情感障碍对癫患者认知障碍影响的事件相关电位研究

目的应用事件相关电位研究和探讨不同抗癫痫药对癫痫患者认知功能的影响以及情感障碍对癫痫患者认知障碍的影响。方法收集湛江中心人民医院神经内科门诊和住院的癫痫患者320例,正常对照组56例。分别进行韦氏智能测定和情感测定,同时结合抗抑郁剂治疗,并应用事件相关电位P300、N400研究,对比分析癫痫患者认知功能和情感障碍的特征。结果386例癫痫患者中,认知水平低于正常者达76．940。结果显示丙戊酸钠、妥泰、卡马西平单药服药组之间认知水平无差异,但药物联合应用认知功能损害严重。且患者职业、文化程度、病程、发作次数、用药选择以及是否存在脑部继发性疾病等对认知功能影响显著。伴随着认知功能和情感障碍,癫痫患者P300和N400潜伏期明显延长、波幅降低。百忧解治疗后R300和N400潜伏期和波幅明显改善,且颞顶叶脑区的波幅明显升高。结论抗癫痫药可造成癫痫患者认知功能的损害,单药应用较联合用药对癫痫患者认知功能损害轻。抗抑郁治疗可改善癫痫患者的认知功能,认知事件相关电位也明显改善。     

情感障碍对癫痫患者认知障碍影响的事件相关电位研究

目的应用事件相关电位研究和探讨不同抗癫痫药对癫痫患者认知功能的影响以及情感障碍对癫痫患者认知障碍的影响。方法收集湛江中心人民医院神经内科门诊和住院的癫痫患者320例,正常对照组56例。分别进行韦氏智能测定和情感测定,同时结合抗抑郁剂治疗,并应用事件相关电位P300、N400研究,对比分析癫痫患者认知功能和情感障碍的特征。结果386例癫痫患者中,认知水平低于正常者达76．940。结果显示丙戊酸钠、妥泰、卡马西平单药服药组之间认知水平无差异,但药物联合应用认知功能损害严重。且患者职业、文化程度、病程、发作次数、用药选择以及是否存在脑部继发性疾病等对认知功能影响显著。伴随着认知功能和情感障碍,癫痫患者P300和N400潜伏期明显延长、波幅降低。百忧解治疗后R300和N400潜伏期和波幅明显改善,且颞顶叶脑区的波幅明显升高。结论抗癫痫药可造成癫痫患者认知功能的损害,单药应用较联合用药对癫痫患者认知功能损害轻。抗抑郁治疗可改善癫痫患者的认知功能,认知事件相关电位也明显改善。     

情感障碍对癫(癇)患者认知障碍影响的事件相关电位研究

目的 应用事件相关电位研究和探讨不同抗癫(癇)药对癫(癇)患者认知功能的影响以及情感障碍对癫(癇)患者认知障碍的影响.方法 收集湛江中心人民医院神经内科门诊和住院的癫(癇)患者320例,正常对照组56例.分别进行韦氏智能测定和情感测定,同时结合抗抑郁剂治疗,并应用事件相关电位P300、N400研究,对比分析癫(癇)患者认知功能和情感障碍的特征.结果 386例癫(癇)患者中,认知水平低于正常者达76.94%.结果 显示丙戊酸钠、妥泰、卡马西平单药服药组之间认知水平无差异,但药物联合应用认知功能损害严重.且患者职业、文化程度、病程、发作次数、用药选择以及是否存在脑部继发性疾病等对认知功能影响显著.伴随着认知功能和情感障碍,癫(癇)患者P300和N400 潜伏期明显延长、波幅降低.百忧解治疗后P300和N400 潜伏期和波幅明显改善,且颞顶叶脑区的波幅明显升高.结论 抗癫(癇)药可造成癫(癇)患者认知功能的损害,单药应用较联合用药对癫(癇)患者认知功能损害轻.抗抑郁治疗可改善癫(癇)患者的认知功能,认知事件相关电位也明显改善.     

