精神分裂症老年患者服药依从性和血药浓度检测的意义

目的　探索精神分裂症老年患者服用抗精神病药的依从性与血药浓度的关系及其临床意义。方法　观察 180例门诊中精神分裂症老年患者 ,其中单一服用氯丙嗪 5 8例、奋乃静 6 5例、氯氮平 4 0例、氟哌啶醇 17例。患者于入组后 2周和 3个月末分别检测血药浓度 ,评定其服药依从性、疗效和副反应。结果　应用氯丙嗪、奋乃静或氯氮平者在剂量相仿时 ,其血药浓度为完全依从者高于部分依从者 ,部分依从者高于不依从者 (F检验 ,P <0 0 1)。完全依从者的血药浓度与剂量呈显著性正相关 (Pearson检验 ,r=0 4 3～ 0 6 2 ,P <0 0 5或 <0 0 1)。血药浓度过低者的痊愈 +显著进步率为 5 1 2 % ,远低于血药浓度中 (72 2 % )高 (70 8% )者。血药浓度过高者的副反应发生率达 4 4 6 % ,明显高于血药浓度中 (2 5 0 % )低 (2 3 3% )者。结论　服药依从性与疗效密切相关 ,精神分裂症老年患者的服药依从性评估和血药浓度检测非常重要。     

从抗精神病药的疗效谈起

从抗精神病药的疗效谈起于清汉抗精神病药物治疗精神病特别是精神分裂症始于５０年代初。１９５５年氯丙嗪引进我国并在临床广泛的应用。６０～７０年代又有奋乃静、三氟拉嗪、氟奋乃静、泰尔登、甲硫哒嗪等问世，继而氟哌啶醇、舒必利、氯氮平和新近的产品利培酮先后相继...     

抗精神病药所致体重增加

抗精神病药治疗期间出现体重增加者相当常见。研究发现 ,致体重增加作用最为明显的是氯氮平及奥兰扎平 ,甲硫达嗪、色汀度、氯丙嗪次之 ,利培酮又次之 ,氟哌啶醇及氟奋乃静等则相对较轻。因治疗期间体重增加直接影响患者对治疗的依从性 ,所以应引起足够的重视。     

氯氮平、氟哌啶醇和氯丙嗪对慢性精神分裂症患者糖、脂代谢及体质量的影响

目的 探讨氯氮平、氟哌啶醇和氯丙嗪对慢性精神分裂症患者的糖、脂代谢和体质量的影响。方法 对服用氯氮平（89例，氯氮平组），服用氟哌啶醇（87例，氟哌啶醇组）及服用氯丙嗪（83例，氯丙嗪组）治疗的慢性精神分裂症患者于治疗前后的不同时间进行血糖、胰岛素、血脂及体质量测定，并做相关因素分析。结果 氯氮平组治疗第90天和第180天空腹血糖异常（空腹血浆血糖〉7.0mmo/L）的发生率分别为8％及24％，氟哌啶醇组分别为1％和2％，氯丙嗪组分别为1％及4％。治疗第90天氯氮平组和氯丙嗪组的空腹及餐后2h血糖浓度均较治疗前升高，治疗第180天的血糖浓度高于第90天，氟哌啶醇组各时点的变化则不明显；差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）。治疗第90天，氯氮平组的体质量平均高于治疗前5．5％，氯丙嗪组高于治疗前4．8％；治疗第180天两组分别高于治疗前9．1％和7．4％；氟哌啶醇组则无明显变化；三组间的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。三组患者治疗第180天的胰岛素浓度均高于治疗前，差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01），但三组间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。氯氮平组和氯丙嗪组的胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度均高于治疗前，差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01），氟哌啶醇组则无明显变化。治疗第180天氯氮平组和氯丙嗪组患者血糖、胰岛素、血脂浓度与体质量均有一定相关性（r=0．23-0．39）；氯氮平组的血糖、体质量、血脂代谢还与血药浓度呈显著性相关（r=0．28-0．62），差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论 氯氮平和氯丙嗪治疗影响慢性精神分裂症患者的糖、脂代谢及体质量。     

