青少年特发性胸椎侧凸后路凸侧胸廓成形术的并发症分析

目的:探讨青少年特发性胸椎侧凸患者后路凸侧胸廓成形术的并发症发生原因及预防措施。方法:自1999年1月～2006年9月,共有410例青少年特发性胸椎侧凸患者在我科施行脊柱侧凸后路矫形内固定术,同时行同一切口下的凸侧胸廓成形术,男86例,女324例。年龄11～18岁,平均14.7岁。术前剃刀背畸形15°～48°,平均32°。统计并发症发生情况。结果:凸侧胸廓成形的肋骨切除数平均4.2根,术后剃刀背畸形0°～14°,平均6°。无手术死亡病例。24例(5.8%)术中发生壁层胸膜穿孔,6例(1.5%)术后胸腔积液,3例(0.7%)术后气胸,1例(0.2%)术后呼吸困难需间歇性吸氧,34例(8.3%)术后有局部反常呼吸,17例(4.1%)术后诉不同程度的胸壁疼痛,9例(2.2%)诉局部皮肤麻木或感觉减退,3例(0.7%)早期手术的患者术后肋骨残端突出明显,1例(0.2%)皮下血肿,1例(0.2%)皮肤压疮。经相应处理后,患者大多恢复满意。319例平均随访28个月,仅4例仍残留有胸壁皮肤感觉减退。结论:凸侧胸廓成形术是一种安全、有效的改善"剃刀背"畸形的手段。提高手术技巧,术后积极处理,可以减少甚至避免相关并发症的发生。     

Surgical treatment of the severe thoracic gastrocutaneous fistula by pedicled muscle flap filling and thoracoplasty after oesophagectomy for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A case report

Background: Thoracic anastomotic fistula (TAF) is a severe postoperative complication of oesophagectomy, and its occurrence coupled with a thoracic gastrocutaneous fistula (TGCF) and tracheostenosis is very unusual and may lead to a fatal consequence.Case presentation: We describe a case of an old female diagnosed with mid-oesophageal carcinoma, who presented with a TAF after oesophagectomy, which was healed by an effective treatment, while a severe TGCF and tracheostenosis appeared one month postoperation. The complications were detected by gastroscopy, barium oesophagogram and thoracic computed tomography (CT). Through surgical treatments, including pedicled muscle flap filling and thoracoplasty, and a correlated corrective procedure, the patient completely recovered and was discharged six months after the admission.Conclusion: Treatment by pedicled muscle flap filling and thoracoplasty after oesophagectomy for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma can be a curative alternative for the severe thoracic gastrocutaneous fistula.     

Nuss手术矫治漏斗胸412例

目的 探讨非胸腔镜辅助下Nuss手术治疗漏斗胸的手术方法并总结治疗经验.方法 2005年10月到2011年6月非胸腔镜辅助下Nuss手术治疗漏斗胸412例,其中男329例,女83例.年龄2岁8个月～28岁5个月,平均7岁8个月.其中102例行内固定取出手术.结果 患儿均顺利完成手术,无术中严重并发症发生.手术平均40 min,出血(10±2) ml.结论 非胸腔镜辅助Nuss手术安全可行,并且不用进入胸腔操作,手术创伤更小,耗时更短,微创效果更好.     

Treatment of complicated pulmonary aspergillomas with cavernostomy and muscle flap: interest of concomitant limited thoracoplasty

Objective: Lung resection for complex aspergilloma (CA) carries high morbidity and mortality and remains controversial in high-risk patients. Cavernostomy followed by muscle-flap plombage has been recommended for patients considered unfit for resection, but subsequent muscle-flap atrophy may be a main cause of failure. We reviewed the place of a limited thoracoplasty in association with that procedure. Methods: Five patients complaining of haemoptysis related to CA were denied lung resection because of bilateral lung destruction (n = 1), and required completion pneumonectomy (previous lobectomy for cancer followed by adjuvant radiation therapy, n = 4). We analysed the data concerning the alternative surgical procedures performed and their immediate and late results. Results: The surgery consisted in cavernostomy, removal of the fungus ball, cavity obliteration with the most directly available muscle flaps (rhomboid muscle n = 2, trapezius and rhomboid n = 2, serratus major and subscapular n = 1). A limited thoracoplasty ranging from 2 to 5 portions of rib (mean resected rib portions n = 3.4) was performed in addition to this procedure. The postoperative course was uneventful. All patients are still alive (mean follow-up 3 years; range: 1–6 years) and faring well without thoracoplasty-related aftereffect, complication related to muscle-flap disuse atrophy nor recurrence of the disease. Conclusion: Cavernostomy followed by muscle transposition has been reported to provide encouraging results. Combining a limited thoracoplasty during the same operation is a simple, safe and well-tolerated procedure regularly achieving good results, and thus deserving consideration.     

An esophagobronchopleural fistula successfully treated by a surgical procedure combined with conservative therapy after resection for lung cancer

The patient was a 43-year-old woman, who had undergone a right middle and lower lobectomy for adenocarcinoma of the lung. An esophagobronchopleural fistula developed two months after the operation. It was treated by a combined procedure consisting of pedicle flap closure of the fistula and thoracoplasty. The esophagobronchopleural fistula recurred two days later, however, and another pedicle flap closure with fenestration of the chest wall were performed in a third operation. A bronchopleural fistula then recurred, after which it was treated by conservative therapy including intravenous hyperalimentation, frequent dressing changes and systemic administration of appropriate antibiotics. It closed spontaneously 23 days after surgery, in spite of this being a very rare but serious complication very difficult to treat and cure. From our experience with this particular case, we recommend, for treating esophagobronchopleural fistulas, proper drainage, antibiotic therapy, intravenous hyperalimentation and packing of the empyema space, together with closure of the fistula using a muscle or pleural flap.     