胼胝体切开术对难治性癫痫患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨胼胝体切开术对难治性癫痫患者认知功能的影响.方法 46例难治性癫痫患者按是否接受胼胝体切开术治疗分为手术组(24例)及对照组(22例);手术组给予胼胝体切开术及抗癫痫药物治疗,对照组仅给予抗癫痫药物治疗;6个月后根据治疗前后发作频率的变化评价疗效,治疗前及治疗后6个月时采用韦氏智力量表及事件相关电位P300评价两组患者的认知功能.结果 (1)手术组总有效率(83.3％)显著高于对照组(9.1％)(P＜0.01);(2)与术前比较,手术组术后智商(IQ)、言语及操作评分均明显提高(P＜0.05 ～0.01),P300潜伏期明显缩短、波幅明显提高(均P＜0.01);对照组IQ及P300潜伏期及波幅与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义.结论 胼胝体切开术可有效地治疗难治性癫痫,同时也改善患者的认知功能.     

重复经颅磁刺激对精神分裂症患者事件相关电位的影响

目的:探讨重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对精神分裂症患者事件相关脑电位(ERPs) N400、P300和失匹配负波(MMN)的影响。方法:给予85例精神分裂症患者(患者组)在原抗精神病药治疗的基础上联合rTMS治疗25次;于rTMS治疗前后进行N400、P300及MMN检测,结果进行自身对照及与76名健康志愿者(正常对照组)比较。结果:与正常对照组比较,患者组额区N400、P300和MMN潜伏期明显延迟、波幅明显降低(P 0.05或P 0.01);治疗后患者额区N400中同音异形异义潜伏期和异音异形异义波幅、额区MMN及P300波幅较治疗前明显提高(P均0.05)。结论:精神分裂症患者ERP指标异常,经rTMS治疗可明显改善N400、P300和MMN。     

缺血性白质脑病患者事件相关电位研究

目的探讨缺血性白质脑病患者认知障碍、情感障碍的特点及规律,及对事件相关电位进行研究。方法收集缺血性白质脑病患者480例和正常对照86例,分别应用MMSE和Hamilton焦虑量表和24项版本抑郁量表进行测评,并进行事件相关电位P300、N400检测。结果缺血性白质脑病不同分级认知障碍、情感障碍差异有统计学意义,随着脑白质损害加重、分级增高,认知障碍和情感障碍加重,事件相关电位P300和N400潜伏期明显延长,波幅明显降低。结论缺血性白质脑病可造成患者严重认知、情感障碍,事件相关电位P300、N400可作为早期诊断缺血性白质脑病认知障碍的客观指标。     

儿童抽动障碍事件相关电位N400的研究

目的探讨儿童抽动障碍患者事件相关电位N400的变化及其意义。方法用诱发电位检测仪测定35例抽动障碍患儿(病例组)的N400,并与20名正常儿童(正常对照组)进行比较。结果病例组N400的潜伏期为(706.87±198.99)ms,波幅为(26.12±13.64)μV,对照组为(485.75±85.76)ms和(22.35±19.76)μV。两组潜伏期比较,差异有非常显著性(P<0.001);波幅比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论抽动障碍患者的事件相关电位N400潜伏期明显延长,显示其存在认知功能障碍。     

抗癫(痫)药物对癫(痫)病人事件相关电位P300的影响

目的:评价托吡酯(topiramate,TPM)与拉莫三嗪(lamotrigine,LTG)对癫痫患者认知功能的影响.方法:60例新确诊癫痫患者随机分为两组:TPM单药治疗组32例,LTG单药治疗组28例;用药前及用药2个月后分别检测事件相关电位(event related potentials,ERP) P300的潜伏期(ms)及波幅(μV),并比较两种药物对P300的影响.结果:TPM治疗后,患者P300潜伏期延长、波幅降低,与治疗前相比,差异有显著意义(P＜0.01),与对照组(未用药的24名正常人)相比,差异有显著意义(P＜0.01),与LTG相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),LTG治疗组P300潜伏期延长、波幅降低,但与治疗前相比和与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:TPM与LTG都是控制癫(痫)发作较理想的新型抗癫(痫)药物,服用治疗剂量范围内TPM对患者P300产生较明显的影响,而LTG对癫(痫)患者P300影响较小.服用TPM可能导致癫(痫)患者出现认知功能障碍,而服用LTG对癫(痫)患者的认知功能不仅没有损害,甚至可能有一定的改善作用.     

