朊病毒病实验室生物安全风险控制特点分析

朊病毒病（prion disaese）或可传播性海绵状脑病（transmissible spongiform encephalopathies,TSEs）是一类侵袭人类及多种动物中枢神经系统的退行性脑病,潜伏期长,100％病死率.人类的朊病毒病有克-雅病（Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease,CJD）,包括散发型、家族遗传型、医源型、变异型CJD（variant CJD,vCJD）,另外还有库鲁病（Kuru）、GSS综合征（Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome）、致死性家族型失眠症（fatal familial insomnia,FFI）,其致病因子是朊病毒.朊病毒为微小的蛋白感染颗粒,不包含核酸,与常规病毒不同[1].目前认为朊病毒是由在正常哺乳动物脑组织中存在的PrP蛋白（PrPC）经过构象转变而形成,又称PrPSc.在朊病毒患者中枢神经组织中可以检出异常致病蛋白PrPSc的沉积[1],但不同的朊病毒病具有不同的特点,主要表现在临床特征、潜伏期、脑组织中prpsc的分布、脑组织损伤的特点、能否诱导淀粉样变化,以及朊病毒的分子特征等,具有明显的＆quot;毒株＆quot;差异.鉴于朊病毒不同于传统病毒,具有独特的实验室检测技术[2],因此存在独特的生物风险形式.本文从朊病毒病原学特点和常见实验检测技术方面分析朊病毒实验活动中的生物风险形式,并提出相应的预防措施.     

纳络酮、脑活素治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病60例临床观察

缺氧缺血性疾病 (HIE)为围产期新生儿最常见的中枢系统病变。其病死率及致残率较高。为探讨有效的治疗护理方法 ,我科从 1997年 2月 2 0 0 3年 2月 ,对 6 0例HIE使用纳络酮和脑活素治疗。并随机分为治疗组和对照组观察。现将治疗护理情况报告如下。一、资料与方法 :HIE的诊断标准和临床分度根据金汉珍主编的《实用新生儿学》中的标准。本组HIE患儿共 90例 ,随机分为治疗组 6 0例 ;对照组 30例。治疗组男 32例 ,女2 8例 ,日龄 30分钟～ 3天 ,体重 2 5kg～ 3 5kg。对照组男 18例 ,女 12例 ,日龄 35分钟～ 3 5天。体重 2 5kg～ 3 6kg。…     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血

蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)系指颅内血管破裂后血液流入蛛网膜下腔。SAH分为颅脑损伤性和自发性(非损伤性)两大类。自发性sAH又分为两种．一为脑底部或脑表面病变血管破裂而血液流入蛛网膜下腔，称怍原发性SAH；一为脑实质内出血而血液穿破脑组织进入蛛网膜下腔称作继发性SAH。自发性SAH可见于任何年龄，50～60岁者多见，青壮年亦常见发病。凡能引起脑出血的耨因也能引起SAH．但以颅内动脉瘤、动静脉畸形、高血压动脉硬化症、烟雾病和血液病等最为常见。一般都在患者情绪激动或过腰用力时发病。     

四逆汤对肾性高血压大鼠主要靶器官血管活性物质表达的影响

目的研究四逆汤对肾性高血压大鼠主要靶器官血管活性物质表达的影响。方法健康雌性Wistar大鼠24只，随机分为正常对照组、肾性高血压组和四逆汤治疗组，每组8只。根据双肾动脉夹闭法建立肾性高血压动物模型，免疫组化法测定心、脑、肾组织内皮素受体A（ETRA）、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（Ang—Ⅱ）、降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）的表达。结果①各靶器官ETRA表达水平，肾性高血雎组均显著高于正常对照组（P〈O．05）；四逆汤治疗组在肾和心均显著低于肾性高血压组（P〈0．05），但在脑无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。②肾和脑iNOS表达水平，肾性高血压组显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）；四逆汤治疗组明显低于肾性高血压组（P〈0．01）。心脏eNOS表达水平，肾性高血压组显著低于正常对照组（P〈0．01），治疗组显著高于高血压组（P〈0．01）。③各器官CGRP表达水平，肾性商血压组较正常对照组均显著升高（P〈0．05）；四逆汤治疗组较肾性高血压组均明显降低（P〈0．01）；④Ang—Ⅱ在肾和心的表达水平，四逆汤治疗纰较肾性高血压组均明显降低（P〈0．05），但在脑无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论四逆汤可能通过调节肾性高血压大鼠肾、心、脑组织中ETRA、NOS、Ang—Ⅱ和CGRP的表达水平，发挥其血压调节作用。     

颅脑模型减速撞击过程中脑组织受力特点的研究

目的 研究颅脑减速撞击过程中脑组织关键部位受力的特点（受拉或受压）。方法 制作含气泡的透明颅脑物理模型,并将其固定在竖式颅脑减速撞击实验台上。将移动平台放置在400 mm的高度,自由下落并撞击固定台面,同时采用高速摄像记录整个减速撞击过程,并用序列图片分析软件对气泡长、短轴（分别位于垂直于撞击方向及撞击方向）的轴长变化进行分析。结果 撞击点处的气泡在短轴方向上的轴长变化大于长轴方向上的轴长变化,对冲点处的气泡在短轴方向上的轴长变化小于长轴方向上的轴长变化。结论 实验结果表明撞击点处的气泡所受到的作用力主要为压力且来自于短轴方向,即撞击方向;对冲点处的气泡所受到的作用力主要为拉力且来自于长轴方向,即撞击方向的垂直方向。该研究对于研究颅脑减速撞击致伤的力学机制及其诊断和防护具有重要意义。     