药源性木僵继发血栓形成致死亡一例

患者男，１９岁，农民。无诱因逐渐出现自言自语并自杀等５年，曾先后３次住当地精神病院。曾诊断为躁郁症、精神分裂症。经舒必利、奋乃静等药物治疗后病情好转。近３个月出现胡言乱语、双手动作多、行为紊乱等，第３次住当地医院诊断为青春型精神分裂症，即予氯氮平、氯丙嗪、氟哌啶醇、舒必利等药治疗，病情无明显好转并出现四肢肌作者单位：３１１１２２杭州，浙江省第二人民医院张力明显增高，震颤，不语，不动，不饮食；查体温３５℃，经对症处理无效而转入我院。诊断为精神分裂症、药源性木僵。即停抗精神病药并对症、支持治疗，静脉…     

抗精神病药所致体重增加

抗精神病药治疗期间出现体重增加相当常见，研究发现，致体重增加作用最为明显的是氯氮平及奥兰扎平，甲硫达嗪，色汀度，氯丙嗪次之，利培酮又次之，氟哌啶醇及氟奋乃静等则相对较轻，因治疗期间体重增加直接影响患对治疗的依从性，所以应引起足够的重视。     

精神分裂症合并睡眠呼吸暂停综合征死亡1例报告

患者男 ,5 0岁 ,未婚。1976年恋爱受挫后精神失常 ,1982年首次以精神分裂症住我中心治疗。同年出院后 ,次年再次住院一直到死亡。患者在长期住院过程中曾先后服用奋乃静、泰尔登、氟哌啶醇、氯丙嗪、氯氮平治疗 ,体重日益增加 ,最重时达 82公斤。 1997年起病情平稳 ,仅服氯丙嗪     

抗精神病药诱发哮喘一例

抗精神病药诱发哮喘一例马晓军张珉男，２９岁。患支气管哮喘病２０余年，多在“感冒”后发病，平时无咳嗽、喘息。１９９１年患精神分裂症，先后３次入我院，曾服氯丙嗪、氯氮平、氟哌啶醇、奋乃静治疗，每次住院均在用药后２４小时内发生哮喘，在消炎、抗喘治疗同时将抗...     

药源性糖尿病的研究

目的 了解氯氮平与典型抗精神病药引发糖尿病的差异，探讨氯氮平引起血糖增高的相关因素。方法 对中铁五局怀化医院1999～2003年10月收治的328例精神分裂症患进行血糖变化调查，对有关资料进行分析。结果 184例服用氯氮平的患发生糖尿病17例(9．20％)；144例接受典型抗精神病药(氯丙嗪45例，奋乃静40例，舒必利53例，氟哌啶醇6例)治疗，发生糖尿病3例(2．08％)，经Logistic回归分析，提示氯氮平致糖尿病的危险因素包括：体重指数、血脂、年龄、家族史．而与用药时间、剂量、性别等无显差异性。结论 服用氯氮平与典型抗精神病药，前可显增加糖尿病发生率。对于体重指数，血脂浓度增高及年龄较大，有家族史应加强血糖、血脂的监测。     

县精神病医院精神药物使用状况调查

调查我院精神药物使用现状,报告如下. 1 临床资料 调查2004年间我院门诊就诊患者处方5 465张.其中精神药物单一用药3 563例(65.2%),前10位依次为氯丙嗪(30%),氯氮平(18.5%),舒必利(14.1%),阿米替林(13.5%),奋乃静(13.2%)及氟哌啶醇、多塞平、碳酸锂,氟奋乃静和三氟拉嗪.联合用药1 306例(23.9%),居前3位的是氯氮平 舒必利,氯丙嗪 阿米替林,氯氮平 碳酸锂.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]