海南省2311例关节炎症状患者的莱姆病抗体血清学研究

目的探讨海南省关节炎症状患者的莱姆病感染状况,为莱姆病的防控提供依据。方法采用抽样调查方法,2013至2018年在海南省8个市(县)(海口市、三亚市、儋州市、东方市、文昌市、琼海市、琼中县、五指山市)的医疗机构,对其进行抽样调查,收集2 311例关节炎症状就诊的患者血清标本,并对临床资料进行描述性研究。采用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)对血清标本进行莱姆病抗体初筛检测,并采用免疫印迹法(WB)对IFA检测阳性的血清标本进行确诊实验。采用χ²检验进行统计分析。结果 IFA方法检测血清样本2 311份,166份阳性,阳性率7.18%。进一步用 WB方法确认,62份阳性, 莱姆病抗体阳性率为2.68%(62/2 311)。海南省不同地区关节炎症状患者的莱姆病抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ²=40.636,P<0.001),琼中县阳性率最高,为8.81%(14/159);儋州市阳性率次之,为5.62%(5/89);东方市阳性率最低,为0.51%(2/394)。莱姆病血清抗体阳性率男性及女性分别是2.79%(33/1 182)和2.57%(29/1 129);各年龄组间的抗体阳性率在1.74%~3.64%,在性别和年龄间差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.110,P=0.740;χ²=1.938,P=0.747)。结论海南省8个市(县)均存在伯氏疏螺旋体感染导致的关节炎症状患者,但莱姆病抗体阳性率各市(县)存在差异,以琼中县最高。     

北京市2016—2018年夏季高温对儿童急诊入院的影响

  目的  分析北京市夏季高温对儿童急诊入院的不良影响,为儿童高温健康防护政策的制定提供科学依据。  方法  收集2016—2018年夏季(6—9月)北京市30家医院儿童急诊入院数据及同期逐日气象因素和空气污染物数据。基于Quasi-Possion回归广义线性模型分析北京市夏季日平均温度对儿童因非意外总疾病、心脑血管系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病急诊入院的影响。  结果  2016—2018年夏季,北京市日均温度为(24.06±3.59)℃,日相对湿度为(65.08±17.45)%。暴露当日日平均温度每升高1 ℃,北京市0~14岁儿童因非意外总疾病、呼吸系统疾病急诊入院风险分别增加0.21,0.64倍,尚未观察到高温对于儿童因心脑血管系统疾病急诊入院的影响。高温对于不同年龄组儿童急诊入院影响不一致,其中5~9岁儿童因非意外总疾病急诊入院风险增幅最大,0~4岁儿童易受呼吸系统疾病急诊入院的影响,10~14岁儿童受心脑血管系统疾病急诊入院影响最大。  结论  北京市夏季高温对儿童急诊入院具有显著影响,儿童呼吸系统疾病是夏季高温相关敏感性疾病,相关部门应该给予充分关注。     

不同空间插值方法在钠摄入量估算中的应用

目的采用空间插值法对缺失膳食钠摄入量数据的地区进行摄入量估算。方法膳食钠消费数据来自2010—2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测,调查采用多阶段分层与人口成比例的整群随机抽样方法,共调查了150个区县20岁及以上居民的膳食消费数据。运用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法结合家庭调味品称重法,进行面对面访谈共收集了48826名成年人膳食钠摄入量数据,计算膳食钠消费量平均数据。比较反距离权重法、普通克里金插值法、协同克里金插值法和回归克里金插值法等空间分析技术对膳食钠摄入量估算的精度,并选用插值精度最高的空间分析方法,绘制全国各区县的人均每日膳食钠摄入量预测趋势面,对各省膳食钠摄入量进行估算。结果2010—2012年中国居民的膳食钠平均摄入量为5.18g,其中男性平均摄入量为5.33g,女性平均摄入量为5.03g。比较多种空间分析技术估算膳食钠摄入量的精度发现,回归克里金插值法优于其他3种方法,其均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为0.54和0.44。利用回归克里金插值法对全国各地区膳食钠摄入量进行估算,经人口加权计算得到全国膳食钠摄入量估算值为5.17g/d,全国男性膳食钠摄入量估算值为5.33g/d,女性膳食钠摄入量估算值为5.01g/d,各年龄组膳食钠的测量值与估算值的差值率均不超过10%。钠摄入量较高的地区为山东省(5.98g/d)、天津市(5.83g/d)和河北省(5.82g/d),摄入量最低的为贵州省(4.27g/d)结论空间插值法可用于对膳食钠消费数据缺失地区的摄入量估算,其中回归克里金插值法估算精度最高。     

Influenza vaccination hesitancy and its determinants among elderly in China: A national cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe Chinese elderly face a significant threat from seasonal influenza, owing to the consistently low vaccination coverage. This study investigated the prevalence and determinants of influenza vaccination hesitancy among the Chinese elderly.MethodsIn 2019, 3849 elderly individuals from 10 provinces in China were recruited in a cross-sectional survey. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to investigate the determinants of influenza vaccination hesitancy.ResultsAmong the elderly respondents, 37.18% expressed some degree of hesitancy towards influenza vaccination: 19.28% were hesitant, and 17.90% refused influenza vaccination, including 19.28% acceptors with doubts and 17.90% refusers. Only 39.10% of the respondents considered themselves as the priority group for influenza vaccination, and 13.93% reported receiving a recommendation for vaccination from healthcare workers. Respondents with higher education levels and from urban areas had significantly higher odds of vaccine hesitancy than their counterparts. Confidence in the safety of vaccines was negatively associated with vaccine hesitancy, but confidence in vaccine efficacy had no such association. Respondents who perceived themselves as highly susceptible to influenza (AOR = 0.85; 95 %CI = 0.77–0.93) and those aware of the elderly as a priority group for influenza vaccination (AOR = 0.51; 95 %CI = 0.41–0.64) had a significantly lower odds of being refusers.ConclusionThis study found a high prevalence of hesitancy towards influenza vaccination among the Chinese elderly, especially well-educated and urban-dwelling respondents. The government should address vaccine hesitancy through culturally appropriate communication, subsidies for vaccination, and actively promoting vaccines through primary care professionals.     