重复经颅磁刺激对老年糖尿病合并认知功能障碍患者的疗效及P300电位的影响

目的 探讨重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对老年糖尿病合并认知功能障碍患者的疗效及P300电位的影响。方法 选择本院2017年11月～2019年11月期间收治的60例老年糖尿病合并认知功能障碍患者作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组。对照组采取常规治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上采取rTMS治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后的蒙特利尔认知功能评估量表(MoCA)评分及P300电位的变化。结果 研究组治疗后的MoCA总分高于对照组(P0.05);研究组治疗后的P300潜伏期低于对照组,P300波幅高于对照组(P0.05)。结论 rTMS治疗可减少老年糖尿病伴认知功能障碍患者P300的潜伏期,增加波幅,改善患者的认知功能。     

运动想象疗法对脑卒中患者认知功能的康复作用

目的探讨运动想象疗法对脑卒中患者认知功能的康复作用。方法共99例伴轻中度认知功能障碍的脑卒中患者随机接受常规康复训练(对照组,33例)以及在此基础上联合认知功能训练(33例)和运动想象疗法(33例),于训练前和训练8周时采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评价量表(Mo CA)评价认知功能,事件相关电位检测P300潜伏期和波幅。结果与训练前相比,训练8周时3组患者MMSE(P=0.000)和Mo CA(P=0.000)评分增加、P300潜伏期缩短(P=0.000)和波幅升高(P=0.000);3组患者训练前后MMSE(P=0.030)和Mo CA(P=0.013)评分、P300潜伏期(P=0.004)和波幅(P=0.009)差异有统计学意义,其中,认知功能训练组和运动想象疗法组MMSE(P=0.019,0.021)和Mo CA(P=0.003,0.031)评分高于、P300潜伏期短于(P=0.020,0.003)和波幅高于(P=0.003,0.002)对照组。结论基于运动想象疗法的康复训练在提高脑卒中患者运动功能的同时亦改善认知功能。     

A systematic review of the behavioral effects of levetiracetam in adults with epilepsy,cognitive disorders,or an anxiety disorder during clinical trials

This report reviews behavioral adverse events occurring among adults receiving levetiracetam (LEV) or placebo who participated in short-term, placebo-controlled studies in epilepsy (1023), cognitive disorders (719), or anxiety disorders (1510) and epilepsy patients (1393) observed in long-term trials. Behavioral events (affective, psychotic, and suicidal symptoms) were significantly more common among epilepsy patients than cognition or anxiety patients treated with LEV for similar durations (P=0.022). Affective symptoms occurring at 1% or more often in epilepsy placebo-controlled trials included depression (3.8% LEV-2.1% placebo), nervousness (3.8%-1.8%), hostility (2.3%-0.9%), anxiety (1.8%-1.1%), and emotional lability (1.7%-0.2%). Patients with cognitive and anxiety disorders had lower incidences of these symptoms. The incidence of behavioral events in LEV-treated epilepsy patients was lower than rates reported for some other antiepileptic drugs. These data support the hypothesis that some feature related to epilepsy is the cause of many behavioral events rather than the addition of a specific antiepileptic drug.     