脑分水岭梗死发病机制与治疗研究进展

脑分水岭梗死（cerebral watershed infarction,CWI）是指发生于脑内相邻的、较大动脉供血区之间的脑组织缺血性坏死,又称边缘带梗死、交界区梗死、低血流梗死、非区域梗死等。其发病率约占缺血性脑卒中的10％。     

人类神经干细胞/祖细胞和神经球的超微结构特点

BACKGROUND： Biological and morphological characteristics of neural stem/progenitor cells （NSPCs） have been widely investigated. OBJECTIVE： To explore the ultrastructure of human embryo-derived NSPCs and neurospheres cultivated in vitro using electron microscopy. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A cell biology experiment was performed at the Brain Tumor Laboratory of Soochow University, and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University between August 2007 and April 2008. MATERIALS： Human fetal brain tissue was obtained from an 8-week-old aborted fetus; serum-free Dulbecco＇s modified Eagle＇s medium/F12 culture medium was provided by Gibco, USA; scanning electron microscope was provided by Hitachi Instruments, Japan; transmission electron microscope was provided by JEOL, Japan. METHODS： NSPCs were isolated from human fetal brain tissue and cultivated in serum-free Dulbecco＇s modified Eagle＇s medium/F12 culture medium. Cells were passaged every 5-7 days. After three passages, NSPCs were harvested and used for ultrastructural examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Ultrastructural examination of human NSPCs and adjacent cells in neurospheres. RESULTS： Individual NSPCs were visible as spherical morphologies with rough surfaces under scanning electron microscope. Generally, they had large nuclei and little cytoplasm. Nuclei were frequently globular with large amounts of euchromatin and a small quantity of heterochromatin, and most NSPCs had only one nucleolus. The Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum were underdeveloped; however, autophagosomes were clearly visible. The neurospheres were made up of NSPCs and non-fixiform material inside. Between adjacent cells and at the cytoplasmic surface of apposed plasma membranes, there were vesicle-like structures. Some membrane boundaries with high permeabilities were observed between some contiguous NSPCs in neurospheres, possibly attributable to plasmalemmal fusion between adjacent cells. CONCLUSION： A large number of autophagosomes were observed in NSPCs and gap junctions were visible between adjacent NSPCs.     

Taurine and vitamin C influence 8-nitroguanine brain expression following sub-chronic arsenic exposure in the mouse

BACKGROUND： Arsenic-induced overproduction of reactive nitrogen species results in damage to biomacromolecules in tissues. This is one of major mechanisms of toxic effects due to arsenic. It is assumed that taurine and vitamin C prevent overproduction of peroxynitrite （ONOO） and resist arseniasis by decreasing oxygen-free radical production. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the intervention effects of taurine and vitamin C on 8-nitroguanine （8-NO2-G） expression in the brain of mice exposed to arsenic. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, China between March 2007 and July 2008. MATERIALS： As203, taurine, and vitamin C （Sigma, USA）, rabbit polyclonal anti-8-NO2-G antibody and goat anti-rabbit IgG （Dojindo, Japan） were used in this study. METHODS： A total of 40 healthy, Kunming mice were equally and randomly assigned to four groups Mice in the As203 group received drinking water containing 4 mg/L As2O3. Mice in the taurine and vitamin C groups received 150 mg/kg taurine and 45 mg/kg vitamin C, respectively, by gavage, twice per week, and simultaneously received As2O3. Mice in the control group were administered normal drinking water. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Histopathological changes in brain tissues of mice were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. 8-NO2-G expression in brain tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： Abnormal, histopathological changes were observed in brain tissue of mice from the As2O3 group, which included axonal loss, cell shrinkage, and karyolysis. The above-described changes were minimal in the taurine and vitamin C groups. 8-NO2-G expression was significantly greater in brain tissue from the As2O3 group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）, however, weak 8-NO2-G expression was observed in the taurine and vitamin C groups. CONCLUSION： Taurine or vitamin C protected against pathological changes and nucleic acid damage due to reactive nitrogen species in brain tissue of mice exposed to arsenic.     

脑外伤后精神障碍患者的护理

颅脑外伤后精神障碍是指大脑直接或间接遭受各种外伤而造成脑组织损伤所致的精神活动失调,在临床上十分常见,文献报道脑外伤后并发各种类型的精神障碍者约占存活者的25%。对颅脑外伤患者在治疗过程中全面、细致地观察病情变化,及早发现精神症状,根据不同情况进行相应的护理,有步骤地进行智能障碍的康复训练,对减少、减轻精神障碍,提高患者的生活质量有重要意义。本科对近2年住院的脑外伤并发精神障碍者进行及时有效的全面护理,取得了较好的效果。报告如下。     

脑钠肽在临床应用中的新进展

脑钠肽(brainnatriureticpeptide,BNP)是一种由32个氨基酸组成的多肽,BNP主要由心室分泌,是反映左心室功能的敏感指标,目前关于BNP的临床研究主要集中在心力衰竭的诊断、鉴别诊断、多种心血管疾病的预后评估以及对急慢性心力衰竭的治疗。本文对其在临床研究新进展综述如下。1脑钠肽的生物学特征1.1脑钠肽的来源与分布脑钠肽是1988年由日本学者Sudoh等从猪脑组织中提取出来,故而得名,