨头表面的肌膜钝性分离,充入CO2气体加压至6mmHg,形成皮下空间。在外侧颈下横纹内和前胸横纹处切开3mm分别置入3mm弯钳和电刀尖。电凝或电切横断胸锁乳突肌纤维束,松解胸锁乳突肌周围的纤维组织。结果23例均在内镜下完成手术。平均手术时间51．2min（35～135min）,术中出血量均〈1ml。无损伤周围大血管和神经。1例颈部切口处皮肤轻微电灼伤,2周后自愈。术后行颈部舒展活动训练,术后第1天出院。23例随访3个月～4年,中位时间6个月,斜颈均矫正,疗效优18例,良5例,切口瘢痕不明显,皮肤弹性好,随表情无异常活动现象,无复发。结论内镜下胸锁乳突肌切断治疗肌性斜颈具有微创、恢复快、效果好的优点,瘢痕不明显,美观且不损伤颈阔肌,对表情活动无影响。     

29例先天性肌性斜颈术后复发病例的诊治

目的：对29例先天性肌性斜颈手术后复发病例的治疗进行总结。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2013年1月收治的29例先天性肌性斜颈手术后复发病例的临床和随访资料。29例均行胸锁乳突肌双极松解术,术后予枕颌牵引1个月,佩戴胸颈联合支具3-6个月。结果29例均获得长期随访（11个月至10年）,患者头颈偏斜症状消失,颈活动正常,效果优良。结论胸锁乳突肌双极松解术,联合术后枕颌吊带牵引、佩戴胸颈联合支具,是治疗先天性肌性斜颈术后复发病例的有效方法。     

Transaxillary endoscopic release of restricting bands in congenital muscular torticollis--a novel technique.

Congenital muscular torticollis is due to fibrosis of one or both the heads of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This may also involve the platysma, scalene muscles, and the carotid sheath and may be associated with cervical scoliosis. Conventional surgical procedures leave visible scars. Ramirez, who used the posterior part of the traditional face-lift incision, made perhaps the first attempt at concealing scars. Burstein et al. reported a large series of subcutaneous endoscopic release of torticollis through a hairline approach. Sasaki described an endoscopic two-incision, posterior auricular fold and hairline approach. A technique of transaxillary subcutaneous endoscopy for the release of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in congenital muscular torticollis is described here. This procedure provides direct access to the fibrous bands, enables release without risk of damage to the spinal accessory nerve, external jugular vein, or greater auricular nerve, and leaves no visible neck scars. Two cases of congenital muscular torticollis presenting in adulthood were managed successfully by this technique. The fibrotic part of sternocleidomastoid muscle was released and the normal range of head motion was restored. There were no surgical complications encountered and the patients achieved complete pain free range of movement in six weeks. This technique provides direct and quick access, perpendicular to the line of the fibrotic bands, avoids injury to neurovascular structures and does not leave visible neck scars.     

Treatment of congenital muscular torticollis in patients older than 8 years

The authors treated congenital muscular torticollis by sternocleidomastoid muscle release in 32 patients over 8 years of age who had not received any prior medical treatment or in whom torticollis had recurred since initial treatment. The results were analyzed to compare clinical results after an average of 39 months (range 24-74 months) by dividing the patients into two groups: patients who were still in the growing period (group 1, n=19) and patients who had finished growth (group 2, n = 13) at surgery. According to the total score table by Cheng et al (which includes motion deficits, craniofacial asymmetry, scar, band, head tilt, and subjective assessment), there were 13 excellent and 6 good results in group 1 and 2 excellent, 8 good, and 3 fair results in group 2. The clinical results were statistically less successful in group 2 than in group 1 by Cheng's score table (P <0.05). However, most patients showed marked improvement in neck motion and head tilt, with satisfactory functional and cosmetic results. Thus, in patients older than school age, even for those who have finished growth, sufficient unipolar or bipolar release of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and intensive postoperative care are expected to yield satisfactory treatment results.     

先天性肌性斜颈影像学表现的研究进展

先天性肌性斜颈(CMT)是小儿最常见的肌肉畸形,患侧胸锁乳突肌纤维化收缩导致患儿头向患侧偏斜,早期诊断治疗,纤维化则可逆,若斜颈持续存在,可导致患儿头、面、颈部发育畸形。弹性成像技术能快速、准确、无创、可重复地评价CMT患儿胸锁乳突肌纤维化程度,提高CMT患儿诊断准确率。本文对CMT的影像学表现进行综述。     

Idiopathic muscular torticollis in adults. Results of open sternocleidomastoid tenotomy

Eight adult patients who underwent open tenotomy for idiopathic muscular torticollis were evaluated with an average follow-up of 14 years. The age of the patients at operation ranged from 20 to 37 years, with an average of 26 years. The sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was divided in two patients, both the sternal and the clavicular heads were divided in five patients, and in one patient all three heads were divided. After the operation a Minerva plaster cast was applied with the head hyperextended, bent away from the deformity, and rotated towards the deformity. Neurovascular complications were not observed. Facial asymmetry did not improve after surgery, but at follow-up all the patients had a satisfactory range of motion of the neck, although the radiographic alterations of the cervical spine present before the operation had not improved.     