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a neurovirulent Zika virus isolated from Cambodia in 2019

The geographic range of Zika virus (ZIKV) has expanded from Asia to the Americas, leading to the 2015–2016 pandemic with enhanced neurovirulence. At present, ZIKV is continuously circulating in many Southeast Asian countries. Unfortunately, the persistent evolution of ZIKV in Southeast Asia and its influence on the biological characteristics of the virus remain incompletely understood. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo properties of a new ZIKV isolate obtained from Cambodia in 2019 (CAM/2019) were characterized and compared with those of the Cambodian strain (CAM/2010). Compared with CAM/2010, the CAM/2019 virus showed similar plaque morphology and growth curves in cell cultures and induced comparable viremia and organ viral loads profiles in both BALB/c and A129 (IFNAR1^−/−) mice upon intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation. Remarkably, the CAM/2019 virus exhibited enhanced neurovirulence in neonatal mice compared with CAM/2010, with a 74-fold reduction in the 50% lethal dose (LD₅₀). Consistently, CAM/2019 produced higher viral loads in the brains of BALB/c neonatal mice than CAM/2010 did. Sequence alignment showed that the CAM/2019 virus has acquired 12 amino acid substitutions, several of which were found to be associated with neurovirulence. In particular, the CAM/2019 virus shared an A1204T substitution in NS2A with the Thai isolate SI-BKK02 that was isolated from a microcephaly case. Taken together, our results indicate that a ZIKV strain isolated with specific mutations has emerged in Cambodia, highlighting the need for extensive molecular and disease surveillance in Cambodia and other Asian countries.     

中国社区老年人脑认知相关生活方式对早期认知功能下降的影响

目的 了解中国社区老年人脑认知相关生活方式的分布特征,并探讨其综合评分对早期认知功能下降的影响。方法 研究对象来自老年期重点疾病预防和干预项目。纳入2015年基线调查及2017年随访调查均完成认知功能状况评定,且基线未患痴呆的2 537名≥60岁的社区老年人。通过问卷调查收集其脑认知相关生活方式信息（体育锻炼、社会交往、脑力休闲活动、睡眠质量、吸烟状况与饮酒状况）并计算综合评分。通过多因素logistic回归模型分析脑认知相关生活方式综合评分与早期认知功能下降的关联。结果 2 537名社区老年人群中,评分5~6分者占28.7%,6项脑认知相关生活方式因子均健康者仅占4.8%。男性与女性的健康生活方式因子分布存在差异。多因素logistic回归模型结果显示,与评分0~3分组相比,评分4分和5~6分组早期认知功能下降的风险降低（OR=0.683,95%CI：0.457~1.019;OR=0.623,95%CI：0.398~0.976;趋势P=0.030）。在女性中,与评分0~3分组相比,评分4分和5~6分组的早期认知功能下降的风险降低（OR=0.491,95%CI：0.297~0.812;OR=0.556,95%CI：0.332~0.929;趋势P=0.024）。结论 脑认知相关综合健康生活方式与早期认知功能下降风险降低密切相关,在女性群体中尤为显著。     

从健康体检饮食服务人员中检出一株伤寒沙门菌

2004年10月海珠区疾病预防控制中心微检室在饮食从业人员健康体检者肛拭标本中检出一株伤寒沙门菌。伤寒的健康带菌者较少被发现，由从业人员体检标本中检出该菌的报道也不多见。     

荧光定量RT-PCR在轮状病毒检测中的应用

目的:建立轮状病毒的荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,用于检测临床腹泻样本。方法:使用Taqman探针技术,建立轮状病毒VP6特异的荧光定量RT-PCR体系。与WHO推荐的轮状病毒检测方法ELISA平行检测,对该体系的检测范围、灵敏度、特异性等参数进行评价。并将该体系用于临床腹泻样本。结果:该荧光定量RT-PCR体系具有高度灵敏度和特异性,线性范围宽,最低可检出1TCID50/ml。对113份临床腹泻样本的平行检测结果显示,该荧光定量RT-PCR体系与ELISA的检出率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.41,P>0.5),可同样用于临床样本检测。结论:成功建立了轮状病毒荧光定量RT-PCR体系,该体系灵敏、特异、重复性好,可用于临床检测。     

Integrating the molecular and the population approaches to dementia research to help guide the future development of appropriate therapeutics

Dementia research over the last 50 years has expanded enormously and has greater international interest now than at any time in history. A variety of scientific approaches have been brought to bear on this complex disorder in which the syndrome of clinical features is its defining importance in societal terms. Little has emerged in terms of tangible benefits for people with dementia to date other than a hugely increased awareness at societal and governmental levels. One of the drivers for the increase in focus has been epidemiological evidence, which has provided background numbers for the justification of resources for dementia research. However it can be argued that this justification did not take into account the true meaning of the population evidence, drawing instead on preconceptions which were, at the time, the widely accepted interpretations of earlier evidence. Current evidence, along with the lack of single therapeutic successes, suggests that a clearer analysis is required which not only examines the value and applicability of existing knowledge, most particularly its generation and generalizability, but also where future investment should go for most likely benefit of populations. This includes a hard look at the pre-occupation of societies with single therapies, their place in the context of prevention more generally, particularly within aging populations, and how evidence is generated on likely impacts and their timeframes.