Antiepileptic drugs: affective use in autism spectrum disorders

Antiepileptic drugs are widely administered to individuals with autistic spectrum disorders. There are several reasons for the use of antiepileptic drugs in autistic spectrum disorders, including the high incidence of epilepsy in these individuals, the anecdotal reports suggesting an improvement of communication and behavior in autistic subjects with epileptic discharges, and the increased awareness that some disruptive behaviors may be manifestations of an associated affective disorder. In this study, data on the current use of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of autism, and on the association of affective disorders with epilepsy and autism, are reviewed. The evidence supporting the hypothesis that there may be a subgroup of autistic children with epilepsy and affective disorders that preferentially respond to antiepileptic drugs is still very preliminary, and further investigations with double-blind controlled studies are needed. Although the role of antiepileptic drugs at the present time is not established, there is evidence that autism, epilepsy, and affective disorders commonly co-occur, and that they may share a common neurochemical substrate, which is the common target of the psychotropic mechanism of action of different antiepileptic drugs.     

Psychiatric disorders in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, with and without comorbid epilepsy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to describe similarities and differences in epidemiological, psychiatric and semiologic variables between patients with psychogenic none epileptic seizures (PNES) and comorbid epilepsy (mixed PNES), and patients with PNES without comorbid epilepsy (pure PNES). RESULTS: Forty-three patients with PNES diagnosed by Video-EEG were included. Twenty-four had pure PNES, and ninteen mixed PNES. Female population, age, duration of PNES, psychiatric institutionalization, psychopharmacotherapy, dissociative disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), were significantly higher in the pure PNES patients. Suicide attempts, antiepileptic therapy, conversive, affective and personality disorders were frequent in both groups. In the analysis of seizure semiology, the total lack of responsiveness was significantly higher in the mixed PNES group. CONCLUSIONS: Pure PNES patients showed similarities and differences in the psychiatric profile, with a greater prevalence of dissociative disorders and PTSD, factors related to psychiatric severity.     

Depression and anxiety disorders in pediatric epilepsy

PURPOSE: This study examined affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and suicidality in children with epilepsy and their association with seizure-related, cognitive, linguistic, family history, social competence, and demographic variables. METHODS: A structured psychiatric interview, mood self-report scales, as well as cognitive and language testing were administered to 100 children with complex partial seizures (CPSs), 71 children with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), and 93 normal children, aged 5 to 16 years. Parents provided behavioral information on each child through a structured psychiatric interview and behavior checklist. RESULTS: Significantly more patients had affective and anxiety disorder diagnoses (33%) as well as suicidal ideation (20%) than did the normal group, but none had made a suicide attempt. Anxiety disorder was the most frequent diagnosis among the patients with a diagnosis of affective or anxiety disorders, and combined affective/anxiety and disruptive disorder diagnoses, in those with suicidal ideation. Only 33% received some form of mental health service. Age, verbal IQ, school problems, and seizure type were related to the presence of a diagnosis of affective or anxiety disorder, and duration of illness, to suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings together with the high rate of unmet mental health underscore the importance of early detection and treatment of anxiety disorders and suicidal ideation children with CPSs and CAE.     

Surgical treatment for epilepsy

Nearly one-third of patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy will develop medically refractory seizure disorders. The initial response to antiepileptic drug therapy is highly predictive of long-term outcome. Patients with intractable epilepsy may have a progressive disorder that is medically, physically, and socially disabling. Surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone or lesional pathology, or both, may significantly reduce seizure tendency in selected patients. The present review supports the position that early and effective epilepsy surgery may not only render the patient with intractable partial epilepsy seizure-free, but also allow the individual to become a participating and productive member of society. Patients with surgically remediable epileptic syndromes should be identified early in the evaluation and treatment of their seizure disorders. Favorable candidates for focal cortical resection include individuals with medial temporal lobe epilepsy and partial seizures related to selected lesional pathology, e.g. primary brain tumor or vascular anomalies. In conclusion, surgical treatment of intractable partial epilepsy has been shown to compare favorably to antiepileptic drug therapy. Individuals rendered seizure-free may experience a significant improvement in quality of life. Patients who fail to respond to initial antiepileptic drug therapy should be “triaged” to a presurgical evaluation. Ictal semiology combined with structural magnetic resonance imaging and the electroclinical correlation may permit identification of candidates for early and effective surgical treatment.     

