上胸椎前方手术入路的解剖及其临床意义

目的研究上胸椎与其毗邻组织结构的解剖关系,为探讨上胸椎前方手术入路提供参考.方法取20具经防腐处理的尸体标本,模拟上胸椎前路手术,部分劈开胸骨,并分别经不同的血管、神经间隙显露椎体,比较不同的血管、神经间隙入路的暴露范围及其优缺点.观察上胸椎毗邻的血管、神经等组织结构的走行及其与椎体的对应关系.结果头臂干外侧间隙入路（头臂干与右头臂静脉、左头臂静脉根部之间的间隙）95%可显露达T3椎体以下,而头臂干内侧间隙入路（气管食道鞘与头臂干、左头臂静脉之间的间隙）只有45%可显露达T3椎体以下.上腔静脉与升主动脉之间的间隙只能在直视下显露T4,并且视野狭小.右喉返神经在T1,2水平从迷走神经发出,绕过锁骨下动脉斜行走向内上,在T1椎体上缘水平附近走向气管食道沟.胸导管75%在T1椎体到T1-2椎间盘水平入左侧静脉角,约50%最高点达T1水平.左头臂静脉55%平T3椎体水平从上腔静脉发出.主动脉弓主干约80%在T3-4椎间盘水平横过椎体.结论头臂干外侧间隙入路操作简单、显露清楚,可以很容易地显露T3和T4椎体;头臂干外侧间隙与头臂干内侧间隙相比,可多显露0.5～1个椎体.但由于迷走神经穿过此间隙并在此发出心支,所以应注意保护迷走神经.在右侧施行T1,2水平手术时易损伤右喉返神经.在采用左侧入路时应注意胸导管的走行,避免损伤胸导管.     

肝癌经导管动脉灌注化疗栓塞术疗效的MR扩散加权成像动态研究

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像(DWI)在原发性肝癌经导管动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)疗效动态评价中的作用。方法在1.5TGE Signa Twin speed MR机上,取扩散敏感梯度因子(b值)为0及800s/mm2,利用固定参数组合的自旋回波-平面回波(SE-EPI)序列对首次行TACE治疗的25例肝癌肿块分别于术前24~48h、术后36~48h、术后7~10d、术后30~38d内各进行1次DWI,对每次的图像进行后处理,计算出每例肝癌每个时点的表观扩散系数(ADC值),对各个时点的ADC值进行对比研究,并结合第1次TACE术后与第2次TACE术前肿瘤的血管造影染色及碘油沉积的改变判断肿瘤的复发情况。结果术前24~48h、术后36~48h、术后7~10d、术后30~38d组的ADC值分别为(1.376±0.012)×10-3mm2/s、(1.598±0.012)×10-3mm2/s、(1.723±0.012)×10-3mm2/s、(1.684±0.012)×10-3mm2/s。术后各组肝癌组织的ADC值较术前明显升高(P<0.05);术后7~10d、术后30~38d组的ADC值较术后36~48h组明显升高(P<0.05);术后30~38d的ADC值较术后7~10d组明显降低(P<0.05)。将第1次TACE术后与第2次TACE术前的造影片及碘油沉积片对比见术后30~38d ADC值下降的肝癌病例都有不同程度的复发,ADC值下降明显的复发也最为明显。结论利用MR DWI技术对肝癌组织的ADC值进行动态观察,可以评价肝癌TACE术后癌组织的坏死、复发情况。     

经单侧半椎板切除髓内海绵状血管瘤

目的探讨脊髓髓内海绵状血管瘤的出血性损伤风险、临床特征以及经单侧半椎板切除髓内海绵状血管瘤的手术技巧。方法回顾性分析11例髓内海绵状血管瘤病人的病历资料。均经单侧半椎板切除肿瘤。采用统计学分析，在性别分布、平均年龄、年出血率等方面与同期颅内（145例）、脑干（61例）海绵状血管瘤进行比较。术前Frankel分级D级8例，C级2例，A级1例。结果本组女性7例，男性4例．女性与男性之比高于颅内（80：65）和脑干（33：28）海绵状血管瘤；年出血率为2．8％／病人，稍低于颅内（3．3％）和脑干（3．1％）海绵状血管瘤。病变均获全切：术后随访期内8例神经系统症状改善（Frankel分级D级升到E级6例，C级升到D级2例）．3例临床症状无变化。结论脊髓髓内海绵状血管瘤应全切以防复发和再出血；选择微侵袭的半椎板入路，以及术中采用体感诱发电位监护．是取得满意结果、预防附加损伤的关键．     

皮质发育不良导致的难治性部分性癫癎临床特征分析

目的探讨病理表现为皮质发育不良的难治性部分性癫癎的临床特征。方法回顾分析46例手术切除癫癎灶后，病理证实为皮质发育不良的难治性癫癎病例的影像学和脑电图表现以及手术疗效等资料，分析此类癫癎的临床特征。结果在46例中，癫癎灶的病理类型为轻度皮质发育不良10例、Ⅰ型局灶性皮质发育不良25例、Ⅱ型局灶性皮质发育不良5例、伴有胚胎发育障碍性神经上皮瘤和神经节胶质瘤的分别为4例和2例。通过磁共振成像（MRI）扫描可以发现局灶性皮质异常的12例（26．1％），海马硬化10例（21．7％），未见明显异常的24例（52．2％）。在发作间期，60．9％的病例为区域性的癎性放电，45．7％的病例表现出节律性癎样电活动。手术切除癫癎灶后，69．6％的病例发作消失。结论皮质发育不良约占MRI阴性表现的难治性癫癎病例的50％，以Ⅰ型局灶性皮质发育不良最为常见，发作间期脑电图常常显示节律性癎样电活动。     