经后路松解胸椎间隙在重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸矫正术中的应用

目的：评价经后路胸膜外松解胸椎间隙联合顶椎区脊椎楔形截骨及椎弓根钉内固定术治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸的安全性和临床效果.方法：采用经后路胸膜外松解凸侧胸椎间隙联合顶椎区脊椎楔形截骨及椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗重度僵硬型侧凸患者28例.其中特发性19例,先天性脊柱侧后凸6例,神经纤维瘤病、神经肌肉型、瘢痕型各1例.术前侧凸Cobb角平均103°.平均松解椎间隙5.2个,楔形截骨平均2.2个椎体.结果：全组无一例脊髓损伤.1例术中发生血气胸,1例术后第4天并发肠系膜上动脉综合症,经对症处理,均于术后2周痊愈 术后3月T11-12局部感染1例,行病灶清除术后3周痊愈.术后即刻测量侧凸Cobb角平均27.7°,矫正率平均73%.随访19.2个月,所有患者获得良好的骨质愈合,内固定无断裂及松动,矫正无明显丢失.躯干平衡良好.结论：经后路胸膜外松解胸椎间隙联合顶椎区脊椎楔形截骨与胸廓成形及后路脊柱矫形术使用同一个手术切口.该术式创伤小,对心肺干扰小,降低了手术风险,有效改善了脊柱柔韧性,提高了矫正率.     

Primary thoracoplasty and pedicle screw instrumentation in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis

Thoracoplasty in combination with spine fusion is an established method to address the rib cage deformity in idiopathic scoliosis. Most reports about thoracoplasty and scoliosis correction focused on Harrington or CD instrumentation. We report a retrospective analysis of 21 consecutive patients, who were treated with pedicle screw instrumentation for idiopathic thoracic scoliosis and concomitant thoracoplasty. Minimal follow up was 24 (24–75) months. Indication for thoracoplasty was clinical rib prominence of more than 15°. In average there was a 44% correction of clinical rib hump, from 18 (15–25°) to 10° (0–18°) (p<0.0001) and a 40% correction of radiological rib hump, from 15 (5–20°) to 9°(2–15°) (p<0.0001). The preoperative pulmonary function, accessed by forced vital capacity (FVC) and one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), remained unchanged at the last follow up. The distal end of fusion was the end vertebra of the curve in 83.3% and the end vertebra plus one in 16.7% of the patients. There was a 68% correction of instrumented primary thoracic curves, from 60 (45–85°) to 19°(5–36°) (p<0.0001), and a 45% correction of non-instrumented secondary lumbar curves, from 40 (28–60°) to 22°(8–38°) (p<0.0001). Apical vertebral rotation (AVR) of the thoracic curves improved 54%, from 24 (10–35°) to 11° (5–20°) (p<0.0001). The tilt of lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) improved 68%, from 28 (20–42°) to 9°(3–20°) (p<0.0001). There was no significant change in sagittal profile of the spine. Analysis with SRS-24 questionnaire showed that the majority of the patients were very satisfied with the outcome. A matched control group (n=21) operated by the same surgeon with the same operation technique but without concomitant thoracoplasty was chosen for comparison. The scoliosis correction in the two groups was comparable. The patients without thoracoplasty had 37% spontaneous improvement of the clinical rib hump.     

重度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸术前肺功能与术后肺部并发症的相关性分析

目的 分析重度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）病人术前肺功能状态与术后肺部并发症的相关性。方法 回顾性分析2000年2月至2022年2月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院脊柱中心收治的AIS病人1 362例,其中重度AIS病人63例（主弯Cobb角≥100°）。比较重度AIS病人与轻中度AIS病人的第一秒用力呼气容积（forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV₁）、1秒末用力呼气容积比率（FEV₁R）、用力肺活量（forced vital capacity,FVC）、用力肺活量比率（FVCR）以及最高呼气峰流速变异率（PEFR）。比较重度肺功能受限（FVCR≤60%）、中度肺功能受限（60%＜FVCR＜80%）、正常或轻度肺功能受限（FVCR≥80%）这三组病人的围手术期主要参数。比较术前不同肺功能受限程度的重度AIS病人术后肺部并发症的发生率。探讨开胸手术、胸廓成形术是否影响术后肺部并发症的发生率。结果 重度AIS病人与轻中度AIS病人相比,FEV₁、FEV₁R、FVC、FVCR及PEFR的差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。在1 362例AIS病人中,正常或轻度肺功能受限组774例,中度受限组450例,重度受限组138例,三组间比较,在Cobb角、输血量、肺部并发症发生率方面的差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。术后肺部并发症包括胸腔积液、呼吸衰竭、肺不张、血胸、气胸、低氧血症、再次机械通气等。1 362例AIS病人的肺部并发症总发生率是3.38%,而63例重度AIS病人的肺部并发症发生率是14.29%,且术前肺功能正常或轻度受限组（1.68%）、中度受限组（3.33%）和重度受限组（13.07%）的肺部并发症发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。63例重度AIS病人中,重度肺功能受限的病人比正常或轻中度受限病人更容易出现术后肺部并发症。是否开胸手术与术后肺部并发症无明显相关性,但是胸廓成形术显著增加术后肺部并发症发生率（OR=20.1,P＜0.001）。结论 重度AIS病人的肺功能出现明显受限,同时术前肺功能重度受限的重度AIS病人术后则更容易出现各种肺部并发症,作为重要危险因素之一,行胸廓成形术的病人更易出现术后肺部并发症。