Polytherapy, Monotherapy, and Carbamazepine

Summary: Despite the widespread and traditional use of polytherapy in the treatment of epilepsy, there is little evidence of its advantages over monotherapy. Among other undesirable effects, it can produce subtle cognitive and behavioral changes and sometimes even exacerbate the epilepsy. Recent studies provide evidence that in many patients seizures can be controlled by carefully monitored monotherapy: Approximately 75% of newly diagnosed, previously untreated epileptic patients will enter a 2-year remission with this form of treatment. The theory has even been advanced that early control of seizures may help prevent the evolution of drug-resistant, chronic epilepsy. In some patients with chronic epilepsy, multiple-drug therapy can be reduced to single-drug treatment, usually with an improvement in cognitive function and without increase in seizures. Trials conducted to date have shown no evidence of superiority of any one major antiepileptic drug over another in control of a particular seizure type. The choice of antiepileptic drug for monotherapy may therefore be influenced by differences in toxic effects associated with individual agents. On the basis of clinical and psychometric evidence, carbamazepine has been shown to cause fewer adverse effects than other antiepileptic drugs on cognitive function, mood, and behavior.     

Refractory status epilepticus secondary to CNS vasculitis, a role for epilepsy surgery

Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis is a rare group of disorders that affect vessels of the brain parenchyma and meninges. It presents with headache, cognitive changes, or seizures, yet without aggressive management, it carries a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Refractory status epilepticus (SE) has been reported with CNS vasculitis. Patients are treated with immunosuppression, antiepileptic drugs (AED), and anesthetic agents. Outcomes are usually poor. Epilepsy surgery for refractory partial SE has succeeded in patients. We present a comparison of two patients with refractory partial SE due to CNS vasculitis. One patient was treated medically and died, while the other underwent epilepsy surgery to remove the epileptic focus along with medical therapy and the patient had substantial recovery. We describe clinical, electrophysiological, pathological, and treatment features of both patients and discuss rationale for surgical intervention. This is the first case report of the use of epilepsy surgery for the treatment of refractory SE associated with CNS vasculitis.     

Depression in temporal lobe epilepsy before epilepsy surgery

PURPOSE: This study examined the association of depression with laterality of epilepsy surgery in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy before standard lobectomy. METHODS: Forty-nine patients presented for EEG telemetry for localization of epilepsy and eventual temporal lobectomy. Patients underwent routine neuropsychiatric evaluation blinded for epileptic focus, including ratings on depression. Patients were grouped according to right (n = 25, M = 10/F = 15) and left (n = 24, M = 13/F = 11) temporal lobectomy. Analysis of variance included side of surgery as grouping variable and sex, general depressive, cognitive depressive, and vegetative depressive symptoms as dependent variables. Chi2 analyses included categoric variables of sex, handedness, education, neuropathologic findings, and current affective disorders. t Tests were performed on variables of age, epilepsy duration, and cognitive function. RESULTS: Right and left temporal epilepsy groups did not differ with regard to sex, handedness, age, duration of epilepsy, education, cognitive function, and neuropathology. Patients with right temporal epilepsy rated higher on general, cognitive. and vegetative depression scores. Women scored higher on general, cognitive, and vegetative depression scores. Current affective disorders were more common in the right temporal epilepsy group. CONCLUSIONS: Depression ratings and diagnoses were more prominent in patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy and in women in particular. The strength of this laterality finding lies in the selection of patients, as all underwent epilepsy surgery. The finding on gender difference partly reflects the higher incidence of depression in women and needs further exploration. The laterality finding contrasts with recent findings in epilepsy, stroke, and trauma that associate depression with left hemispheric lesions. However, our results are consistent with findings in electrically hyperactive lesions such as gelastic and dacrystic epilepsy.