颈椎脊索瘤的临床特点及外科治疗

目的 探讨颈椎脊索瘤的临床特点及外科治疗方法与疗效。方法 对1989年至2006年接受手术治疗的8例颈椎脊索瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。男5例，女3例；年龄34-72岁，平均53．8岁。依据肿瘤的WBB分期，实施次全或全椎体切除术3例，矢状切除术2例，次全或全脊椎切除术2例，颈椎管内脊索瘤囊外摘除术1例。脊柱稳定性重建术中，取自体髂骨植骨5例，钛网内骨水泥填塞前路椎体支撑2例。术后行辅助放疗。结果 患者术后神经根性刺激症状较术前明显缓解或消失，颈髓压迫症状多有1-2个级别以上的改善。术后病理检查均可见典型“Physaliphorous细胞”。随访3～120个月，平均43．5个月。内固定物融合良好，植骨融合率100％。肿瘤局部复发4例，1例死于肿瘤复发后的高位截瘫并发症，全脊椎切除者未见复发迹象。7例未见远处转移，1例颈椎管内脊索瘤者既往有骶骨脊索瘤手术史，故考虑为原发骶骨脊索瘤继发硬膜下转移。结论 颈椎脊索瘤临床相对少见，早期症状不典型，诊断应重视CT和MR检查。全脊椎切除术结合术后局部放疗可降低局部复发率。     

颅内血肿旋吸多导向清除装置

本装置提供一种对脑组织损伤轻清除脑血肿速度快的微创器械,以便更加有效地清除高血压脑出血后形成的脑血肿,减轻脑出血引起的脑损害,减少死亡;该装置由外套管、旋吸管、导向管和喷射管组成,用该装置可以对脑血肿实施旋转碎吸和多导向喷射冲洗;临床用该装置治疗400余例高血压脑出血病人,迅速减轻脑血肿占位效应,使大部分病人生命得到挽救,减少了后遗症,改善了生存质量;其疗效表明该装置是目前最为有效地脑血肿微创清除器械.     

Duplicated origin of right vertebral artery with rudimentary and accessory left vertebral arteries

Summary We observed a rare cerebrovascular anomaly in a patient with brain-stem infarction. Two right vertebral arteries arose from the subclavian artery and communicated directly with each other under the transverse foramen of the fourth cervical vertebra. The left vertebral artery consisted of a rudimentary artery that arose from the left subclavian artery, ran through the transverse foramen of the sixth cervical vertebra and then tapered down to disappear at the fourth/fifth cervical vertebrae, plus a second, accessory artery that arose from a branch of the left thyrocervical trunk, ran through the transverse foramen of the fifth cervical vertebra and tapered off to disappear at the first/second cervical vertebrae.     

EXAMINATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY BY THE USE OF TISSUE CULTURE MODEL SYSTEMS

1. The rotation-mediated three-dimensional reaggregate culture system is uniquely suited for studies on developmental neurotoxicity. In this system, it is possible to reconstruct central neuronal pathways and follow their development. 2. Exposure to drugs of abuse including methamphetamine and methylenedioxyamphetamine or the appetite suppressant, fenfluramine, reduces monoamines in the cultures in a dose-dependent manner and interrupts normal monoaminergic development. 3. While the monoaminergic neurones may attain normal rates of development following drug removal, the affected neurones are not capable of overcoming the drug-induced insults and a deficiency in monoamines persists throughout development. 4. In addition, the production of immortalized monoclonal hybrid cells obtained by fusion of fetal mesencephalic neurones with a neuroblastoma has yielded cell lines expressing a dopaminergic phenotype. 5. Such cells have been useful in establishing the relationship of neurotoxicity to cell lineage and can serve as models for the study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurotoxicity.     

Autogenous tissue reconstruction in the management of aortoiliofemoral graft infection

Management of infected prosthetic arterial grafts remains a challenging clinical problem. Revascularization following removal of the infected arterial prosthesis is frequently necessary and usually achieved using remote extraanatomic bypasses. We present three cases where complete removal of the infected prosthesis was followed by autogenous reconstruction using reversed saphenous vein, endarterectomized segments of superficial femoral artery, or endarterectomy of the native occluded vessels. Eradication of the infection was seen in all three patients. The reconstructions have remained patent in the three patients with follow-up from four months to three years. Percutaneous balloon dilation was successful in the management of a distal limb stenosis in one patients. Autogenous vascular reconstruction following removal of infected prosthetic vascular grafts remains a viable alternative in the treatment of difficult, selected cases of infected arterial prosthesis. It is probably an underutilized alternative, when one considers that the surgical techniques employed are familiar to vascular surgeons. Cure of the infection and prepreservation of critical vascular beds can both be achieved with autogenous tissue, either in situ or from remote areas. Available percutaneous techniques may play an important role in maintaining durability of these reconstructions.Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society, New York, New York, June 17, 1989.     

Patients seeking symmetrical recontouring for “Perceived” deformities in the width of the face and skull

This article describes plastic surgery patients who sought symmetrical recontouring of the width of the face and skull. The basic demographic and personality characteristics of these facial width deformity (FWD) patients and the surgical procedures performed on them are discussed. Details of the surgical and psychological management of three representative cases are given. Speculative conclusions regarding the general characteristics of the FWD population are offered. Suggestions are proposed for a combined surgical-medical psychotherapeutic collaboration in managing these patients.