Clinical determinants of the outcome of manual stretching in the treatment of congenital muscular torticollis in infants. A prospective study of eight hundred and twenty-one cases

BACKGROUND: The natural history of congenital muscular torticollis and the outcome of different treatment modalities have been poorly investigated, and the results of treatment have varied considerably. METHODS: The main objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the outcomes of 821 consecutive patients with congenital muscular torticollis who were first seen when they were less than one year old, were treated with a standardized program of manual stretching, and were followed for a mean of 4.5 years. Before treatment, the patients were classified into one of three clinical groups: (1) palpable sternomastoid tumor, (2) muscular torticollis (thickening and tightness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle), and (3) postural torticollis (torticollis but no tightness or tumor). RESULTS: Of the 821 patients, 452 (55%) had a sternomastoid tumor; 276 (34%), muscular torticollis; and ninety-three (11%), postural torticollis. Multivariate analysis of the outcomes showed that (1) the duration of treatment was significantly associated with the clinical group (p < 0.0001), a passive rotation deficit of the neck (p < 0.0001), involvement of the right side (p < 0.0001), difficulties with the birth (p < 0.009), and age at presentation (p < 0.0001); (2) the overall final assessment score was associated with the rotation deficit (p = 0.02), age at presentation (p = 0.014), and duration of treatment (p < 0.0001); and (3) subsequent surgical treatment was required by 8% (thirty-four) of the 452 patients in the sternomastoid tumor group compared with 3% (eight) of the 276 patients in the muscular torticollis group and 0% (none) of the ninety-three patients in the postural torticollis group. CONCLUSIONS: This large prospective study demonstrated that controlled manual stretching is safe and effective in the treatment of congenital muscular torticollis when a patient is seen before the age of one year. The most important factors that predict the outcome of manual stretching are the clinical group, the initial deficit in rotation of the neck, and the age of the patient at presentation. Surgical treatment is indicated when a patient has undergone at least six months of controlled manual stretching and has residual head tilt, deficits of passive rotation and lateral bending of the neck of >15 degrees, a tight muscular band or tumor, and a poor outcome according to our special assessment chart.     

Adult presentation of congenital muscular torticollis: a series of 12 patients treated with a bipolar release of sternocleidomastoid and Z-lengthening

Adult presentation of neglected congenital muscular torticollis is rare. We report 12 patients with this condition who underwent a modified Ferkel's release comprising a bipolar release of sternocleidomastoid with Z-lengthening. They had a mean age of 24 years (17 to 31) and were followed up for a minimum of two years. Post-operatively a cervical collar was applied for three weeks with intermittent supervised active assisted exercises for six weeks. Outcome was assessed using a modified Lee score and a Cheng and Tang score. The mean pre-operative rotational deficit was 8.25° (0° to 15°) and mean lateral flexion deficit was 20.42° (15° to 30°), which improved after treatment to a mean of 1.67° (0° to 5°) and 7.0° (4° to 14°) after treatment, respectively. According to the modified Lee scoring system, six patients had excellent results, two had good results and four had fair results, and using the Cheng and Tang score, eight patients had excellent results and four had good results. Surgical management of adult patients with neglected congenital muscular torticollis using a modified Ferkel's bipolar release gives excellent results. The range of neck movement and head tilt improved in all 12 patients and cosmesis improved in 11, despite the long-standing nature of the deformity.     

Surgical treatment of muscular torticollis for patients above 6 years of age

Eighteen patients with congenital muscular torticollis, aged 6-22 (average 11) years, underwent surgical releases of the contractive bands. There were 8 boys and 10 girls. Preoperative open mouth radiograph of the odontoid process in 16 patients showed asymmetry of articular facets of the axis and tilt of the odontoid process to the side of the torticollis. Sixteen patients received bipolar releases, the others received distal releases. After the operation, a neck collar was applied and an exercise program was started. At an average follow-up of 5 years and 7 months, there were excellent or good results in 10 patients. All of the patients except 2 showed improvement of the facial asymmetry and all except 1 had a satisfactory range of motion of the neck. One patient underwent a second operation due to recurrence. The follow-up radiographs showed improvement of the tilt of the odontoid process, but the asymmetry of the articular facets of the axis persisted. We suggest that bipolar release is the treatment of choice for congenital muscular torticollis in patients of more than 6 years of age. To determine the influence of a bipolar release on the functions of the cervical spine, longer follow-up intervals are needed.